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Research article:-Pathology
Khanna Vinay1*, Bairy Indira2 , Maradi Ravindra3, Khanna Ruchee4, Vishwanath Shashidhar5, Sathyanarayanachar Manjunath6
1Assistant Professor, 2Professor, 5Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, 3Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, 4Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, 6Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal University.
Abstract:- Recent HIV infection (<6 months) represents the initial stage of the disease, when viral replication is associated with dissemination in lymphoid tissue and a distinct immunologic response. Patients with recent infection have symptoms, including flu like symptoms, fever, skin rash, headache, diarrhea, malaise, and lethargy. Recent HIV infections also include seroconversion with positive HIV serology generally takes place at 3 to 12 weeks following the viral transmission and clinical latent period which extends beyond 6 months in which most of the patients remained asymptomatic. In this study Established HIV-1 infection (>6 months) includes clinical latent period, symptomatic HIV-1 infection, AIDS and advanced HIV-1 infection, characterized by a CD4 cell count <50/mm3. This study was conducted in 261 HIV seropositive patients with recent and established HIV-1 infection. Data analyzed using SPSS 16.0 and variables are compared by using chi square test. There were total 33 cases identified as recent cases and 228 cases as established cases. Among recent and established infection fever was the commonest presentation. Flu like symptoms were commonly seen in all cases of recent infection. Majority of established cases of HIV showed generalized lymphadenopathy with weight loss.
Key words:-Human Immune deficiency Virus, Detuned ELISA, CD4 cells, AIDS.
Research article:-Community Medicine.
1*Gupta Sanjay Kumar MD, 2Varshney Atul MS, 3J. Thomas Mathew MD, DM,4 Gaur Neeraj ,5Anil J. Purty MD, DNB, 6Joy Bazroy MD
1*Associate Professor, 4Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, 2Associate Professor Orthopedics, Peoples college of Medical sciences and Research Bhopal-India. 3Associate Professor, Department of Nephrology, 5Professor, 6Associate Professor ,Department of Community Medicine Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Kalapet Pondicherry-14,India.
Abstract:- Introduction:-About 5% of all hospital admission in the USA are kidney problems related and this problem is comparatively higher in India. A relatively higher proportion of cases are either missed or present late with complication, in children 4% of cases were due to acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Objective:-To estimate the prevalence of renal diseases in the rural community. Methodology:-To study the prevalence of renal diseases in the rural community of Pondicherry. We were selected the rural area having a population of 13,256 under the Primary Health Centre (PHC, Katterikuppam). Result:–Of the 1140 individuals studied, the majority were found to be in the age group of 15-35 (51.5 percent). Two thirds of the individuals surveyed were females (65.6 percent). A family history of kidney disease was present only in 3.7 percent of cases. The most common symptom was dysuria (5.26 percent) followed by oedema (3.77 percent).4.71percent of individuals were found to have swelling of feet and 0.8 percent swelling of the face.23.34 percent of the people were found to have hypertension, 6.75 percent positive for urine sugar and 3.24 percent for urine albumin, 96.6 percent of them had no significant past history. Two ages peak were found regarding renal disease in study area, one between 25 – 35 years of age and second 56 years & above, significant correlation were found in hypertension & Proteinuria, renal diseases were significantly higher in diabetes mellitus group. Conclusion:-Of the 1140 individuals studied, the majority were found to be in the age group of 15-35 (51.5 percent), two thirds of the individuals surveyed were females (65.6 percent). Two ages peak were found regarding renal disease in study area, one between 25 – 35 years of age and second 56 years & above. Significant correlation were found in hypertension & proteinuria, renal diseases were significantly higher in diabetes mellitus group.
Key Words:- Renal disease, rural area, hypertension &glycosuria, family history.
Research article:-Microbiology
Gelotar Prakash1*, MD, Mundra Neetu A, MBBS2, Sinha Mala, MD3, Makwana Naresh4 1Assistant Professor, 2Resident,3Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology,4Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Shri M.P.Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
Abstract:- Background:-Candida species are known to be the most common fungal pathogens isolated from blood cultures of neonates. Recent reports from our country indicate a trend towards an increasing prevalence of non-albicans candidemia. Aim of the study: The present study is an attempt to evaluate the incidence of candida infections and about increasing frequency of non-albicans candida species over candida albicans.
Material and Methods: A total 400 blood cultures are received in department of microbiology, Jamnagar over a period of 5 months (April 2011 – August 2011) from newborn. Results:-A total of 25 Candida isolates were obtained over a period of 5 months.. Of the 25 isolates, 36% were Candida tropicalis which is followed by candida albicans (24%), Candida glabrata (16%), Candida parapsilosis (12%), Candida krusei (8%) and Candida kefyr (4%).
Key Words:-Candida, Neonates, Non-albicans Candida.
Research article:-Community medicine
Samson S R Nallapu1*, and Bharani Krishna Y2,
1*MD, Associate Professor, 2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, NRI Medical College, Chinakakani, Guntur District, AP State, India.
Abstract:- Background: Malaria in India has had much input in terms of control measures and public education. Hypertension (HTN) is a more recent public health problem. One may therefore expect better knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding malaria. Objectives: To look at KAP regarding two diverse diseases like HTN & Malaria both in urban slum and rural communities in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. Methods: A cross sectional study using a pretested questionnaire regarding KAP concerning Malaria and HTN was conducted between August and October 2011. 100 urban slum households and 102 rural ones were selected by simple random sampling. Percentage frequencies and Chi-square tests were applied to analyze statistical significance. Results: Rural households continue to be situated in poorer ecological surroundings. KAP scores for HTN & Malaria, though poor in both rural and urban households, are significantly lower in the rural households. There is poorer attitude about malaria (p 0.00004) and inferior practice on hypertension (p 0.0000) in the rural households. Malaria is under reported in rural areas and health worker performance concerning malaria is also significantly substandard (p 0.00006). Conclusions: Constructive knowledge and attitude regarding malaria remains poor. A breakdown of public health systems at the beneficiary level both in urban and rural areas is apparent. As HTN is reaching alarming proportions even in rural areas there is a need to improve the quality and quantity of promotive and preventive health services in order to address real issues and to overcome indifferent and casual attitudes.
Keywords:- Attitude, Hypertension, KAP, Knowledge, Malaria, Practice.
Review article:-Pharmacology
Manoj G Tyagi and K Arumugasamy
Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract:-Serine protease inhibitors contribute in patho-physiological conditions.An important Serine protease enzyme inhibitor like the Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a 43 kDa protein of the serpin superfamily secreted in the extracellular space, where it binds and inhibits several serine proteases, including thrombin, trypsin, plasmin, tPA, and uPA. Its expression is finely regulated both spatially and temporally during development and in adulthood. In vivo, PN-1 regulates proteolytic activity in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Mechanistically, PN-1 has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth and regulate survival or death of injured neurons. Injury of the rat sciatic nerve triggers PN-1 production in Schwann cells localized at the distal site of the lesion, possibly to protect structures from prolonged and extensive proteolytic attacks.This review reflects on their roles in nervous system disorders.
Key Words:- Protease inhibitor, Protease nexin-1, nerve, skeletal, thrombin.