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Research article:-Microbiology
Chitralekha S., Lakshmipriya R., Illamani V., Kiran M., Menezes GA*
Department of microbiology, Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital, Chromepet, (Bharath University), Chennai, India.
Abstract:- Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (ASB) has been proved to have serious effects on the outcome of pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment of ASB helps in reducing the complications and improves the outcome of pregnancy. Objective: To study the commonest aerobic bacterial organism causing ASB among antenatal mothers in our center. Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional study done between July 2011 and July 2012. The sample size was 125 subjects. After getting informed consent from the individual, clean catch mid-stream urine was obtained. The samples were processed in central microbiology laboratory using standard microbiological methods. Results: Out of 125 pregnant women screened 14 (11.2%) subjects had ASB. Escherichia coli (35.7%) was the commonest organism isolated, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (21.4%). The other bacterial organisms responsible were Staphylococcus aureus (14.3%), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (14.3%), Proteus mirabilis (7.1%), Enterococcus spp. (7.1%). Conclusion: The prevalence of ASB among the pregnant women was statistically significant. Screening of all pregnant women for ASB at least once, most preferably during 16th week must be made mandatory, which will help in bringing down complications of urinary tract infections during pregnancy.
Keywords:- Asymptomatic bacteriuria, Second trimester, Pregnancy.
References:-
1.Meher Rizvi, Fatima Khan, Indu Shukla, Abida Malik, and Shaheen. Rising Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections During Pregnancy: Necessity for Exploring Newer Treatment Options. J Lab Physicians. 2011 Jul-Dec; 3(2): 98–103. 2.M.S.Najar, C.L.Saldanha, K.A.Banday. Approach to urinary tract infections, Indian Journal Of Nephrology. 2009;19(4):129-139.
3.Connolly A, Thorp JM Jr.Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 1992;26:779-87.
4.Kass, E.H., 1962. Pyelonephritis and Bacteriuria. A Major Problem in Preventative Medicine. Ann. Internal Med., 56: 46-53.
5.Norden CW, Kass EH., Bacteriuria in pregnancy: Critical appraisal. Ann. Rev. Med 1968; 19:431-70.
6.Stenquist K, Dahlin-Nilsson I, Lidin-Janson G. Bacteriuria in pregnancy. Frequency and risk of acquisition. Am.J.Epidemiology 1989; 129:372-79.
7.Yashodharan P, Mathur Rita, Raman Leela. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Indian J Med Res 1987 September; 86:309-314.
8.Jayalakshmi J, Jayaram. VS., Evaluation of various screening tests to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 2008; 51 (3) 379-81.
9.Khatun AK., Rashid H, Chowdhury TA. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. J Bangladesh coll Phys Surg. 1985; 2:6-10.
10.Little PJ: The incidence of urinary infection in 5000 pregnant women (1966); Lancet, 2, 925.
11.Fathima N, Yasmin S, Ishrat S, et al: Prevalence and complications of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy: Professional Med J Mar 2006; 13(1):108-112.
12.Forbes BA,Sahm DF,Weissfeld AS.Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. 10th ed. Missouri: Mosby; 1998.
13.Koneman EW, Allen SD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC, Winn WC. Colour Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1997.
14.Collee, J. G.; Fraser, A. G.; Marmion, B. P. and Simmons, A. (1996). Mackie and McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th ed., Longman Singapore Publishers Ltd., Singapore. 15.Sinnatamby CS. Last’s Anatomy – Regional and Applied. 10th ed. UK: Churchill Livingstone; 1999. 16.Karram MM. Clinical Urogynaecology. 1st ed. Missouri: Mosby Year Book; 1993.
17.Kass EH, (1956): Quoted by Whalley, P (1967). 18.Lavanya SV, Jogalakshmi D. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in antenatal woman. Indian J Med Microbiol 2002; 20(2): 105-106.
19.Akinloye O, Ogbolu DO, Akinloye OM, Alli, Terry OA. Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria: A reassessment. Br J Biomed Sci. 2006;63(3):109-12.
20.Baron EJ, Finegold SM. Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. 8th ed.Philadelphia: CV Mosby Company; 1990.
21.Perera Jennifer, Randeniya Cyril, Perera Piyumi, Gamhewage Nimesha, Jayalathaarachchi Renuka., Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy:Prevalence, Risk factors and Causative organisms, Srilankan journal of Infectious Diseases 2012;1(2): 42-6.
22.Paniker, C. K. J. 2005. Ananthanarayan and Paniker's textbook of microbiology, 7th ed. Mycobacterium. I. Tuberculosis. Orient Longman Private, Ltd., Hyderabad, India.
Research article:-Anaesthesia
Hari Kumar S1*, Saravanan D1, Ranganathan S1 & Sumathi K2.
1Department of Anaesthesia, 2Department of Biochemistry. Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chromepet, Chennai (Bharath University),India.
Abstract:- Background: One of the most common complications of general anaesthesia is sore throat. The reported incidence varies widely, 0-22% in non-intubated patients and 6-100% in intubated patients according to various studies.We evaluate various factors including age ,sex ,BMI ,surgery ,airway device used ,ASA status ,Airway difficulty,intubation attempts , patient position and coughing during emergence from anaesthesia and their association in causing post-operative sore throat. Material & Methods: We conducted this study over 4 months in all patients undergoing general anaesthesia in our hospital. Results: We found a significant association between occurrence of sore throat and old age ,use of endotracheal tube for airway control ,multiple intubation attempts ,use of Sellicks maneuver ,extended head position and coughing during emergence from general anaesthesia(p<0.05). Conclusion: On the basis of our study we suggest that good airway skills, avoidance of lighter anaesthetic planes,regular post-operative follow ups ,proper reporting , training and quality improvement is essential to minimize this minor yet highly bothersome complication after general anaesthesia.
Keywords:-General Anaesthesia, post-operative sore throat, sellicks maneuver, endotracheal tube, Laryngeal mask airway, face mask.
References:-
1. Anil Agarwal, Nath SS, Debolina Goswami, Devendra Gupta, Sanjay Dhiraaj, Prabhat K Singh. An evaluation of the efficacy of aspirin and benzydamine hydrochloride gargle for attenuating post-operative sore throat: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 1001-3.
2. Conway CM, Miller JS, Sugden FL. Sore throat after anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1960; 32:219-23.
3. Edmonds-Seal J, Eve NH. Minor sequelae of anaesthesia: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth 1962; 34:44-7.
4. Stock MC, Downs JB. Lubrication of tracheal tubes to prevent sore throat from intubation. Anesthesiology 1982; 57:418-20.
5. Higgins PP, Chung F, Mezei G. Post-operative sore throat after ambulatory Surgery. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 582- 4.
6. Hinds CJ. Intensive care: a concise textbook. Bailliere-Tindall, London, 1988; 227-66. 7. Marais J, Prescott RJ. Thorat pains and pharyngeal packing: a controlled randomized double blind comparison between gauze and tampon. Clin Otolaryngol 1993; 18:426-9.
8. Christensen AM, Willimoes-Larsen H, Lundby L, Jakobsen KB. Post-operative throat complaints after tracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73:786-7.
9. Edomwonyi NP, Ekwere IT, Omo E, Rupasinghe A. Post-operative throat complications after tracheal intubation. Ann Afr Med Vol.5. No.1; 2006:28-32.
10. Maruyama k, Sakai H, Miyazawa H, Toda N, Linuma Y, Mochizuki N, Hara K, Otagiri T. Sore throat and hoarseness after total intravenous anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2004, Vol.92, No.4 541-3.
Research article:- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
Manveen Kaur Jawanda1, RV Subramanyam2, Ahmed Mujib B.R.3, Ramesh B Hegde4 , Sampada Kanitker5, Rosy Gupta6 & Chetak Deep Chahal7 .
1Prof & Head, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Patiala, Punjab. India.
2Prof & Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Drs Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh. India.
3Prof & Head, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Bapuji Dental College & Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka.India.
4Professor, Pramathana Dental care, Bangalore, Karnataka 5Prof. & Head, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, D.Y. Patil Dental college, Sangli, Maharastra. India.
6Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon, Deakins Mill Way, Egerton, Bolton, UK.
7Dental assistant, Inspire Dental southhall, Southhall, Middlesex, UK.
Abstract: -Objective: A study was conducted to examine biopsy reports of lesions, diagnosed as oral lichen planus, with the hope that a set of parameters could be defined which would be more pathognomonic in diagnosing oral lichen planus, despite the variability of its presentation. Methods & Materials: Fifty histologically diagnosed cases of oral lichen planus were reviewed and were further categorized as oral lichen planus, nonspecific lichenoid stomatitis and lichenoid dysplasia, using well established histological criteria. Results: This study reveals an “Over diagnosis” to the extent of 14% through the inclusion of nonspecific lichenoid stomatitis as well as other conditions, including dysplasia, under the diagnosis of oral lichen planus. So non-uniformity among various pathologists in following the histomorphologic parameters in order to render a diagnosis of oral lichen planus has resulted in significant “Over diagnosis” of oral lichen planus. Conclusions: Aside from the obvious diagnostic errors, such oversight can lead to mistaken impressions concerning the natural behavior of relatively benign process. Hence, an attempt is made for reappraisal of histopathological designation of the lesions that have a lichenoid character.
Keywords:- oral lichen planus, nonspecific lichenoid stomatitis, lichenoid dysplasia, nonspecific lichenoid stomatitis, premalignant lesions, precancerous lesions.
References:-
1.Eisenberg, E. Clinicopathologic patterns of oral lichenoid lesions. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 1994; 6:445-463.
2.Eisenberg, E. & Krutchkoff, D.J. Lichenoid lesions of oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 73:699-704.
3.Hedberg, N., Ng A., & Hunter, N. A semiquantitative assessment of histopathology of oral lichen planus 1986; 15:268-72.
4.Holmstrup, P. The controversy of a premalignant potential of oral lichen planus is over. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;73:704-6.
5.Kilpi, A., Rich, A.M., Reade, P.C., & Konttinem, Y.T. Studies of the inflammatory process & malignant potential of oral mucosal lichen planus. Aust Dent J 1996; 41:87-90.
6.Krutchkoff, D.J., Cutler, L., & Laskowski, S. Oral lichen planus: The evidence regarding potential malignant transformation. J Oral Pathol 1978; 7:1-7.
7.Krutchkoff, D.J., & Eisenberg, E. Lichenoid dysplasia: A distinct histopathological entity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985; 60, 308-15.
8.Odukoya, O., Gallagher, G., & Shkylar, G. A histologic study of epithelial dysplasia in oral lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1985; 121:1132-6.
9.Scully, C., & El-Kom, M. Lichen planus: Review & update on pathogenesis. J Oral Pathol 1985; 4:431-58.
10.WHO collaboratory Reference centre for oral precancerous lesions. Definition of leukoplakia & related lesions: An aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surg 1978;46:517-39.
Research article:-Engg. Chemistry and Post Graduate Chemistry
M. Suneetha1 and K. Ravindhranath2*
Department of Engg. Chemistry and Post Graduate Chemistry, Bapatla Engineering College, BAPATLA-422101, Guntur Dt., Andhra Pradesh, India.
Abstract:- Ashes of leaves of Azadiracta Indica, Phyllanthus Neruri, Annona Squamosa, Moringa Tinctoria, Tridox Procumbens and Calotropis Zygantia have been probed for their sorption abilities towards Nitrates using simulated polluted waters. At low pH values, these sorbents are found to be effective. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, time of equilibration and sorbent concentrations are optimized for the maximum removal of Nitrates. Methodologies have been developed for the extraction of good quantities of Nitrates. More than 90% removal of Nitrate has been found to be possible with simulated waters at optimum conditions of extractions. Fivefold excess of cations like Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Mg2+ are synergistically increasing the extraction, while Sulphates is interfering markedly but other anions: Carbonates, Chlorides, Fluorides and Phosphates are marginally interfering. The procedures developed are successfully applied for the polluted lake water samples.
Key words:- Nitrates; pollution control; bio-adsorbents; applications.
Research article:-Pharmacology
Gopal Sharma1* & Tarun Vijayvergiya2
1Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, 2Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Jhalawar Medical college, Jhalawar,Rajasthan,India.
Abstract:- The nature and degree of sexual differentiation in the pelvis has long been of interest to anatomists and anthropologist. It is of practical importance to obstetricians and to those who would identify skeletal remains. The need for accurate identification of human skeletal remains has become more urgent in recent years. Because escalating crime rates have become a worldwide phenomenon, new and more accurate means of determining the age, sex and race are needed. Two hundred adult hip bones(100 males and 100 females) of known sex were obtained at random from the skeletal collection of Department of Anatomy Measurements were taken with the help of Vernier Caliper, and divider. In this study six parameters were considered including three old parameters and three new parameters. For every parameter, the mean and standard deviation (S.D) was calculated and the range noted. Demarking points were worked out from calculated ranges, i.e. mean + 3 S.D.(Singh and Potturi). The percentage of the bones identified by each demarking point in both sexes was estimated from this material. The observations were recorded. The values obtained for various parameters were compared. it is concluded that among the older criteria greater sciatic notch width was found to be the most accurate criteria by which sex could be accurately assigned to 24 right male and 22% of right female and 24% left male and 28% left female hip bone. Acetabuler diameter was found to be next best criteria by which 20% right male and 20 right female and 22% of left male and 24% of left female hip bone could be sexed accurately. Among newer criteria true pelvic height was found be the most accurate criteria by which sex could be accurately assigned to 18% right male and 16% right female and 14% left male and 12% left female bones. The present study is done to evaluate the criteria’s of sex determination from hip bone already set by Anatomist, to find out some newer criteria and to establish a more suitable combination of criterias which average researcher who may not be an anatomist should be able to use to obtain accurate results. An effort has been made to find out most dependable criteria.
Key words:- Sexual differentiation, bones, demarking points.
References:
1.Arsuaga JL, Carretero JM. Multivariate analysis of the sexual dimorphism of the hip bone in a modern human population and in early hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1994;93:241–57. 2.Davivongs V. The Pelvic girdle of Australian aborigine, sex differences & sex determination American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1963; 21:443-55.
3.G.P. Pal, S. Bose & S.M. Choudhary. Sex determination from hip bone (Journal of Anatomical Society of India, 2002; 53, ( 2) :2004-07.
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9.Shalini R. Mudholkar, M.G. Tanksale and Jahagirdar Sexual dimorphism of human humerus. Journal of Anatomical Soc. of India. 1981 ;30: 3-13.
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13(1): 10-3. 13.Singh S. Singh G. & Singh S.P. (1974) Identification of sex from Ulna, Indian Journal of Med. Res.1974; 62: 731-5.
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