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Research article:-
*Dr. Narayan Shrihari MD (Microbiology)1, Dr. KumudiniT.S D.Bact (Microbiology) 2, Dr. Mariraj. J MD (Microbiology) 3, Dr. Krishna.S MD (Microbiology) 4
1Asst. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India. 2 Tutor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
3 Professor, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India. 4 Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Bellary-583104, India.
Abstract:- Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients have an increased risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) due to a loss of cell mediated immunity, along with a quantitative decline in circulating CD4 lymphocytes and tuberculosis occurs sooner than other opportunistic infections. The dual (HIV/TB) infection compared with CD4 matched cohort of TB uninfected HIV patients. We sought to test the hypothesis; TB additionally contributes to reduction in CD4 count in HIV/TB co-infected patients and leads to greater improvement in count following treatment as compared to CD4 matched TB uninfected individuals. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. We studied the change in CD4 cell count in two groups of patients, those with CD4 cell count >200 cells/mm3 (Group 1) and < 200 cells/mm3 (Group 2) at presentation. In each group the change in CD4 cell count in dually infected patients following six months anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) was compared to cohort of CD4 matched TB uninfected patients only on ART. Results: In group1 (156 cases) dually infected patients CD4 count improved from 250 to450 cells/mm3 and in TB uninfected (control) patients the change was from 260 to422 cells/mm3. In group 2 (180 cases) dually infected subjects count improved from 150 to355 cells/mm3, where as in TB uninfected (control) patients improvement was from 170 to330 cells/mm3. Conclusion: Greater improvement in CD4 count with ATT and ART in dually infected patients, it may suggests that TB additionally influences the reduction of CD4 count in HIV patients.
Keywords:-Anti-tuberculosis therapy, anti-retroviral therapy and CD4 cell lymphocyte of cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected patients and simple method modified ZN staining can detect oocyst in stool sample.
Research article:- *Dr. Sriram Raghavendran, M.B.B.S 1 and Dr. S.Swaminathan, , Ph.D., FACBI.,2
1 J-9, Sreyas “Yadugiri” Apts.,30/A, C.P. Ramasamy Road, Alwarpet, Chennai – 600018, Tamil Nadu, India.
2 Senior Consultant and Head, Biochemistry Department, Apollo Specialty Hospital, 3rd Floor, Laboratory wing, No.320, Padma Complex, Anna Salai, Chennai – 600035, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract:- The main research focus of this project involved investigating the presence of Hypomagnesemia, if any, among non-hospitalised patients with fasting Hyperglycemia and the relationship between Serum Mg levels and Fasting Glucose levels in males as well as females. The research methodology used in the study involved the analysis of serum Magnesium levels in non-hospitalised outpatients with suspected Pre-diabetes/Impaired fasting glucose or Type 2 Diabetes by analysing their blood samples using the Olympus AU480® Chemistry Analyzer. The t-test was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained using statistical software from the internet. The population size used in the study has been taken as n=60 and includes all people who have returned to the outpatient clinic for a repeat blood glucose analysis. The result and conclusion of this study is that there is a significant inverse relation between the levels of Magnesium and Glucose in a person’s body: In all (n=60) subjects, r = -0.890, P <0.0001 and t = -14.87 overall. In the male (n=30) population, r = -0.861. The P <0.0001 , with a t value of -8.96. In the female (n=30) population, r = -0.919, P <0.0001, and t = -12.33. The overall Incidence of Hypomagnesemia in patients with Hyperglycemia in this population of n=60 was found to be 31.67%. It is imperative to monitor suspected Pre-Diabetic/Diabetic patients for Serum Magnesium.
Key words: Fasting Plasma Glucose, Glucose tolerance, Hyperglycemia, Hypomagnesemia, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Impaired Glucose tolerance, Magnesium, Type 2 DM.
Research article:- * Sayantan Ray 1, K.Nagaiah. 2
1* NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
2Organic and Bimolecular Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India.
Abstract: The phytochemical study using Caralluma umbellata (Asclepiadaceae) whole plant allowed the isolation of a pregnane glycoside known as Carumbelloside-II. Carumbelloside-II was evaluated for both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated in acidic acid-induced abdominal constriction test method in Swiss albino mice, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats. Carumbelloside-II has significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. These results of present study confirm the use of Cralluma umbellata traditionally for the treatment of painful and inflammatory condition.
Keywords: Caralluma Umbellata; Asclepiadaceae; Pregnane glycoside; Anti-inflammatory activity, Carumbelloside – II.
Research article:-* A Poorsattar Bejeh Mir.
Undergraduate Student, Dentistry Student Research Committee (DSRC), Dentistry School, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Abstract: Since discovery of endothelial-derived relaxing factor EDRF) at 1980, which was named nitric oxide (NO) later, many attempts were done to elucidate the fact and reality of this multi potential molecule. Indeed many controversies are raised when its contrasting role in health and disease status was observed. Up to the current knowledge, this double-edged sword is involved in many pathophysiologic processes with an immunoprotective role to a very potent destructive property. Periodontitis may be reviewed as a localized vasculopathy with possible involvement of the arginine-NO pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) over production and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with ultimate tissue damage and bone loss. There is a considerable body of evidence in the medical literature that manipulation of nitric oxide pathway, inhibition of VEGF and reinforcement of antioxidant systems has improved the affected tissue when NO, VEGF or ROS are suspected as causative factors. In this context, possible therapeutic targets to treat periodontitis are discussed with a glance at the current medications for the systemic diseases with somewhat similar underlying pathophysiology to periodontitis.
Keywords: Antioxidant, angiogenesis, arginine, free radical, nitric oxide, periodontitis.
Research article:-
*S. Mathavi1, G. Sasikala1, A. Kavitha1, K.R. Rajesh2, Indra Priyadharsini2
1Asst. Professor, Department of Microbiology, Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Seeragapadi, Salem- 636308. Tamilnadu, India.
2 Professor, Department of Microbiology, Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Seeragapadi, Salem- 636308. Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common infections in community practice. Fluoroquinolones are the preferred antimicrobial agents for empirical therapy of UTI. Ciprofloxacin is the most frequently prescribed fluoroquinolone for UTI because of its excellent activity against uropathogens. Decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones arises mainly by single-step mutations in the gyrA and parC genes, which encode the fluoroquinolones targets, the topoisomerase enzymes, conferring cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones. Aim: This study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility of urinary isolates to various antibiotics and to know the prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance among urinary isolates and guide the clinicians to prescribe the most successful empirical antibiotic to eliminate the urinary pathogens. Materials & Methods: A total of 532 isolates obtained from urine samples received in the microbiology department over a period of six months (March-August 2011) were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Isolates with resistance or with decreased susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (≤20 mm) were then screened for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by E-test. Results: Out of 532 isolates, 112 (21%) isolates were resistant to Ciprofloxacin. The MIC of these isolates ranged from 4 to > 32µg/ml. Conclusion: The increased use of fluoroquinolones as empirical treatment for the UTIS will facilitate the emergence of resistance to this class of compounds and promote the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains. Hence it should be discouraged as it will undermine the efficacy of fluoroquinolones to treat more serious infections. This study hence emphasizes the need for the continuous evaluation of the commonly used antibiotics.
Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Fluoroquinolones, MIC, Urinary isolates.