DocumentsDate added
Review article:- *Dr. Prashanth H.V1, Dr. . Kavyashree A N 2, Dr. Saldanha Dominic R. M 3
1.MBBS., M.D. Associate Professor Department of Microbiology, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur. Karnataka, India.
2.MBBS., M.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur. Karnataka, India.
3.MBBS., M.D. Associate Professor Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Karnataka, India.
Abstract:-Hospital waste generation has become a prime concern due to multidimensional ramifications as a risk factor to the health of patients, hospital staff and extending beyond the boundaries of the medical establishment to the general population. Hospital waste management has been brought into focus in India recently, particularly with the notification of Bio Medical Waste (BMW) (Management and handling) Rules 1998. The following are the elements of a comprehensive waste management system. Handling, segregation, mutilation, disinfection, storage, transportation and final disposal. Lack of concern, motivation, awareness and cost factor are some problems faced in the proper waste management. Appropriate education, training and the commitment of healthcare staff, management and healthcare managers within effective policy and legislative framework is required for effective hospital waste management.
Key Words:- Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, Biomedical waste management.
Original research article:- Ibrahim IA 1, *Al-Joudi FS 2, Waleed Sulaiman R 3,Hammoudi N 3 and Al-Saffar R 4
1.Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
2.Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University of Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia.
3.Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.
4.Department of Medicine, Hospital Dr. Abdul-Majeed, Karrada, Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract:- Glibenclamide is a second-generation sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic agent. The effects of glibenclamide on some biochemical laboratory findings were monitored both in-vitro and in-vivo. For this study, 40 subjects had been newly diagnosed with NIDDM, with an age range of 40 to 70 years, and 30 apparently healthy volunteers of comparable ages were recruited as the control group. In-vitro and in-vivo tests were performed. In the in-vitro tests, solutions of different drug concentrations were prepared according to their maximum serum concentrations and were added to blank, control, and serum samples. In the in-vivo study, venous blood samples were collected from each subject before the start of drug therapy and two weeks after the start of treatment. The samples were analyzed for glucose, total protein (TP), urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). In the in-vitro study, the glibenclamide caused a reduction in the readings of the serum levels of glucose, urea, TC and TG, whereas the read concentrations of TP and creatinine were raised. The concentrations of all the enzymes tested were decreased by glibenclamide. In the in-vivo study, the concentrations of serum glucose, TP, creatinine, TG, AST, ALT and LDH were decreased. However, no change was induced in urea level. Glibenclamide induced some alterations in the biochemical parameters. These changes may have been the result of chemical or physical interactions, possibly enhanced by physiological or metabolic factors especially those detected in in-vivo tests.
Key Words:- Glibenclamide, chemical or physical interactions, physiological or metabolic factors, biochemical tests.
Original research article:- Abdul Bari Mohd1, P.Swathimutyam1, A.Padmanabha Rao1, *Nalini Shastri2, and Prakash V Diwan1
1.Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy (formerly Lalitha College of Pharmacy),Venkatapur, Ghatkesar,Hyderabad, AP ,India.
2.Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER, Hyderabad, AP , India.
Abstract:-The present study was designed to develop a newer method for nano emulsions with glibenclamide as a anti diabetic drug. The method was carried out using (Gemini5µ C18 110A 100×4.60mm 5micron) with mobile phase comprised of methanol: 0.2M phosphate buffer PH 7.0 in the ratio (70:30). The flow rate at 1.0 ml/min and effluent was detected at 228nm. The retention time of glibenclamide was observed at 3.2 minutes. The method was validated for specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness and solubility. LOD and LOQ were 200 and 800 ng/ml respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 1- 2 µg/ml with coefficient correlation of 0.999. The percentage recovery for the glibenclamide was 99.8% and % RSD was less than 1 %. There are scanty reports with relation to determination of gliblencamide in nanoemulsion formulation. The proposed method was used for quantitative determination of glibenclamide in nano emulsion and is authenticated using various parameters.
Key words:- Glibenclamide, Anti diabetic drug, methanol, phosphate buffer, HPLC, Validation.
Original research article:- N. G. Raghavendra Rao*, M. Subhan
PG. Department of Pharmaceutics, Luqman College of Pharmacy Gulbarga- 585 102. Karnataka, India.
Abstract:- An attempt has been made for the development of fast dissolving tablets of the nimodipine by solid dispersion methods, using different concentrations of croscarmellose sodium as super disintegrating agent and study the effect of various carriers on solid dispersion technique. Nimodipine is used in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders such as angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia and hypertension. The major problem of this drug is very low solubility in biological fluids and poor bioavailability after oral administration. The prepared tablets were evaluated for post-compressional parameters like hardness, friability, drug content, disintegrating time, wetting time, In-vitro dissolution studies and stability studies. The prepared tablets were characterized by DSC and FTIR Studies. No chemical interaction between drug and excipients was confirmed by DSC and IR studies. All the post-compressional parameter are evaluated were prescribed limits and results were within IP acceptable limits. The formulations prepared with mannitol solid dispersion were showed disintegration time between the ranges of 15.12 - 21.92 sec and drug release showed between the ranges of 09 - 11 min. However the formulations prepared with PEG‐6000 and PVP solid dispersions did not disintegrate in specified limit of time for fast dissolving tablet. Among all formulations SM4 prepared with mannitol as carrier showed 99.63 % drug release within 9 minutes. The results concluded that fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drug, Nimodipine showing enhanced dissolution will lead to improved bioavailability, improved effectiveness and hence better patient compliance. Finally it is concluded that effect of mannitol as a carrier on solid dispersion technique is excellent and shows best result.
Keywords:- Fast dissolving tablets, Nimodipine, croscarmellose sodium, Solid dispersion.
Review article:- *Huma Noor1, P. K. Sharma1, V. K. Garg, A. K. Singh1, S. C. Mondal1
1.Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baghpat Bypass, NH-58, Meerut-250005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract:- Hypoglycemia, a condition characterized by low blood sugar, is the most feared complication and a fact of life for those patients which are suffering from diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia may occur due to a variety of circumstances such as decrease calorie intake due to illness or hospital routine but usually it is iatrogenic. It is mainly responsible for recurrent morbidities in most of the diabetic patients and act as a barrier to maintain euglycemia for the lifetime. Typically it is the result of absolute or relative insulin excess as well as compromised glucose counterregulation in diabetes which provides the ground for long term morbidities like hypoglycemia unawareness; hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure (HAAF), counterregulatory hormonal deficiencies and in rare cases permanent impairment of cognitive functions. The frequency of hypoglycemic episodes further increase when these clinical syndromes segregate together and a vicious cycle of hypoglycemia start. Hypoglycemia may develop in both type of diabetes mellitus but patients having type 2 diabetes are at low risk in comparison to those suffering from type 1 diabetes. Some counterregulatory factors which are important for prevention of hypoglycemia are glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone. It has been observed that glucose counterregulatory mechanism generally remains intact in patients having type 2 diabetes, although it can be more dangerous because they are generally older and may have co morbidities. In this review article, we focus on frequencies of episodes, clinical manifestations, possible pathophysiological mechanisms related with hypoglycemia and also discuss about hypoglycemia associated risk factors, treatment and preventive strategies.
Keywords:- Hypoglycemia, Iatrogenic, Euglycemia, Glucose counterregulation, Hypoglycemia unawareness, Hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure.