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Original research article:- *Ode, Okwoche J.1, Asuzu, Onyeka.V.2 , Oladele Gbenga. M.1
1.Ph.D, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, PMB 117 Abuja, Nigeria.
2.DVM, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN).
Abstract:- Evaluation of the biochemical changes in rats following chronic toxicity with Cassia singueana leaf extract was carried out. The extract was prepared by cold maceration using 80% methanol. The total solids recovered from extracts were 11.7 percent (w/w). Four groups (A-D) made up of 12 albino wistar rats per group were subjected to chronic exposure to varying concentrations of the extract. Serum biochemical analysis was carried out on the separate rat groups on days 28, 56 and 84. The data generated were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Mean differences were considered at P=0.05. The results revealed that there were no significant (p<0.05) changes between the serum values of AST, ALT and ALP of normal rats and the test rats that received the long-term exposure to varying doses of the extract in feed. C. singueana extract induced significant (P=0.05) dose-dependent increases in total proteins of rats that had exposure to the extract compared with values in control rats. The doses, 0.5 g and 1.0 g extract/kg feed induced significant (P=0.05) increases in the mean total cholesterol values of test rats compared to control from days 56 to 84. All doses (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg feed) of C. singueana extract caused significant (P=0.05) reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) value of test rats relative control from the onset of the study up to day 56. The serum biochemical changes were generally within normal ranges, the use of the extract for therapeutic medication may not therefore be a health hazard.
Keywords:- Aminotransferase, Cassia singueana, Cholesterol, Biochemical analysis, Malondialdehyde.
Original research article:- *Ode, Okwoche J.1, and Nwaehujor, Chinaka O.2
1.Ph.D, Department of Veterinary pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, PMB 117 Abuja, Nigeria.
2.M.Sc, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State.
Abstract:- The methanol extract of Cassia singueana leaves was reported to have exhibited potent anti-ulcer effects when it significantly decreased stomach hydrochloric acid production and reduced gastric emptying in test rats. In most cases, ulcer patients require prolonged (4-8 weeks) therapy with anti-ulcer drugs for successful treatment. The long-term effects of C. singueana leaf extract on haematological parameters were investigated in rats. The extract was prepared by cold marceration using 80% methanol, it was then filtered and concentrated. Four groups (A-D) of albino wistar rats were subjected to chronic exposure by feeding the animal groups with normal diet or 0.25 g extract /kg feed, 0.5 g extract/kg feed and 1.0 g extract/kg feed respectively for 12 weeks. Haematological parameters were assessed on days 28, 56 and 84 using standard procedures. The data collected were statistically analyzed using one–way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD post hoc test. The results revealed that Cassia singueana extract (CSE) had no significant (P=0.05) effect on red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of control rats relative to the separate rat groups that were given varying doses of CSE in the diet. The results of this study suggest that C. singueana extract does not possess haemotoxic activities that could limit its therapeutic use as an anti-ulcer agent.
Keyword:- Bone marrow; Cassia singueana; chronic toxicity; Erythrocyte; Haematological parameters.
Original research article:- 1N. Rathankar*, 2Kuldeep. D. Raju, , and 3H. G. Nagendra
1.Asst. Professor, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India.
2.Associate clinical data coordinator, Quintiles, Bangalore 560 001,India.
3.Professor and Head, Department of Biotechnology, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Near Hunasamaranahalli, Via Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 001,India.
Abstract:- Low Complexity regions (LCRs) in proteins are sequences containing regular repeats, cryptic repeats and single amino acid repetitions, recognized by their compositional bias , Some of these regions are highly conserved between species in both composition and sequence. These low complexity sequences are simple sequences and contain sequence segments that are entropically low. Some of these sequences do not contain a structurally homolog and are considered as information less. The SEG program originally designed by Wootton and Federhen (1993) was the first program to predict these LCRs in protein sequences. For nearly a decade, this program was used by various database search tools such as NCBI-Blastp , megablast , etc to avoid spurious hits during sequence searches by masking the low complexity regions and it is really unfortunate to note that, such fragments did not receive wide attention for a long time despite its crucial role in diseases . In this paper, an attempt to mark the importance of LCRs in drug targets related to cancer has been catalogued by us. Key Words:-Low complexity regions, SEG, cancer targets, simple sequences, polyglutamine runs.
Review article:- *Huma Noor1, P. K. Sharma1, V. K. Garg, A. K. Singh1, S. C. Mondal1
1.Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baghpat Bypass, NH-58, Meerut-250005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract:- Hypoglycemia, a condition characterized by low blood sugar, is the most feared complication and a fact of life for those patients which are suffering from diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia may occur due to a variety of circumstances such as decrease calorie intake due to illness or hospital routine but usually it is iatrogenic. It is mainly responsible for recurrent morbidities in most of the diabetic patients and act as a barrier to maintain euglycemia for the lifetime. Typically it is the result of absolute or relative insulin excess as well as compromised glucose counterregulation in diabetes which provides the ground for long term morbidities like hypoglycemia unawareness; hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure (HAAF), counterregulatory hormonal deficiencies and in rare cases permanent impairment of cognitive functions. The frequency of hypoglycemic episodes further increase when these clinical syndromes segregate together and a vicious cycle of hypoglycemia start. Hypoglycemia may develop in both type of diabetes mellitus but patients having type 2 diabetes are at low risk in comparison to those suffering from type 1 diabetes. Some counterregulatory factors which are important for prevention of hypoglycemia are glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone. It has been observed that glucose counterregulatory mechanism generally remains intact in patients having type 2 diabetes, although it can be more dangerous because they are generally older and may have co morbidities. In this review article, we focus on frequencies of episodes, clinical manifestations, possible pathophysiological mechanisms related with hypoglycemia and also discuss about hypoglycemia associated risk factors, treatment and preventive strategies.
Keywords:- Hypoglycemia, Iatrogenic, Euglycemia, Glucose counterregulation, Hypoglycemia unawareness, Hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure.
Original research article:- N. G. Raghavendra Rao*, M. Subhan
PG. Department of Pharmaceutics, Luqman College of Pharmacy Gulbarga- 585 102. Karnataka, India.
Abstract:- An attempt has been made for the development of fast dissolving tablets of the nimodipine by solid dispersion methods, using different concentrations of croscarmellose sodium as super disintegrating agent and study the effect of various carriers on solid dispersion technique. Nimodipine is used in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders such as angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia and hypertension. The major problem of this drug is very low solubility in biological fluids and poor bioavailability after oral administration. The prepared tablets were evaluated for post-compressional parameters like hardness, friability, drug content, disintegrating time, wetting time, In-vitro dissolution studies and stability studies. The prepared tablets were characterized by DSC and FTIR Studies. No chemical interaction between drug and excipients was confirmed by DSC and IR studies. All the post-compressional parameter are evaluated were prescribed limits and results were within IP acceptable limits. The formulations prepared with mannitol solid dispersion were showed disintegration time between the ranges of 15.12 - 21.92 sec and drug release showed between the ranges of 09 - 11 min. However the formulations prepared with PEG‐6000 and PVP solid dispersions did not disintegrate in specified limit of time for fast dissolving tablet. Among all formulations SM4 prepared with mannitol as carrier showed 99.63 % drug release within 9 minutes. The results concluded that fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drug, Nimodipine showing enhanced dissolution will lead to improved bioavailability, improved effectiveness and hence better patient compliance. Finally it is concluded that effect of mannitol as a carrier on solid dispersion technique is excellent and shows best result.
Keywords:- Fast dissolving tablets, Nimodipine, croscarmellose sodium, Solid dispersion.