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Research article:-Microbiology
Rabindranath Misra,Nageswari Gandham, Moumita Sardar, Mahadev Ujagare, Kalpana Angadi, Chanda Vyawahare, Indranath Roy and Savita Jadhav*
Department of Microbiology,Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil medical college and Hospital, Pimpri Pune-411018, Maharashtra, India.
Abstract:- Introduction: Citrobacter freundii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause diarrhoea, urinary tract infection, respiratory tract infection and acute meningitis. In health care settings Citrobacter species have become an increasing cause of concern as they are multi-drug resistant (MDR) and associated with high mortality between 30-60%. Recently, there has been an increase in isolates of Citrobacter species from various clinical specimens from different patients in our hospital. We investigated the epidemiology of Citrobacter species in patients admitted in our hospital and noted down the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and framed antibiotic policy for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Citrobacter. Materials & Methods: Study was conducted in Pad. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Pune from 1st Jan to 31st July 2011. Specimens were collected and implicated pathogens were identified by standard conventional methods. Susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Result & Observations: The results showed high isolation of Citrobacter spp. Total 114 Citrobacter spp. were isolated and from various samples.vis body fluid 29 (25.43%), urine 26 (22.80%), blood 23 (20.17%), pus 23(20.175).Maximum isolates were from medicine ward and MICU 40(35.81%) and21(20.18%) respectively. Out of 114 Citrobacter spp. 51(44.73%) were ESBL producers and 12 (10.52%) MBL producers. Total 63 (52.26%) strains were MDR. As against this during the same period in previous year total 32 Citrobacter spp were isolated of which 4 were MDR. Conclusion: We report high prevalence of MDR Citrobacter species as a nosocomial pathogen in our hospital and thus recommend revising the treatment protocol. In the present scenario, where ESBL genes are predominant in Citrobacter, Cefoperazone/ceftazidime and Tazobactum combination are ideal choice instead of carbapenems. Carbapenems should be kept as a reserve drug. This bacterium shows rising resistance to these drugs; hence indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be avoided.
Key words:- Citrobacter frundii, Citrobacter koserii, Multidrug resistance, Nosocomial infections.
Case Report:- Ophthalmology
Lokesh H M1* and Bindurani M K2.
1MBBS,MS. Ophthalmology, Associate professor, Department of Ophthalmology,2MBBS,MD Anatomy, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College,Tumkur-572107, Karnataka State, India.
Abstract:- The Congenital lacrimal system anomalies other than nasolacrimal duct obstruction are uncommon. Hereditary lacrimal fistula is a rare developmental anomaly. We report three patients with congenital lacrimal fistulae in the same family. A female patient aged about 23 years presented with history of epiphora from both eyes since childhood. On examination small orifice was found on either side of the nose near the medial canthus of both the eyes. There was minimal mucopurulent discharge from the orifice. The lacrimal puncta were absent. There were no other ocular abnormalities except hypertelorism.The diagnosis was made as congenital bilateral lacrimal fistula. The two twin children of the patient also had same complaints. There was History of consanguinity. Karyotyping from peripheral blood of all the affected patients was done. The presence of lacrimal fistula is an indication for the search of systemic and ocular manifestations in affected patients.
Key words:- Hereditary, Hypertelorism, karyotype, Lacrimal fistula, ,manozygotic twins.
Case report-Microbiology
Manisa Sahu1*, Sujatha S2, Sadia Khan3 & Subhash C Parija4. *1Ex PG student ; Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. 2Professor, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. 3Ex PG student ; Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. 4Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
Abstract:- Candida species, especially non albicans species have replaced Candida albicans as the predominant opportunistic pathogen in more than half of the cases of candidal infections in compromised patients. A 35 year old male was admitted to the orthopedics ward after sustaining patellar fracture on the left leg following a road traffic accident developed compartment syndrome. He was managed conservatively with antibiotics and rest. Gradually he developed gangrene of the affected part. Patient was otherwise immunocompetent. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture of tissue bit did not show any growth twice. Subsequent aerobic culture on blood agar showed yeast like colonies identified as Candida zeylanoides, a rare isolate, sensitive to fluconazole and amphotericin B. Symptoms improved after treatment with fluconazole and patient was discharged. The changing scenario of candidiasis emphasizes the definitive identification to species level and determination of its antifungal susceptibility pattern for proper management of the infections.
Key words:- Candida albicans, Candida zeylanoides, gangrene and fluconazole.
Research article:-Pharmaceutics.
Shinde Shivram B*., Shahi Sadhana R., Lone Vidya R., Jumbade Pooja P.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Goverment College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad-431005. Maharashtra, India.
Abstract:- The purpose of this research was to develop the hydrodynamically balanced (HBS) delivery system of Verapamil Hydrochloride which, after oral administration should have the ability to prolong gastric residence time with the desired in vitro release profile for the systemic action in the treatment of hypertension. A 32 full factorial design was employed to optimize the formulation wherein hydroxypropylmethylcellulose K4M (HPMC K4M) (X1) and Carbopol 934 (X2) were taken as independent variables and amount of drug release after 12 h (Y1) was taken as the dependent variable. The capsules were prepared by physical blending of Verapamil Hydrochloride and the polymers in varying ratios. The formulation was optimized on the basis of in vitro buoyancy and in vitro release. The release data were evaluated by model depended (curve fitting method) using PCP Disso v2.08 software. Optimization studies were carried out using the Design Expert Software 8.0.1. Formulations were evaluated for in vitro buoyancy and in vitro release studies. The in vitro release followed zero order kinetics and drug release mechanism was found to be Case-II transport. It was found that both HPMC and Carbopol and their interaction had significant impact on the release and floating properties of the delivery system. Thus, combination of HPMC K4M and Carbopol 934 can be used to increase the gastric residence time and drug release for a period of 12 h.
Key words:- Hydrodynamically balanced system, Verapamil Hydrochloride, HPMC K4M, Carbopol, Factorial design.
Research article:-Pharmacology
Arul Amutha Elizabeth1*, Glory Josephine1,Inbaraj1, Farhana Rahman2 and Muniappan3.
1Associate Professor, 2Assistant Professor,3Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Sree Balaji Medical College,Chrompet,Chennai,India.
Abstract:- Background: The drugs which are used recently for pain and inflammation are either opiods or non-opioids. Even though these drugs give immediate relief, they produce side effects. Many medicinal plants have been used for a long time for these effects with no adverse effects. It is therefore essential to put efforts to develop new herbal drugs from plants. Plants still represent a large untapped source of structurally novel compounds that might serve as lead for the development of novel drugs. Vetiver is popularly known as Khas Khas grass in India. Vetiver has been known in India since ancient times. The objective of the study was to study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory action of vetiveria zizanioides. Materials and methods: Wistar rats and Swiss Albino mice were used for studying analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of vetiveria zizanioides, at doses of 50mg, 100mg and 200mg/kg body weight. Analgesia was studied in albino rats using formalin test and in albino mice using writhing test. Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Vetiveria zizanioides was investigated by carrageenan- induced hind paw edema. Results: The ethanolic extract of vetiveria zizanioides, in all three doses, produced significant (p<0.01) dose-dependent inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid and formalin tests. In respect of anti-inflammatory activity, vetiveria zizanioides caused significant (P< 0.001) dose dependent inhibition of edema development in the carrgeenan induced inflammation. The effects of the ethanolic extract of vetiveria zizanioides were generally comparable to those of the standard drugs used. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of vetiveria zizanioides possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities possibly mediated through central and peripheral mechanisms. These results justify the use of the extract for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions.
Key Words:- Vetiveria zizanioides, analgesic, anti-inflammatory.