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Original article:- Plastic Surgery
Madhumita Gupta1,AshwinPai2*,Sandipan Gupta3,Ravi R4, Raghavendra S5 & Aditya Kanoi6 1MS (Mch) , PDT ,2MS MRCSEdMRCSEng (Mch), PDT Dept of Plastic surgery , SSKM Hospital and IPGMER , Kolkata- 26,India. 3HOD,Dept of Plastic Surgery ,Medical college Hospital, Kolkata, India. 4,5,6 MS (Mch) PDT,Dept of Plastic surgery , SSKM Hospital and IPGMER , Kolkata- 26,India.
Abstract:- Background: The advent of skin–sparing mastectomy (SSM) with immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) as an established treatment option revolutionized the standard surgical management of breast carcinoma. However, it includesextirpation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) that causes a feeling of mutilation which reconstruction cannot overcome.The present study is aimed at determining the pre-operative criteria that will guide the NAC preservation in selected patients of breast carcinoma. Methods: This multi-institution based observational prospective study was carried out in Kolkata, India between July 2007 to January 2012 with a study population comprising of 330 subjects. Histopathologically confirmed malignant involvement of the NAC in the mastectomy specimens was correlated with pre-operative clinical parameters like site (including areola-tumor distance), size of the tumor (T), skin involvement , palpable regional lymph nodes and histopathological parameters like size of the tumor (pT), skin involvement (pT), number of positive lymph nodes (pN), stage of the tumor (pTNM), histological type of the tumor, histological grade of the tumor. Chi-square analysis was done for different characteristics vis-à-vis NAC involvement. Two sided lists, wherever possible, had been performed at 5% level of significance and P-values were evaluated. Results: The total frequency of malignant involvement of the NAC was 115 (34.85%) of 330 cases. NAC was involved in only 15 (7.5%) of 200 patientswith peripherally located tumours(with areola-tumor distance >2.5 cm), compared with a huge 100 (76.92%) of 130 patients with tumours located in central or retro-areolar areas of the breast. Only 5 of 150 (3.33%) peripheral tumors <5 cm size had malignant NAC involvement, whereas 10 of 50 tumors(20%) >5 cm had so. However, even in tumors >5 cm with NAC involvement majority (45 of 55) were central in location.None of the 30 patients, having peripherally located tumours with skin infiltration, had any NAC involvement. Involvement of NAC in patients with stage III tumors(53.85%) is significantly more as compared to stage I & II tumors. However, the central tumors with NAC involvement grossly outnumbered the peripheral ones in all 3 stages. Histological type and grade showed no significant association with NAC involvement. Conclusion: NAC can be preserved in patients with peripheral tumours (particularly those ≤ 5 cm in size, and belonging to stages I and II), irrespective of their nodal status ,skin involvement, histological type and grade to improve the aesthetic outcome of immediate breast reconstruction.
Key words:- Skin-sparing mastectomy; Immediate breast reconstruction; Nipple-areola complex; Nipple - areola complex preservation.
Case report:- Microbiology
Chitralekha S1, Kiran M2, Lakshmi K3*
1Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.
Abstract:- Rhinosporidiosis is an infectious disease primarily affecting the nasal mucosa, conjunctiva and urethra. It is endemic in some Asian countries, especially India, affecting people of any age. It affects both sexes. Its clinical manifestation is a polypoid mass growing inside the affected cavity and the only treatment is surgical excision of the mass. Rhinosporidium seeberi is considered as the aetiological agent. A 10 year-old boy from India, resident of Orissa, presented with a history of nasal obstruction of three months duration. Anterior rhinoscopic examination revealed an erythematous mass obstructing the right nasal cavity which was about 2 cm in diameter. Microscopic examination of the mass revealed rhinosporidiosis. Rhinosporidiosis is a rare condition which should not be missed out when the patients from endemic countries present with nasal masses.
Keywords:- Nasal cavity, Rhinosporidiosis.
Research article:- Microbiology
Menezes Priyadharshini S.1,2*, Madhavan Radha1, Arunagiri K.3, Menaka K3, Sekar B3,4. 1Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Kattankalathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Department of Immunology, National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) [previously TRC], Chetpet, Chennai, India.
3Laboratory Division, Central Leprosy Teaching & Research Institute, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
4Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract: Background: ESBLs are mutant; plasmid-mediated β-lactamases that hydrolyses all cephalosporins, penicillins, and aztreonam but are inhibited by beta lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid. The CTX-M-3 enzyme, which commonly hydrolyses cephotaxime, is one of the most common and broadly disseminated β- lactamase. A point mutation in CTX-M-3 gives rise to CTX-M-15 which increases the hydrolytic activity against ceftazidime also. Materials & Methods: A total of 319 clinical Gram negative isolates obtained between January 2008 and August 2008 in a tertiary care hospital were included in the study. The isolates were screened for resistance to third generation (ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cephotaxime) cephalosporins by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion test. The third generation cephalosporin resistant strains were confirmed as ESBL producing by MIC phenotypic method. Results: Of 319 isolates tested, 92 were screen positive for ESBL. However, of 92 isolates only 62 (67.4%) were ESBL positive by phenotypic confirmatory method. Molecular characterisation of ESBL positive isolates revealed 12, 4 and 3 isolates being positive for blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV respectively. All the 12 blaCTX-M positive isolates belonged to Cluster– I, of which 5 isolates were positive for the blaCTX-M-3 variant by PCR using specific primers. BLAST analysis showed that 3 of 5 (60%) and 2 out of 5 (40%) isolates were positive for blaCTX-M-3 and blaCTX-M-15 respectively. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the molecular characterization of the ESBLs and its prevalence in this hospital and also highlights the incidence of blaCTX-M-15 type ESBL.
Keywords:- ESBL, MIC, blaCTX-M-15 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Research article:- Applied chemistry
Aarti chourasiya* , Anil Upadhayay and R.N. Shukla.
P. G. Department of applied chemistry, Samrat Ashok technological Institute,Vidisha (M.P.) India.
Abstract:- Quercetin was isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the Methanol extract of the fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica (Family: Meliaceae). The crude extract of hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol soluble fractions of this methanol extract were subjected to antimicrobial screening and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The ethyl acetate crude extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against most of the test organisms and also showed significant cytotoxicity having LC50 0.61μg/ml. Flavonoid "quercetin" was isolated & identified from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem). The dried samples were separately soxhlet apparatus & extracted in methanol & then Methanol extract of Neem leaves was subjected to fractionation by column chromatography. The purification of quercetin by repeating TLC. The Rf value of isolated quercetin and standard quercetin was calculated. The purified material was subjected to its IR spectra, & identified as quercetin. This study is also of practical importance because quercetin is an important ingredient of Azadirachta indica.
Key words:- Azadirachta indica, Quercetin, column chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), F.T.I.R, spectrophotometer.
Research article:-Zoology
Eshita Pandey, Anjali Srivastava & Sabina Khanam
Department of Zoology, Dayanand Girls P.G. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract:- There are psychological, physical, and biological stressors in abundance in our environment and together with extreme environmental conditions they have significant negative effects on physiological and life history traits of organisms. The present study focusses on starvation as a stress factor on a species of Quails- Coturnix coturnix. Anthropogenic factors have reduced both feeding sites and food for animals forcing them to starve unnaturally and this led to choice of starvation as a factor for study. The study categorized the birds into two groups, non-stressed or the control group and stressed or the experimental group which were provided with water but no food. Following the completion of experiment serum was separated and electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE) was performed on the samples after which gel surfaces were photographed and analyzed for the bandwidth of the serum proteins. Birds showed normal behavior initially and their water intake was normal, later their excreta increased, they became restless and their water consumption increased significantly. The birds also showed puffing. Four bands on the whole in Coturnix coturnix were seen to be present in the control samples and not traced in the experimental samples; similarly one band could be traced in the experimental samples and not in the control sample. Three bands are found to be thicker in the experimental samples as when compared to the control sample which indicate towards proteins whose synthesis were enhanced under conditions of stress. One band in the experimental sample showed a change in position with the corresponding control sample indicating towards a change in molecular weight of the protein concerned due to stress.
Keywords:- Anthropogenic factors, Stressors, Coturnix coturnix, Starvation, SDS-PAGE.