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Research article:-
*Kishore Reddy A 1, P.Prathyusha2, Krishna Reddy P 1, Naresh Kumar V 1, N.Siva Kali Prasad1
1.Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences ,Institute of Science and Technology ,JNTUH, Hyderabad ,Andhraprdesh ,India.
2.Department of Pharmaceutics, Sree Dattha Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad,India.
Abstract:-The aim of this study was to develop a floating microspheres of Anti microbial drug Cephalexin by using statistical optimization technique. Microspheres were prepared by using spray drying technique. Sodium alginate and PVA were used as polymers. A Taguchi Orthogonal Array design was selected to study the effect of formulation and process parameters in the development of microspheres. The independent variables studied are percentage of drug (X1), D:P ratio (X2), P:P ratio (X3), drying inlet temperature (X4) and pump feed rate (X5). The response variables evaluated are %yield (Y1), %EE (Y2) and microspheres size (Y3). Optimization was performed by using desirability function and based on the results of optimization one optimized formula was obtained. To validate the model, the optimized formula was formulated and subjected to in-vitro characterization. Percentage yield, drug content and entrapment efficiency of optimized formula was found to be 23.21±1.21 %, 93.98 ± 1.12 %, 88.46 ± 1.33 % respectively. Drug release at the end of 8 hours of dissolution studies was found to be 89.08±0.45%. The expected values thus obtained are very close to the predicted values indicating validation of model prediction. Thus it can be concluded that Cephalexin loaded microspheres could be successfully formulated with optimized condition of spray dryer to obtain maximum percentage yield, entrapment efficiency, desired particle size and drug release. Based on the results of stability studies, it may be concluded that the so developed optimized formula was found to be stable for long period of time.
Keywords:- Cephalexin, Floating Microspheres, Poly Vinyl Alcohol, Sodium alginate, In-vitro study, Spray drying.
Research article:- * Majumdar T , Debbarma N, Roy D B.
*Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College Agartala,Tripura ,India.
Abstract:- Objectives- This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Chloroquine in uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and to observe the pattern of drug resistance in a known Malaria endemic area in Dhalai District of Tripura, as per guidelines adopted by National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) in order to propose second line treatment in effected area. Methods-Study design was as per modified protocol for In vivo study of CQ resistance as adopted by NVBDCP. Active survey of fever cases were carried out in one Gaon Panchayet and four sub centers under Kulai Rural Health Centre of Dhalai District of Tripura, along with blood slide collection of both thick & thin film. Chloroquine administered as per body weight in P. falciparum positive cases and cases were followed up for 28 days for clinical as well as parasitological response. Results-Out of 300 slides examined 98 (32.7%) are found to be positive for malaria. Out of which Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf) ring in 78(79.6%), Pf gametocytes- 5(5.1%),Plasmodium vivax( Pv) - 10 (10.2%),Pf+Pv-5(5.1%). Total 53 cases were included in the study, out of which 40 no. of cases had complete follow up for 28 days .Early Treatment Failure (ETF) was detected in 13(32.5%) cases, Late Clinical & Parasitological Failure (LCF) was 14(35%), Adequate Clinical & Parasitological Response(ACPR) was 13(32.5%).Conclusion- Chloroquine resistant found to be 67.5%( 27/40) . Based on this study Dhalai District was declared as Drug Resistant to Chloroquine as per drug policy of NVBDCP and oral Artisunate and Sulphadoxine + Pyremethamine (ACT) combination therapy was advocated.
Keywords:- Plasmodium, Chloroquine resistance, Tripura, ETF, LCF, ACPR.
Research article:- *Madhusudhan NS1, Deepa S2, Shoba DN3 1.Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Puducherry ,India.
2.Assistant Professor , Department of Microbiology, Mysore Medical College, , Karnataka, India.
3.Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India.
Abstract:- Background and objectives: The incidence of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals range from 15% to 70% in various parts of India. Phenotypic detection of MRSA has been problematic ever since its discovery in 1962. Test conditions like temperature, disk potency, salt concentration and time of incubation play very important role in the detection of methicillin resistance. With this background simple disk diffusion test which can be used simultaneously with other antibiotics is being evaluated. Methods: 100 oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were selected. Cefoxitin disc diffusion test was performed by on MHA as per CLSI guidelines. mecA gene was detected for these strains using PCR. Results: Among 100 oxacillin resistant staph aureus strains, 84 were cefoxitin resistant and 73 were mecA positive. Conclusion: By using oxacillin disc diffusion test 27 were showing false positive and by using Cefoxitin, 11 were showing false positive. In summary PPV for cefoxitin disc diffusion (86%) to detect mecA mediated resistance is higher when com-pared to oxacillin disc diffusion test (73%). Routine susceptibility testing method for Staphylococcus aureus could replace oxacillin disks by cefoxitin discs.
Key words :- Cefoxitin, Disk Diffusion Test, MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus.
Original research article:- *Rajesh K Chudasama1, Umed V Patel2, Pramod B Verma3, Priyanka K Patel4, Ravikant R Patel5, Chikitsa D Amin5.
1.M.D. (Community Medicine), Associate Professor, Community Medicine Department, M P Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, India.
2.M.D. (Community Medicine), Associate Professor, Community Medicine Department, P D U Medical College, Rajkot, India.
3.M.D. (Community Medicine), Professor & Head, Community Medicine Department, P D U Medical College, Rajkot, India.
4.Tutor (Microbiology), Microbiology Department, M P Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, India.
5.M.D. (Community Medicine), Assistant Professor, Community Medicine Department, P D U Medical College, Rajkot, India.
Abstract:- Background: The first case of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in India was reported in May, 2009 and in Saurashtra region in August, 2009. We describe the clinical & epidemiological characteristics of patients who were hospitalized with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in Saurashtra region. Materials and Methods: From September, 2009 to February, 2011, total 511 persons infected with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus who were admitted in different hospitals in Rajkot city. Real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) testing was used to confirm infection; the clinical & epidemiological features of the disease were closely monitored. Results: Of 511 patients, median age was 28 years, and 50.5% were males. Only 0.2% patients had recent travel history to infected region. Median time of five days was observed from onset of illness to influenza A (H1N1) diagnosis, while median time of six days reported for hospital stay. All admitted patients received oseltamivir drug, but only 14.9% received it within two days of onset of illness. One fourth of admitted patients were expired. The most common symptoms were cough (98.0%), fever (94.9%), sore throat and shortness of breathing, and coexisting conditions including hypertension (10.4%), diabetes mellitus (9.4%), chronic pulmonary diseases (4.3%) and pregnancy (4.3%) (P<0.05). Pneumonia was reported in 91% patients with chest radiography. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that infection-related illness affects both children and adults with survival of 75.1% patients. The median time from onset of illness to virus detection with use of real-time RT-PCR is five days. Pregnancy is found as a significant (P<0.05) risk factor for severe disease.
Key Words:- Epidemiologic information, H1N1 subtype, influenza A virus, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
Research article:-
*K. Sowparthani 1, G.Kathiravan 2.
*1 Department of Microbiology, Apollo Arts and Science College, Chennai.
2 Department of Biotechnology, VELS University, Pallavaram, Chennai.
Abstract:- Phyllanthus amarus (Schum & Thonn) is predominantly one of the herbs in waste lands thoroughout the plains of India. The leaves are used in traditional medicine. In the present investigation, the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi of Phyllanthus amarus was carried out. Ethyl acetate extract from the midrib and lamina of Phyllanthus amarus were investigated for their antibacterial activity. In the present investigation, the antibacterial screening of ethylacetate extract endophytic fungi from Phyllanthus amarus was carried out. The crude and column purified culture extract of Gleosporium sp. were active against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, E. coli ) pathogenic bacterial strains.
Key words: Keywords:- Phyllantus amarus, Gleosporium sp., endophytic fungi, antibacterial activity.