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Original research article:-Microbiology and Biochemistry
K.Nalini 1*, P.Sumathi 2
1Department of Microbiology , Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi ,Tamil Nadu,India. *Part time Research Scholar, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore.
2Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract:- Background: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major problem in medicine field faced by humans. Among different mechanisms of resistance beta-lactamase induced resistance plays a prominent role and threatens the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics. The aim of this study is to detect the presence of ESBL and AmpCase in urinary isolates and also to focus the importance of antibiotic surveillance programs. Methods: During the period of January 2010 to December 2011 Six hundred and fifty six midstream urine samples were collected from different hospitals and clinical lab surrounding Srivilliputtur, Rajapalayam, Madurai and Sivakasi in TamilNadu, India. From this 606 isolates were selected including E.coli (356), Pseudomonas spp (123), Klebsiella spp (73) and Proteus spp (54) species for further analysis .Antibiotic sensitivity pattern were analysed with selected beta-lactam antibiotics. Phenotypic and Biochemical characterisation of selected isolates were performed followed by genotypic detection of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in E.coli. Result: All the isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin and 90% of isolates showed resistance to Amoxicillin followed by variable rate of resistance to second, third and fourth generation Cephalosporin antibiotics and less than one percent of resistance was observed to imipenam. E.coli and Pseudomonas spp showed more potent activity of beta-lactamase. Beta lactamase genes blaTEM and blaSHV genes were analysed in one E.coli isolate. Conclusion: Antibiotic surveillance programs can have a great impact to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance which is extending in diverse forms with local, regional and national level variations.
Keywords:-Antimicrobial resistance, beta-lactam antibiotics, ESBL, Cephalosporinase.
Review article:-Engineering chemistry
*Chandak Shilpa1, Sharma Dipak2, Sharma Vimukta3 and Dubey Arti.
1Department of Engineering Chemistry, VITS, Indore, MP, India.
2Department of Chemical Sciences, Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences,Indore, MP, India.
3Principal, B.M. College of Pharmacy, Indore, MP, India.
Abstract:- Pyrimidines have been reported to possess various biological activities. Review indicates that compounds having pyrimidine nucleus have wide range of therapeutic uses that includes antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, antitumer, antilukemia, antileishmanial and anti-inflammatory. Due to interesting activity of various substituted pyrimidines as biological agents considerable attentions have focused on this class. The pharmaceutical importance of these compounds lies in the fact that they can be effectively used as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, insecticidal, herbicidal, antitubercular anticancer and antidiabetic agents. The ability of thiazine to exhibit antitubercular, antibacterial which is inactivate HIV in biological fluids and used as cannabinoid receptor agonists. In the light of these interesting biological activities, it appeared of interest to synthesize some new pyrimidine derivatives. Pyrimidine is the most important member of all the diazines as this ring system occurs widely in living organisms. Purines, uric acid, alloxan, barbituric acid and a number of antimalarial and antibacterial drugs also contain the pyrimidine ring. Various derivatives like 4-(Morpholin-4-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine(1), 4-(3-Methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro [1] benzothieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidine(9), 4-Benzoyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenylpyrazole (11). -been thoroughly studied and it was found that they are synthesized by conventional method of synthesis with different solvents and conditions similarly while1-Methyl-2-methylthio-4-(anisyl)-5-cyano-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-6-one.(24), 5-Cyano-1-(2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiouracil(40) were studied and they were found to have an advantage over the conventional once as their method was by microwave synthesis. Furthermore all these compound posses’ good pharmacological activities. Hence the review of pyrimidine derivatives gives a vast scope for further research in this area.
Key Words:- Pyrimidine derivatives, pharmacological activities, conventional method and microwave synthesis, benzothieno, antimicrobial activity, heterocyclic compound.
Short communication
Manoj G Tyagi.
Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract:- Nattokinase is an enzyme found in Nattô, a popular Japanese cheese made from fermented soyabeans. This enzyme has been found to dissolve blood clots. Clots that form inside a blood vessel in the absence of a wound may restrict the blood flow and lead to heart attack or stroke. Nattokinase can diminish this risk. On the other hand, because of its powerful vasoconstrictor properties, and its effects on intracellular calcium, ET-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension, coronary vasospasm, and heart failure. A number of studies suggest a role for ET-1 in pulmonary hypertension, as well as in systemic hypertension. ET-1 has been shown to be released by the failing myocardium where it can contribute to cardiac calcium overload and hypertrophy. In this study, I propose that a combination of nattokinase enzyme and endothelin-1 receptor antagonist can ameliorate the cardiovascular ailments like the hypertension and cardiac failure.
Key Words :- Nattokinase, endothelin, hypertension, cardiac, fibrin.
Research article:-Medical microbiology
*Omalu, I. C. J., Mohammed, A. Z., Olamide, P. I., Ayanwale, V. A. Adeniran, L. and Gbise, S. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna-Nigeria.
Abstract:- Fifteen samples, made up of five brands of sachet packaged water samples labelled as A, B, C, D and E in Minna metropolis were examined for bacteriological and physico-chemical properties. The bacteriological quality of the water samples were examined using multiple tube techniques (MPN). All the five brands of packaged sachet water samples contained bacteria. Brand A showed a high average index of 398MPN/100ml, brand B has 49MPN/100ml, brand C has 18.8MPN/100ml and brand D had 7MPN/100ml while brand E had 12MPN/100ml. The isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus feacalis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Salmonella typhii. The physico-chemical parameters were also determined using standard methods; whose values fell below WHO standards for drinking water except manganese whose values exceeds the maximum permitted limit for water quality of the standard organisation of Nigeria (SON).
Key Words:- Bacteriological quality, Multiple tube techniques, Packaged water.
Research article:-Medical microbiology
*Nayakanti Raghu Prakash Reddy1 , Animireddy Kishore2 , A.Franklin3, E.Prabhakar Reddy4 1Assistant Professor of Microbiology, 2Associate Professor of Microbiology,3Professor of Microbiology, 4Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Sri Lakshmi narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India.
Abstract: Introduction: Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis viruses. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. Zn is essential for normal development and function of cell mediating innate immunity, Selenium is an essential micronutrient for human health, Copper accumulation in fibrotic liver caused by chronic hepatitis may contribute to hepatic injury. Material and Methods: The study was conducted a total number of patients 15 from SLIMS Puducherry, 15 from Arogya diagnostic centre, tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Collected samples was separated by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 15 min. Separated samples carried out for assay ie, Zinc, copper, selenium by using standard commercial kits. Results and Discussion: We showed that elevated zinc levels in HBV patients correlate with low levels of AST and ALT. Our study showed that selenium, Zn levels were decreased in HBV Patients. We found serum Zn and selenium, copper levels were decreased comparing with control levels. Conclusion: Zinc and selenium might be considered as a marker of normal liver function. Dietary intake of selenium and Zn are necessary to reduce the liver damage in HBV patients.
Keywords:- Viral hepatitis, Innate immunity, Trace elements, Fibrotic liver.