DocumentsDate added
Research article:- Pediatrics
Basavaraj M Patil1*, Sandeep V H2, Harish G3, Venaktesh M Patil4 & Vijayanath.V5
1Associate professor,2Assistant professor,3Resident, Dept of pediatrics, M R medical college, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.
4Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology,Navodaya Medical College,Raichur,Karnataka,India.
5Associate Professor,Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, VMKV Medical College & Hospital,Salem, Tamil Nadu,India.
Abstract:-
As per UNAIDS in 2006 estimated that there were 5.6 million people living with HIV in India, which indicated that there were more people with HIV in India than in any other country globally. In 2007, following the initial stage of HIV among the general population, UNAIDS and NACO agreed on a new estimate between 2 million and 3.1 million people living with HIV. And in 2008 the figure was estimated to be 2.31 million. Similarly in 2009 it was estimated that 2.4 million people were living with HIV in India, which equates to a prevalence of 0.3%. Whereas this may seem low, because India's population is so large, it is third in the world in terms of greatest number of people living with HIV. With a population of around a billion, a mere 0.1% increase in HIV prevalence would increase the estimated number of people living with HIV by over half a million. Throughout the world, the number of children younger than 15 yrs living with HIV has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.5million in 2009. Whereas the number of newly infected children has been declining since 2003 due to increasing access to PPTCT services. And in 2009 similarly, alone, worldwide, 3, 70,000 children under the age of 15 yrs were newly infected, of which 90% were acquired through mother to child transmission of HIV, i.e. Around 1000 a day and 2, 60,000 died the majority under the age of 5. INDIA has, with 27 million pregnancies annually, and estimated HIV prevalence of 0.48% in antenatal women, it is estimated that there are 1, 29,600 HIV-infected pregnant women annually. In South India Karnataka accounts for 0.50%. Whereas incidence of mother to child transmission is 5.4% as on Jan 2011 according to NACO annual report 2010-11. In the present study IUGR was noted in 14% of newborns born to HIV positive mothers and the incidence increased with lower CD4 count. At the same time preterm births were of 28% and low birth weight were noted in 36%. There were high incidence of still birth rate (4%) and Intrauterine death rate (4%) and have an inverse relationship with CD4 count. Follow up study done to know the somatic growth of the newborns revealed infected newborns were lighter and shorter when compared to exposed but uninfected newborns.HIV infection in pregnant mothers have adverse neonatal outcome and fetal complications. Perinatal transmission is the commonest mode of acquisition of paediatric HIV infection.
Keywords:- Mother; Infant; Infection.
References:-
1.UNAIDS. Report on the global AIDS epidemic'.2006.
2.UNAIDS.Press release: 2.5 million people in India living with HIV, according to new estimates. 2007.
3.UNAIDS.India: Country Situation. 2008.
4.UNAIDS.UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. 2010.
5.Unaids-global report 2010
6.NACO-Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV infected adults and adolescents including post-exposure(Dateuploaded:29/08/2007.
7.Tripathi Pensi, HIV in children: clinical features and diagnosis, chapter 45, In Advances in paediatrics 2nd edition volume 1, editors-Anupam sachdeva, AK Dutta Page no:351-372
8.National guidelines for prevention of parent-to-child transmission(PPTCT) June 2012 National AIDS control organisation, India with support from WHO, UNICEF,UNAIDS.
9.Ellis et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 May;l 86(5):903-6.
Copyright © 2013 Basavaraj M Patil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report:-Microbiology and pathology
Manisa Sahu1*, Prasanna Ku Satapathy2& Ranjita Panigrahi3
1Ex-Assistant Professor, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-25 & Consultant Microbiologist, S L Raheja Hospital, A Fortis Associate, Mahim (W), Mumbai-16.India.
2Professor, 3Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-25.India.
Abstract:- Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging threat in AIDS and other immune suppressed patients. When seen in histopathology sections of endoscopic biopsy specimen should raise a suspicion of underlying immune suppression, especially when stool examination is negative or not obtained at first. We report two cases of intestinal cryptosporidiosis diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy, one of whom was later found to be seropositive for HIV and the other was an operated case of cervical cancer.
Key Words:- Cryptosporidiosis, AIDS, endoscopic biopsy.
References:-
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Copyright © 2013 Manisa Sahu, Prasanna K Satapathy & Ranjita Panigrahi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report & Literature review:- Radiology
Nagarajan K 1*, Muthu S2 & Sushma Nayar3
Departments of Radiology1, General Surgery2 & Pathology3, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Rajiv Gandhi Salai (IT Highway) Kelambakkam, Kanchipuram Dt Tamil Nadu – 603103 India.
Abstract:- Gastro-intestinal carcinoids are common in the ileo-appendiceal region and produce typical appearance of ‘spiculated’ margins in Computed Tomography (CT). Metastasis to liver leads to systemic carcinoid syndrome. We present a case of ileal mesentric carcinoid which was initially suspected as bowel mass and review the literature to underline the importance of identifying the characteristic CT appearance in view of complications associated with biopsy and surgery of such lesions.
Key Words:- Mesentric carcinoid, Imaging, CT, Liver Metastases, Surgery, Biopsy, Complications.
References:-
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Copyright © 2013 Nagarajan K, Muthu S & Sushma Nayar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:-
Baig Vaseem Naheed1*, Swarnkar Madhusudan2,Bhardwaj Ashok Kumar3, Singh Raghuveer4, Kewalramani Suresh5 & Soni Prashant6.
1Associate Professor,2Assistant Professor,3Professor,4Professor and Head, Department of P.S.M., Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar (Raj.), India.5Assistant Professor, Dept. of P.S.M., S. M. S. Medical College, Jaipur (Raj.),India. 6M.B.B.S., M.B.A., Maternal and Newborn health Manager, Save The Children, India.
Abstract: Background: HIV is the most prominent risk factor for progression of TB infection to disease causation and there is paucity of studies related to clinico-radiological profile of HIV-TB co-infection, this evoked us to do this study. Material and Methods: The present study is Hospital based cross sectional study done on two hundred HIV/AIDS patients (>15 year of age) attending ART Center of S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur (Raj.). Results: Dual infection of HIV - TB was found in nearly one third (32.50%) of study individuals, co-infection was slightly more common in males (34.70%) than that of females (26.41%). Weakness was the almost universal (98.46%) symptom and muscle wasting was commonest (80.00%) sign, oral candidiasis was the most common (52.31%) complication. Of all the 65 HIV-TB co-infected patients, pulmonary TB was found in 18 patients (27.69%), extra-pulmonary TB in 27 (41.54%) patients, while 20 (30.76%) patients had both pulmonary & extra-pulmonary TB. upper zone infiltration & cavitatory lesion were seen in 47.37% while atypical features such as mid-lower zone infiltrate & exudative lesion were seen in 73.68% & 68.42%. Sputum smear positivity for AFB was found in 42.11% of pulmonary TB cases with HIV-TB co-infection. Most (90.77%) cases with HIV-TB co-infection had CD-4 count <200/ micro L.
Keywords: Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis, HIV-Tb co-infection, Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
References:-
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Copyright © 2013 Baig Vaseem N et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:- Pediatrics
Basavaraj M Patil1*, Sandeep V H2, Harish G3, Venaktesh M Patil4 & Vijayanath.V5
1Associate professor,2Assistant professor,3Resident, Dept of pediatrics, M R medical college, Gulbarga, Karnataka,India.
4Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Navodaya Medical College, Raichur, Karnataka,India.
5Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, VMKV Medical College & Hospital,Salem, Tamil Nadu,India.
Abstract:- In the present generation it has been established that newborns exposed to mother’s HIV infection have a higher mortality rate than those not exposed. At the same time, some authors have shown that prematurity and low birth weight were considerably associated to morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period as well as in the first year of life. In the present study, 50 HIV seropositive women delivered newborns were considered and followed prospectively and studied the consequences of neonatal outcome in HIV positive mother in terms of mortality, morbidity and somatic growth pattern. The focus of this study is to know the demographic characteristics, load of HIV transmission from mother to child, increase the effectiveness of preventive aspects of HIV regarding mother to child transmission and also to know the neonatal outcome and complications associated. In the present study it was observed that 48% of the seropositive mothers were in the age group of 21 to 25 years most of them were illiterates and housewives.
Keywords:- Infection; Mother; Child; Transmission.
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Copyright © 2013 Basavaraj M Patil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.