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Research article:-Anatomy
* A.Mary Antony Praba¹, C.Venkatramaniah². ¹Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Tagore Medical College, Chennai, India.
²Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondy, India.
Abstract:- Pterion is a region in the anterior part of the floor of the temporal fossa where the greater wing of the sphenoid, the parietal, frontal and the squamous temporal bones meet and form a H shaped suture. Alternatively it is the meeting region of these 4 bones(1,2). It is an commonly used landmark to find the place of anterior division of middle meningeal artery inside. There are four different types of pterions they are the spenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate and the epipteric varieties(3,2,4). Because the anatomical variation is been so much cared by the forensic anthropologists, neurosurgeons and the forensic pathologists, we find it necessary to study the occurrence of different types of pterion in the skulls of Tamil Nadu regions. So as to full fill the criteria the different types of pterion and it’s occurrence in relation with the middle meningeal artery is been studied. The most occurring type of pterion among tamil nadu skulls are found to be the spenoparietal variety and the frontotemporal the least. Each pterion has a little difference their association with the middle meningeal artery and is important for neurosurgeons and forensic anthropologists.
Key Words :- Pterion, frontozygomatic suture, meningeal.
Review article:-Engineering chemistry
*Chandak Shilpa1, Sharma Dipak2, Sharma Vimukta3 and Dubey Arti.
1Department of Engineering Chemistry, VITS, Indore, MP, India.
2Department of Chemical Sciences, Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences,Indore, MP, India.
3Principal, B.M. College of Pharmacy, Indore, MP, India.
Abstract:- Pyrimidines have been reported to possess various biological activities. Review indicates that compounds having pyrimidine nucleus have wide range of therapeutic uses that includes antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, antitumer, antilukemia, antileishmanial and anti-inflammatory. Due to interesting activity of various substituted pyrimidines as biological agents considerable attentions have focused on this class. The pharmaceutical importance of these compounds lies in the fact that they can be effectively used as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, insecticidal, herbicidal, antitubercular anticancer and antidiabetic agents. The ability of thiazine to exhibit antitubercular, antibacterial which is inactivate HIV in biological fluids and used as cannabinoid receptor agonists. In the light of these interesting biological activities, it appeared of interest to synthesize some new pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine is the most important member of all the diazines as this ring system occurs widely in living organisms. Purines, uric acid, alloxan, barbituric acid and a number of antimalarial and antibacterial drugs also contain the pyrimidine ring. Various derivatives like 4-(Morpholin-4-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine(1), 4-(3-Methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro [1] benzothieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidine(9), 4-Benzoyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenylpyrazole (11). -been thoroughly studied and it was found that they are synthesized by conventional method of synthesis with different solvents and conditions similarly while1-Methyl-2-methylthio-4-(anisyl)-5-cyano-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-6-one.(24), 5-Cyano-1-(2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiouracil(40) were studied and they were found to have an advantage over the conventional once as their method was by microwave synthesis. Furthermore all these compound posses’ good pharmacological activities. Hence the review of pyrimidine derivatives gives a vast scope for further research in this area.
Key Words:- Pyrimidine derivatives, pharmacological activities, conventional method and microwave synthesis, benzothieno, antimicrobial activity, heterocyclic compound.
Original research article:- Medical Bochemistry
Kiran Chugh1, Sandeep Goyal2, Vijay shankar1,* Manjulata Kumawat1, S.N. Chugh2, Manjri Goyal2.
1Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
2Department of Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
Abstract:- Background and Objectives: Metabolic syndrome is the name given to a syndrome that is seen more often in people who are overweight or obese, and who have specific conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and other health problems. Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when three out of the following five risk factors are evident. Researchers have now found that even subtle changes in thyroid function increase the risk for metabolic syndrome. We evaluated the thyroid function tests in obesity to explore the possibility of thyroid receptor resistance. Methods: the study was a cross-sectional study. It included 50 obese subjects with Body Mass Index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 as cases (group I) and 25 individuals with BMI < 25 kg/m2 as controls (group II). T3 (Triiodothyronin), T4 (Thyroxine), TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) levels were measured as indicator of thyroid functions. Blood sugar and serum Insulin levels were measured. To define insulin resistance, Homeostasis model for insulin resistance (HOMA IR) was calculated in both groups and the HOMA IR value obtained in group II individuals served as reference mark. Based on the HOMA IR, group I subjects were divided into insulin resistant (subgroup IA) and insulin nonresistant (subgroup IB) individuals. Thyroid function tests were compared in both subgroups. Results: T3 and T4 levels were comparable whereas there was significant difference in TSH levels in insulin resistant (subgroup IA) and insulin nonresistant (subgroup IB) individuals. Conclusion: Raised TSH in insulin resistant obese persons independent of lowered T3 and T4 suggest it to be a part of insulin resistant state in obesity.
Keywords:-Obesity, Body mass index (BMI), Thyroid function tests, Insulin resistance, Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA IR), Thyroid receptor resistance.
Research article:-Clinical pharmacy
OMOLE, Moses Kayode Pharm. D1., ADEBAYO, Sheriff Olalekun M. Pharm2. ADISA, Rasaq M. Pharm1
1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
2Pharmacy Departments, General Hospital Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Abstract:- This prospective study was carried out to determine factors that may affect medication adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and receiving treatment at antiretroviral clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, but who are affiliated to Non Governmental Organizations such as FAPHAC and PLAN, Nigeria. All consenting subjects from these two support groups were enrolled into the study but 305 PLWHA volunteered to participate throughout the three months period of the study. The study was conducted with the aid of structured interview assisted questionnaires to obtain information on demographic characteristics, as well as availability and side effects of antiretroviral drugs. Descriptive and Chi-square statistical tests were used to evaluate the level of association between the variables being considered and respondent’s adherence to antiretroviral medications. Majority of people (80.3%) living with HIV/AIDS interviewed were females while (19.7%) were males. Male respondents (91.7%) showed better adherence to ARV medications than female counterparts (83.7%). Subjects in the age groups 24-35 years (59.1%) which is the most sexually active groups were more vulnerable when compared to other age groups. There was no significant relationship between medication adherence and age, sex, education, occupation and financial status (p>0.05), but there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between marital status of PLWHA and level of adherence to antiretroviral medications. There is need to carry out further study in order to fully explore the extent to which marital status and other factors can affect medication adherence of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Key Words:-Antiretroviral (ARV) Medication adherence, variables, Nongovernmental organization (NGO), Human-immunodeficiency-virus (HIV), Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Research article:-Medical microbiology
*Nayakanti Raghu Prakash Reddy1 , Animireddy Kishore2 , A.Franklin3, E.Prabhakar Reddy4 1Assistant Professor of Microbiology, 2Associate Professor of Microbiology,3Professor of Microbiology, 4Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Sri Lakshmi narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India.
Abstract: Introduction: Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis viruses. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. Zn is essential for normal development and function of cell mediating innate immunity, Selenium is an essential micronutrient for human health, Copper accumulation in fibrotic liver caused by chronic hepatitis may contribute to hepatic injury. Material and Methods: The study was conducted a total number of patients 15 from SLIMS Puducherry, 15 from Arogya diagnostic centre, tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Collected samples was separated by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 15 min. Separated samples carried out for assay ie, Zinc, copper, selenium by using standard commercial kits. Results and Discussion: We showed that elevated zinc levels in HBV patients correlate with low levels of AST and ALT. Our study showed that selenium, Zn levels were decreased in HBV Patients. We found serum Zn and selenium, copper levels were decreased comparing with control levels. Conclusion: Zinc and selenium might be considered as a marker of normal liver function. Dietary intake of selenium and Zn are necessary to reduce the liver damage in HBV patients.
Keywords:- Viral hepatitis, Innate immunity, Trace elements, Fibrotic liver.