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Research article:-
*Shirode Abhay R, Khanvilkar Vineeta V, Shah Jignesh M, Chitnis Aditi P, Kotadia Bhargav V, Kadam Vilasrao J.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis,Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Sector -8, CBD, Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400 614.
Abstract: Bioanalysis plays a key role in drug discovery process. When medicinal chemists are in the lead optimization phase of new drug discovery it is needed to know if their latest NCEs pass various drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) screens that check for their suitability in terms of pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism (e.g., in vitro stability, p450 inhibition and absorption potential). Bioanalytical processes can significantly enhance the drug discovery and development process. Bioanalysis helps a formulation scientists and clinical research team for the study of Bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) of a developed dosage form of a particular drug. The use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been the state-of-the-art analytical tool for drug-discovery bioanalysis and BA-BE studies for many decades. Over the time, the HPLC systems have improved and coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and evolved as LC-MS then it is modified as LC-MS/MS. HPTLC is also used for the analysis of biological samples. In recent years when UPLC became commercially available, this brought biggest change. While MS/MS systems have also improved over last two decades, the basic principle of using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) for the analytical detection of the analyte of interest has remained the same. Thus we have been well served by the HPLC–MS/MS paradigm as our pre-eminent tool of choice for assaying both in vitro and in vivo samples of various types. Bioanlytical method development is a very crucial step to quantitate drug from biological matrix. Method must be established and validated to demonstrate total recovery, accuracy, precision, and robustness to determine the amount of drug present in the given biological matrix. This review will explore the approaches, chromatographic methods, and extraction techniques which are used and reported by different researchers for estimation of drug from various biological samples. This will also give valuable inputs to design a protocol for validation of a developed bioanalytical method. We predict that this review will provide significant ‘value-added’ data to many analysts and will certainly shorten the timelines of referencing for method development task.
Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography, Bioanalysis, reference.
Research article:-
*Dr. Narayan Shrihari MD (Microbiology)1, Dr. KumudiniT.S D.Bact (Microbiology) 2, Dr. Mariraj. J MD (Microbiology) 3, Dr. Krishna.S MD (Microbiology) 4
1Asst. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
2 Tutor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
3 Professor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
4 Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
Abstract:- Background: The public health importance of intestinal parasitic infections cannot be denied because of their high prevalence and global distribution. It is an established fact that intestinal parasitic infections can lead to a number of adverse effects like anemia, reduced physical growth, mental retardation, abdominal colic, cholestasis, cholecystitis and pancreatitis. Aims: To assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites among patients attending our Hospital. Settings and Design: A retrospective study Material and Methods: A retrospective laboratory analysis of stool samples was carried out for intestinal parasite examination in a tertiary care Hospital, Bellary. The records were collected from Microbiology Laboratory for a period of two years (October 2009 to September 2011). Results: In our study the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection is 24.78%. There are nine different parasites encountered. The most common parasites identified were Entamoeba histolytica 25(43.86%), Cryptosporidium parvum 17 (29.82%) and Giardia lamblia 6 (10.53%). The other parasites present were Taenia species, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Ancylostoma duodenale. Conclusions: Protozoa are more common than helminthes. It is an important public health problem. It is necessary to develop effective prevention and control strategies including health education and environmental hygiene.
Keywords:- cholestasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, protozoa and helminthes.
Research article:- *Dr. Narayan Shrihari MD (Microbiology)1, Dr. KumudiniT.S D.Bact (Microbiology) 2, Dr. Mariraj. J MD (Microbiology) 3, Dr. Krishna.S MD (Microbiology) 4
1Asst. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
2 Tutor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
3 Professor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
4 Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
Abstract:- Background: Diarrhoea is a common complication of infection with HIV leading to weight loss and cachexia. It occurs in almost 90% of the HIV patients. Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of diarrhoea in developing countries, mainly affecting children and HIV infected individuals with low CD4 counts. The infection is self limiting in immunocompetent hosts but can be severe and persist in the immunocompromised and malnourished individuals. Aims: To know the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in HIV patients attending our Hospital and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, Giemsa staining and Sheather sugar flotation technique. Settings and Design: A retrospective study for a period of one year Material and Methods: Stool samples from 51HIV patients with diarrhoea and one HIV patient without diarrhoea were examined for oocysts by modified Ziehl-Neelsen(ZN) staining, Giemsa(GS) staining and Sheather sugar flotation (SSF) technique. Results: Of the 52 stool samples, modified ZN staining detected 14 (26.92%), GS staining12 (23.07%) and SSF technique 17 (32.69%) stool samples positive for oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected patients and simple method modified ZN staining can detect oocyst in stool sample.
Keywords:- Oocysts, Giemsa staining, Sheather sugar flotation, Cryptosporidium parvum.
Research article:-
*S. Mathavi1, G. Sasikala1, A. Kavitha1, K.R. Rajesh2, Indra Priyadharsini2
1Asst. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Seeragapadi, Salem- 636308. Tamilnadu, India.
2 Professor, Department of Microbiology, Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Seeragapadi, Salem- 636308. Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common infections in community practice. Fluoroquinolones are the preferred antimicrobial agents for empirical therapy of UTI. Ciprofloxacin is the most frequently prescribed fluoroquinolone for UTI because of its excellent activity against uropathogens. Decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones arises mainly by single-step mutations in the gyrA and parC genes, which encode the fluoroquinolones targets, the topoisomerase enzymes, conferring cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones. Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility of urinary isolates to various antibiotics and to know the prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance among urinary isolates and guide the clinicians to prescribe the most successful empirical antibiotic to eliminate the urinary pathogens. Materials & Methods: A total of 532 isolates obtained from urine samples received in the microbiology department over a period of six months (March-August 2011) were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Isolates with resistance or with decreased susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (≤20 mm) were then screened for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by E-test. Results: Out of 532 isolates, 112 (21%) isolates were resistant to Ciprofloxacin. The MIC of these isolates ranged from 4 to > 32µg/ml. Conclusion: The increased use of fluoroquinolones as empirical treatment for the UTIS will facilitate the emergence of resistance to this class of compounds and promote the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains. Hence it should be discouraged as it will undermine the efficacy of fluoroquinolones to treat more serious infections. This study hence emphasizes the need for the continuous evaluation of the commonly used antibiotics.
Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Fluoroquinolones, MIC, Urinary isolates.
Research article:-Haque Aminul Md., Islam Ashraful S. M. and Shahriar Mohammad
* MS in Pharm. Tech., Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.
M. Pharm., Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh. MS in Pharm. Tech., Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.
Abstract: Tinospora crispa (family: Menispermaceae) has been investigated for evaluation of the biological activities. The stem bark T. crispa of was extracted with methanol and the extract was partitioned with petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions. The chloroform, petroleum ether and methanolic extracts were subjected to antimicrobial screening against some gram-positive and gram-negative organisms by the disc diffusion method. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extracts of chloroform, petroleum ether and methanol were found to show LC50 of 11.5 g/ml, 12.6 g/ml and 12.0 g/ml respectively. This indicated that the cytotoxicity exhibited by the chloroform, petroleum ether and methanol extract was very significant. These extractives were subjected to antioxidant screening- by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. In these cases, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid were used as antioxidant standard. By DPPH assay, it is found that the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of T. crispa showed strong antioxidant activity with the IC50 value 30 µg/ml. Besides petroleum ether and chloroform soluble fractions also showed free radical scavenging activity with the IC50 value 70 and 75 µg/ml, respectively.
Keywords: T. crispa, extracts, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial screening