DocumentsDate added
Case report:-Microbiology and pathology
Manisa Sahu1*, Prasanna Ku Satapathy2& Ranjita Panigrahi3
1Ex-Assistant Professor, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-25 & Consultant Microbiologist, S L Raheja Hospital, A Fortis Associate, Mahim (W), Mumbai-16.India.
2Professor, 3Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-25.India.
Abstract:- Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging threat in AIDS and other immune suppressed patients. When seen in histopathology sections of endoscopic biopsy specimen should raise a suspicion of underlying immune suppression, especially when stool examination is negative or not obtained at first. We report two cases of intestinal cryptosporidiosis diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy, one of whom was later found to be seropositive for HIV and the other was an operated case of cervical cancer.
Key Words:- Cryptosporidiosis, AIDS, endoscopic biopsy.
References:-
1.Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U and Upton SJ:Cryptosporidium taxonomy:recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:72-97.
2.Yezid Gutierrez. Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections: With Clinical Correlations Oxford University Press, Newyork 2nd edn. 2000:170.
3.S.V. Kulkarni, R. Kairon, S.S. Sane, P.S. Padmawar, V.A. Kale, M.R. Thakar et al. Opportunistic parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea by the level of immunesuppression. Indian J Med Res 2009 July; 130: 63-6.
4.Joshi M, Chowdhary AS, Dalal PJ, Maniar JK. Parasitic diarrhoea in patients with AIDS. Natl Med J India 2002; 15:72-4.
5.Agarwal A, Ningthouja S, Sharma D, Mohen Y, Singh NB.Cryptosporidium and HIV. J Indian Med Assoc 1998; 96: 276-7.
6.Ogata S, Sagunama T, Okada C, Inoue K, Kinoshita A, Sato K. A case of sporadic intestinal cryptosporidiosis diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy. Acta Med Okayama 2009; 63(5): 287-91.
7.Clemente CM, Caramori CA, Padula P, Rodrigues MAM. Gastric cryptosporidiosis as a clue for the diagnosis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Arq Gastroenterol 2001 July-September; 37(3): 180-2.
8.Rossi P, Rivasi F, Codeluppi M, Catania A, Tamburrini A, Righi E, Pozio E. Gastric involvement in AIDS associated cryptosporidiosis. Gut 1998; 43:476-7.
9.Ventura G, Larocca LM, Riccioni ME, Tumbarello M, Lucia MB. Gastric cryptosporidiosis complicating HIV infection: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9:307.
10.Greenberg PD, Koch J, Cello JP Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum in patients with severe diarrhea and AIDS. Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Nov; 41(11):2286-90.
11.Sreedharan, A., R. S. Jayshree, and H. Sridhar. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis among cancer patients: an observation. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 14:211–3.
Copyright © 2013 Manisa Sahu, Prasanna K Satapathy & Ranjita Panigrahi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:- Pediatrics
Basavaraj M Patil1*, Sandeep V H2, Harish G3, Venaktesh M Patil4 & Vijayanath.V5
1Associate professor,2Assistant professor,3Resident, Dept of pediatrics, M R medical college, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.
4Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology,Navodaya Medical College,Raichur,Karnataka,India.
5Associate Professor,Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, VMKV Medical College & Hospital,Salem, Tamil Nadu,India.
Abstract:-
As per UNAIDS in 2006 estimated that there were 5.6 million people living with HIV in India, which indicated that there were more people with HIV in India than in any other country globally. In 2007, following the initial stage of HIV among the general population, UNAIDS and NACO agreed on a new estimate between 2 million and 3.1 million people living with HIV. And in 2008 the figure was estimated to be 2.31 million. Similarly in 2009 it was estimated that 2.4 million people were living with HIV in India, which equates to a prevalence of 0.3%. Whereas this may seem low, because India's population is so large, it is third in the world in terms of greatest number of people living with HIV. With a population of around a billion, a mere 0.1% increase in HIV prevalence would increase the estimated number of people living with HIV by over half a million. Throughout the world, the number of children younger than 15 yrs living with HIV has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.5million in 2009. Whereas the number of newly infected children has been declining since 2003 due to increasing access to PPTCT services. And in 2009 similarly, alone, worldwide, 3, 70,000 children under the age of 15 yrs were newly infected, of which 90% were acquired through mother to child transmission of HIV, i.e. Around 1000 a day and 2, 60,000 died the majority under the age of 5. INDIA has, with 27 million pregnancies annually, and estimated HIV prevalence of 0.48% in antenatal women, it is estimated that there are 1, 29,600 HIV-infected pregnant women annually. In South India Karnataka accounts for 0.50%. Whereas incidence of mother to child transmission is 5.4% as on Jan 2011 according to NACO annual report 2010-11. In the present study IUGR was noted in 14% of newborns born to HIV positive mothers and the incidence increased with lower CD4 count. At the same time preterm births were of 28% and low birth weight were noted in 36%. There were high incidence of still birth rate (4%) and Intrauterine death rate (4%) and have an inverse relationship with CD4 count. Follow up study done to know the somatic growth of the newborns revealed infected newborns were lighter and shorter when compared to exposed but uninfected newborns.HIV infection in pregnant mothers have adverse neonatal outcome and fetal complications. Perinatal transmission is the commonest mode of acquisition of paediatric HIV infection.
Keywords:- Mother; Infant; Infection.
References:-
1.UNAIDS. Report on the global AIDS epidemic'.2006.
2.UNAIDS.Press release: 2.5 million people in India living with HIV, according to new estimates. 2007.
3.UNAIDS.India: Country Situation. 2008.
4.UNAIDS.UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. 2010.
5.Unaids-global report 2010
6.NACO-Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV infected adults and adolescents including post-exposure(Dateuploaded:29/08/2007.
7.Tripathi Pensi, HIV in children: clinical features and diagnosis, chapter 45, In Advances in paediatrics 2nd edition volume 1, editors-Anupam sachdeva, AK Dutta Page no:351-372
8.National guidelines for prevention of parent-to-child transmission(PPTCT) June 2012 National AIDS control organisation, India with support from WHO, UNICEF,UNAIDS.
9.Ellis et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 May;l 86(5):903-6.
Copyright © 2013 Basavaraj M Patil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.