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Review article:- * Yerram Raju Behara
*B.Pharm, Department of Pharmacology, Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad ,India.
Abstract:-Artichoke leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf of Cynara scolymus Artichoke leaf extract is made from the long, serrated basal leaves of the plant in which is found the highest concentration of biologically active compounds .Artichoke extract is one of the few herbal remedies where the clinical and experimental trials have complemented each other. Both experimental and clinical effects have been verified through extensive biomedical herbal remedy research. Specifically, antioxidant, choleretic, hepatoprotective, bile-enhancing and lipid-lowering effects have been demonstrated, which correspond with its historical use. Ongoing research seems to indicate that artichoke does indeed have medicinal qualities. Most significant appears to be its beneficial effect on the liver. In animal studies, liquid extracts of the roots and leaves of artichoke have demonstrated an ability to protect the liver, and possibly even to help liver cells regenerate. Although research is not yet conclusive, scientists are optimistic that its long-standing use in humans for digestive and bowel problems is indeed justified. It may also play a role in lowering cholesterol and thus help to prevent heart disease. Boiled wild artichoke reduces postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in normal subjects but has no effect on metabolic syndrome patients. This article intends to review the wide ranging pharmacological effects of artichoke.
Key words :- Artichoke, Cynara scolymus , antioxidant, choleretic, hepatoprotective, bile-enhancing and lipid-lowering, postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses, metabolic syndrome, HIVinhibitor.
Research article:- * Dr.Binesh Lal.Y1, Dr.Kalyani.M2.
1.Assistant Professor, Department Of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College,Thandalam, Kancheepuram District Tamilnadu, India.
2.Professor, Department Of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College,Thandalam, Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract: -Back ground and objective: With the increase in the number of immunocompromised individuals, there has been a consequent rise in the number of opportunistic infections, especially those due to Candida species. A rise in the incidence of antifungal resistance has also been reported. Aim: To isolate and identify the Candida species causing infections in patients from a tertiary care centre and also to study their antifungal susceptibility profile. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty seven candidial isolates from urine (73), vaginal swabs (24), exudates (21) and blood (09) were taken for the study. The four species of Candida isolated in this study were Candida tropicalis 54.3%, C.albicans (37.8%) C. paropsilosis (5.5%) and C.glabrata (2.4%). Antifungal susceptibility tests against Amphotericin B, Ketaconazole, Itraconazole, and Fluconazole were done recommended by the Clinical and laboratory standards (CLSI). The zone of inhibition of fungal growth was measured and compared with standard strains as per manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Out of 127 isolates, the commonest source of isolation of candida species in the decreasing order of frequency, namely urine 57.5%, vaginal swab (18.9%), exudates 16.5% and blood 7.1%. Candida tropicalis 54.3% was the predominant isolate followed by C.albicans 37.8%. C.parapsilosis 5.5% and the least common isolate C.glabrata 2.7%. Maximum numbers of the candidial isolates 57.5% were from urine samples and urinary catheterization was noted as risk factor among urinary samples. CHROMagar candida medium is found to be useful in identification of Candida species. All the candidial isolates were susceptible to Amphotericin-B. C.albicans 6.3% and C.tropicalis 37.7% showed higher degree of resistance to Fluconazole. C.parapsilosis 57.1% to Ketaconazole and C.glabrata to Ketaconazole 66.6% and Fluconazole 66.6%.
Keywords:- Candida species, 10% Potssium hydroxide (KOH), Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar, CHROMAgar.
Research article:- * P. M. Somade1, Atul R. Chopade2&3, Mahesh Kumbhar2 , F. J. Sayyad3
1.Department of Physiology, KIMU, Karad, District : Satara, 415110. Maharashtra, India. 2.Department of Pharmacology, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Taluka:- Walwa, District:- Sangli. 415404. Maharashtra, India.
3.Govt. College of Pharmacy, Karad, 415110, Maharashtra, India.
Abstract:-The study was performed using multidimensional health assessment questionnaire to quantify the prevalence of pain among the rural patients and to describe the potential determinants of pain in rural population. The study describes the prevalence of pain among rural area and analyzes its determinants, as chronic pain is a major problem in the rural community and a detailed understanding of the epidemiology of chronic pain is essential for efficient management of chronic pain in primary care.
Keywords:-Rural, chronic pain.
Review article:- * Nahida Tabassum1, Andleeb Bashir2, Amreen Naqash3, Saima Rasool 4, Mubashir H Masoodi 5
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006.India.
Abstract:-Immunodeficiency disorders involve malfunction of the immune system, resulting in infections that develop and recur more frequently, are more severe, and last longer than usual. AIDS is an immunodeficiency disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. Most of these people will develop AIDS as a result of their HIV infection and symptoms they develop are known as AIDS defining condition. The latest statistics of the global HIV and AIDS epidemic, published by UNAIDS in 2008 reported that 31.1-35.8 million people were living with HIV/AIDS. Although newer advances have been introduced in the treatment of HIV, still research is going on. Several recent major developments in human immunodeficiency virus treatment, prevention, outcome, and social policy changes have taken place. Updated international guidelines endorse more aggressive treatment strategies, safer antiretroviral drugs and gene therapies in treatment of HIV syndrome. New antiretroviral options are being tested. Vaccines and microbicide gels are under trials, and additional trials in prevention, especially pre-exposure prophylaxis, are nearing completion. Insight into the role of the virus in the pathogenesis of diseases, traditionally thought to be unrelated to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, has become a driving force for earlier and universal therapy.
Key words :- AIDS; Antiretroviral therapy, HIV vaccine, Human immunodeficiency virus, Multitalented protein sheds.
Research article:- *Abeysinghe Pushpa D. 1 and Weeraddana Chaminda De S.2.
1Ph.D, 2 M. Sc. Department of Botany, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.
Abstract:-The secondary metabolites of the young leaves of Avicennia marina were obtained by sequential Soxhlet extracts with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water as solvents. Antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistance and pathogenic bacterial species of Staphylococcus and Proteus was screened by agar diffusion technique and paper disk method. The extracts exhibited different degree of growth inhibition against tested bacterial strains. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity while water extract did not show any growth inhibition. The extracts of A. marina when purified with activated charcoal showed more inhibition than the untreated extracts. Components of young leaf extracts were separated by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The results of TLC analysis of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate and ethanol Soxhlet extracts of A. marina may be a mixture of 4, 8, 4 and 4 respectively. The results of the two dimensional TLC analysis for the chloroform extract isolated from the Soxhlet plant extracts of A. marina may be a mixture of twenty components. Chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were fractionated using column chromatography and obtained fourteen, seven and seven fractions respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed that young leaf of A. marina contained alkaloids, steroids. Phytochemical screening of Soxhlet extracts of chloroform contained alkaloids and steroids/triterpenoids. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract contained steroids/ triterpenoids and alkaloids respectively. Chemical tests revealed that fractions obtained from column chromatography of chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol extracts contained carbonyl groups and chloroform extract contained phenolic groups.
Key Words:- Antibacterial activity, A. marina, extracts, growth inhibition metabolites, TLC