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Research article:-Medical microbilogy
*,1B.Srinivas, 2D.Lalitha Devi and 3Bandaru Narasinga Rao.
1 M.Sc (Medical Microbiology), Tutor in Microbiology,3 MD.,Ph.D., Professor & Head, Dept. of Microbiology, Rajivgandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Srikakulam-532 001(AP)., India. 2 Assistant Professor in Pharmacology, Dept. of Pharmacology, GSL Medical college, Rajahmundry, A.P., India.
Abstract: - Background: The objective of our present study was to determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from various infections and its properties and susceptibility pattern to commonly used antibiotics. Materials and Methods: During a 2-year period, specimens were received from various infections and the same were processed and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated using standard microbiological techniques and its properties and antibiogram was studied using 8 antimicrobials. Results: Out of 1810 clinical samples, a total of 168 strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated and the prevalence rate was 9.28%. Maximum number was from samples of pus (55.3%) followed by urine (18.5%). The maximum number of samples from males and the infection was seen maximum among females of age group of 51-60 Yrs.(24.6%) followed by male and female almost equally in the age group of >61Yrs. (21.6% and 22.8% respectively). Fifty six percent of strains produced the pigment pyocyanin(55.35%) followed by Pyoverdin(20.23%). Out 168 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 146 were found Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) strains. Predominant MDR strains isolated from pus 83 (56.85%), urine 24 (16.44%), endo tracheal tubes 16 (10.96%), sputum 10 (6.85%), broncho alveolar lavage 9 (6.16%), ear swabs 4 (2.74%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa has shown resistance to Gentamicin (61.91%), Tobramycin (60.12%), Amikacin (57.74%), Cefixime (88.88%), Ceftazidime (69.64%), Cefoperazone (69.05%), Piperacillin (66.67%), and Carbencillin (41.07%). Conclusion: High prevalence of P. aeruginosa as an opportunistic pathogen has been developing with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and thus becoming a significant threat.
Key Words:-Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Postoperative wound infections, Prevalence, Nosocomial, Antibiogram.
Research article:-
*S. I. Kheder
*Ph.D Pharmacology , National college of Medical & Techenical sciencies– Pharmacy program, Khartoum – Sudan, 3783 Khartoum.
Abstract:-Background: To tackle methicillin-resistant Staphylocccus aureus (MRSA) we have first understand how much hospital staffs know about MRSA. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and perceived practice of medical staff in Khartoum State hospitals regarding MRSA. Method: This is descriptive situational cross-sectional analysis. A convenience sample was recruited from six governmental and five private hospitals in Khartoum state. Face to face interviews, using structured questionnaire, were carried out with staff working in medical and surgical wards in the selected hospitals, over a three month period from January - March 2012. Results: There were 300 responses from different departments, with variable specialties and experience. Knowledge of many aspects of MRSA and it is preventive management and treatment was deficient. 58.7% of medical health care workers get their MRSA information from textbooks. Majority of respondents (90%) felt that they required additional information about MRSA. Conclusion: The survey confirmed that assumptions should not be made about adequate knowledge and expertise of the staff in relation to MRSA. Appropriate interventions, policies and education programs were needed to fill the gaps in knowledge of healthcare staff about MRSA.
Keywords:- MRSA, survey, knowledge, education, infection control, Sudanese, hospitals.
Research article:-Clinical pharmacy
OMOLE, Moses Kayode Pharm. D *1, RAWAS Kehinde Bukola. M. Pharm1
1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria.
Abstract:- This is a retrospective study in which 254 case notes of diabetes inpatients and outpatients were randomly selected from the medical record department of the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan and thoroughly studied. The study which was conducted between the 3 months period of June and October 2007 consisted of 156(61.4%) males and 98 (38.6%) females diabetic patients. Forty eight (18.9%) patients were aged below 30 years, 28 (11.0%) aged between 30-39 years, 27(10.6%) between 40-49 years, 59 (23.2%) between 50-59 years, 56 (22.0%) aged 60-69 years while 36 (14.2%) aged 70 years and above. Ninety (35.4%) patients had type 1 DM, 162 (63.8%) had type 2 DM, while 2 (0.8%) had gestational DM. One hundred and thirty (52.0%) were on antidiabetic monotherapy, while 120 (48.0%) were on antidiabetic combination therapy. Other concomitant drugs prescribed were 103 (53.9%) ACEIs, 98 (40.7%) calcium channel blockers, 101 (41.9%) diuretics, 91 (37.8%) aspirin, 7 (2.9%) lipid lowering drugs, and 197 (81.7%) antibiotics. Diabetic complications documented include 4 (2.2%) hyperglycemic coma, 13 (7.1%) peripheral neuropathy, 36 (19.8%) diabetic foot ulcer, 47 (25.8%) diabetic neuropathy, 48 (26.4%) diabetic nephropathy, and 23 (12.6%) diabetic retinopathy. The study showed that optimal therapy for diabetes mellitus required aggressive management that involves all health care professionals beginning from when diabetes is diagnosed.
Keywords:-Type 1 diabetes Mellitus,Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Gestational diabetes,Management, Diabetic complications, Concomitant drugs.
Original article:-Clinical pharmacy
OMOLE, Moses Kayode (1) Pharm. D., Malik Elizabeth Olabisi (1) B. Pharm.
1*,2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan.
Abstract:-Rational use of drugs requires that patients receive drugs appropriate to their clinical needs in doses that meet their individual requirements. The case studies were carried out to assess the various factors that influenced the rational use of drugs in the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) among those admitted as in-patients in the University College Hospital (U. C. H) Ibadan. Four patients consisting of two male adults and two female adults were randomly selected and monitored with their case notes thoroughly studied. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), were prescribed for the four patients. Beta blockers were prescribed for three patients while only two patients were prescribed calcium channel blockers. Digoxin tablets were prescribed for two patients while Isosorbide dinitrate was prescribed for only one of the patients. Other drugs prescribed were antihypertensives which include modurectic (Amiloride + Hydrochlorthiazide (HTZ)), hypoglycemic agents which include insulin and metformin (Glucophage), analgesic which include tramadol and paracetamol, antibiotics which include augmentin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriazone. Side effects documented were hypotension, cough, and chest pain. The result from these studies showed that utilization of variety of health professionals are required to reinforce rational treatment for heart failure.
Keywords:- Chronic heart failure, Rational, Patients, Treatment.
Research article:-
Sabah B. Abdelrahim 1*, Sania A. Shaddad 2 & Salah I. Kheder 3.
1Department of clinical pharmacy, Alzaitouna Hospital, Khartoum-Sudan. 2Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of pharmacology, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 3Pharmacy program. National college of Medical and Technical Sciences, Pharmacy program, Khartoum – Sudan, 3783 Khartoum.
Abstract:- Implementation of hospital drug formulary systems helps to optimize treatment, make essential drugs available, and control costs of therapy. The aim of this study is to define the structure, and activities of hospital formulary system and to investigate the presence of antibiotic subcommittees and polices in Khartoum State hospitals.Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study based on completion of questionnaire of 30 items. The senior pharmacists in Khartoum state hospital were interviewed between December 2010-September 2011. The survey questions consists of two parts, the first part addressed the presence and functions of drug and therapeutic committee and availability of drug formulary. The second part addressed the hospitals’ presence of antibiotic subcommittee and antibiotic policy and antibiotic monitoring and audit.Results: Eight hospitals (27%) of the surveyed hospitals had a drug therapeutic committee (DTC) and implement formulary system. The formulary system was located in 5 (62 %) non teaching hospitals and 3 (38%) teaching hospitals.50% of hospitals regarded their formulary system as restricted or closed formularies.The average size of the committee was (11) members with physicians comprising the majority (mean = 7.63 individuals), pharmacist and nurses had approximately equal representation. No hospital had antibiotic subcommittees and only two hospitals had guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery, and seven hospitals had a local standard prescription protocols for first – line antibiotic treatment for main infections. Conclusion: The results of the study show that DTCs and drug formularies clearly under presented in Sudan hospitals and at the same time there is no presence of antibiotic subcommittees and polices. Hospitals should put considerable efforts in formulate drug therapeutic committees and activate it's role.
Key words:- Drug and pharmacy committee, Hospital formulary system, Antibiotic policy.