DocumentsDate added
Case report:- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
Ambica Khetarpal1,Sarika Chaudhary2,Sangeeta Talwar3, Mahesh Verma4& Kirti Chawla5
1Senior Research Associate,2Associate Professor,3Professor and Head, 4Director-principal, 5Senior resident, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences,Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi – 110002 Delhi,India.
Abstract:- Management of a mutilated tooth with little or no clinical crown remaining poses a great challenge for the clinician. The successful treatment of such a badly broken tooth with pulpal disease depends not only on good endodontic therapy, but also on good prosthetic reconstruction of the tooth. In such cases, additional retention and support of the restoration are difficult to achieve as this requires non-violation of the biologic width through surgical crown lengthening procedure. The present case report describes the retreatment of a maxillary premolar with post-core restoration. The effectiveness and thoroughness of crown lengthening carried out using a Er,Cr:YSGG laser was highly appreciable. Post-operative patient satisfaction in terms of aesthetics and pain was excellent, proving the efficiency of the procedure in achieving remarkable healing.
Keywords:- Er,Cr:YSGG laser, mutilated tooth, crown lengthening, healing, FRC post.
References:-
1.Silverstein WH. The reinforcement of weakened pulpless teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1964; 14:372–81.
2.Goto Y., Nicholls J., Phillips K. and Junge T. Fatigue resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with three dowel-and-core systems JPD 2005, 93, (1), 45-50.
3.Bateman G., Ricketts D. N. J. and Saunders W. P. Fiber-based post systems: a review. Br Dent J 2003, 195 (1) 41-8.
4.Plotino G., Grande N. M., Bedini R., Pameijer H. and Somma F. Flexural properties of endodontic posts and human root dentin. Dent Mat 2007; 23, (9)1129-35.
5.Nakamura T., Ohyama T., Waki T., Kinuta S., Wakabayashi K., Mutobe Y., Takano N. and Yatani H. Stress analysis of endodontically treated anterior teeth restored with different types of post material. Dent Mat J 2006 Mar: 25(1): 145-50.
6.Yu DG, Kimura Y, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. Morphologic and atomic analytical studies on enamel and dentin irradiated by an ErCr:YSGG laser. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2000; 18(3): 139-43.
7.Kimura Y, Yu DG, Yamashita A, et al. Effects of ErCr:YSGG laser irradiation on canine mandibular bone. J Periodontol. 2001; 72(9):1178-82.
8.Dederich DN, Bushick RD. Lasers in dentistry separating science from hype. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004; 135(2):204-12.
9.Dean DB. Concepts in laser periodontal therapy: Using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. The Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomotology A Peer-Reviewed Publication, Continuing Education Course, 2005.
10.Jetter C. Soft-tissue management using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser during restorative procedures. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2008 Jan-Feb; 29(1):46-9.
11.Ishikawa I, Aoki A, Takasaki AA. Clinical application of erbium:YAG laser in periodontology.J Int Acad Periodontol. 2008 Jan; 10(1):22-30.
12.Schalter R. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser in various restorative treatments. J Acad Laser Dent 2005; 13:26-29.
Research article:- Pediatrics
Basavaraj M Patil1*, Sandeep V H2, Harish G3, Venaktesh M Patil4 & Vijayanath.V5
1Associate professor,2Assistant professor,3Resident, Dept of pediatrics, M R medical college, Gulbarga, Karnataka,India.
4Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Navodaya Medical College, Raichur, Karnataka,India.
5Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, VMKV Medical College & Hospital,Salem, Tamil Nadu,India.
Abstract:- In the present generation it has been established that newborns exposed to mother’s HIV infection have a higher mortality rate than those not exposed. At the same time, some authors have shown that prematurity and low birth weight were considerably associated to morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period as well as in the first year of life. In the present study, 50 HIV seropositive women delivered newborns were considered and followed prospectively and studied the consequences of neonatal outcome in HIV positive mother in terms of mortality, morbidity and somatic growth pattern. The focus of this study is to know the demographic characteristics, load of HIV transmission from mother to child, increase the effectiveness of preventive aspects of HIV regarding mother to child transmission and also to know the neonatal outcome and complications associated. In the present study it was observed that 48% of the seropositive mothers were in the age group of 21 to 25 years most of them were illiterates and housewives.
Keywords:- Infection; Mother; Child; Transmission.
References:- 1.Temmerman M, Plumer FA, Mirza NB, Ndinya-Achola JO, Wamola IA, Nagelkerke N et al. Infection with HIV as a risk factor for adverse obstetrical outcome. AIDS. 1990; 4 (11):1087-93.
2.Newell ML, Branhmbhatt H, Ghys P. Child mortality and HIV infection in Africa: a review. AIDS. 2004 Jun;18 Suppl 2:S27-34.
3.UNICEF. Les enfants et le SIDA: un désastre imminent; les repercussions croissantes de l’infection à VIH sur les femmes, les enfants et la vie familiale dans le monde en développement. Genève 1990 : 6-8.
4.Monebenimp F, Thio R, Nana AD. Morbidité et mortalité des naissances intra hospitalières du CHU de Yaoundé, Cameroun. Clin Mother Child Health. 2005 ; 2(2) : 355-8.
5.Chase HC. Infant mortality and weight at birth: 1960 United States birth cohort. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1969; 59: 1618-28.
6.Taha TE, Dallabetta GA, Canner JK, Chiphangwi JD, Liomba G, Hoover DR et al. The effect of human immunodeficiency infection on birth weight and infant and child mortality in urban Malawi. Int J Epidemiol. 1995; 24(5): 1022-9.
7.Braddick MR, Keiss JK, Embree JB et al. Impact of maternal HIV infection on obstetrical and early pregnancy outcome. AIDS, 1990, 4:1001-5.
8.Turner et al. Prenatal Care & Birth Outcome of a cohort of HIV-infected women. Journal of AIDS & Human Retrovirology. 1996 Jul; 12(3):259-67.
9.Stratton el al. (1989-1994) Obstetric K& Newborn Outcomes in a cohort of HIV- infected pregnant women: A Report of the women & Infants Transmission study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency syndromes & I Iuman Retrovirology. 1999 Feb 1 ;20(2): 179-86.
10.Goldstein PJ, Smit R, Stevens M, Sever JL. Association between HIV in pregnancy and antiretroviral therapy, including protease inhibitors and low birth weight infants. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000; 8: 94-8.
11.Martin et al. Incidence of Premature birth & Neonatal respiratory disease in infants of HIV-positive mothers. Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 Dec; 131 (6):851 -6.
12.Dreyfuss ML, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, et al. Determinants of low birth weight among HIVinfected pregnant women in Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 814-26.
13.Minkoff H, Nanda D, Menez R, Fikrig S. Pregnancies resulting in infants with acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS related complex. Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 69:285.
14.Brocklehurst P, French R. The association between maternal HIV infection and perinatal outcome: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1998, 105:839-48.
15.RW Ryder, W Nsa, SE Hassig, F Behetset al: Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive woman in Zaire: New England Journal of Medicine Volume 320:1637-42.
16.K. K. Jain, R. K. Mahajan, M. Shevkani and P. Kumar, “Early Infant Diagnosis: A New Tool of HIV Diagnosis in Children,” Journal of Community Medicine 36(2); 2011: 139-42 .
17. Rosemary Spira, Philippe Lepage, Philippe Msellati et al: Natural History of Human Immunodefiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Children: A Five-Year Prospective Study in Rwanda: Journal of American Academy of Pediatrics 104 No. 5 November 1999, p. e56.
18.Miriam Adhikari, Shuaib Kauchali and Anitha Moodley: Clinical Profile and Morbidity Pattern of Infants Born to HIV Infected Mothers in Durban South Africa: Indian Pediatrics 2006;43:804-8.
19.Minkoff H, Nanda D, Menez R, Fikrig S. Pregnancies resulting in infants with acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS related complex. Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 69:285.
20.Dreyfuss ML, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, et al. Determinants of low birth weight among HIVinfected pregnant women in Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 814-26.
Copyright © 2013 Basavaraj M Patil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:-
M. El-ajaily1*, A. Maihub2 , A. Etorki 2 , S. Ben-Saber3 & M. Elmajani2
1Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya.
2 Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya.
3 Pharm. Chemistry, Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya.
Abstract:- The condensation of amino group of aniline or substituted aniline with carbonyl group of salicylaldehyde or 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in the presence of phenolic or benzylic hydroxyl groups can be prepared. The complexes containing such Schiff bases can be synthesised by direct mixing of the Schiff base with metal ions in appropriate organic solvents using microwave and reflux techniques. Metal ions such as, Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions can be introduced to get the corresponding metal complexes. The elucidation and the study of the resulted compounds performed, with different physiochemical tools, such as, elemental analyses, infrared and electronic spectroscopies. Conductivity, as well as magnetic moments. The CHN elemental analyses defined the fact that the formation of the Schiff bases and their complexes are in 1:1 [ M:L] ratio. The infrared spectral data of the obtained Schiff bases and their complexes displayed the proper coordination sites between the metal ions and the Schiff bases. The electronic spectral results confirmed the structure of synthesized complexes to be octahedral geometry with respect to each metal ion. The molar conductivity measurements revealed the property of the complexes to be non-electrolyte in nature.
Keywords:- Salicylaldehyde, 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzyl alcohol, Schiff Bases, Zinc,Cadmium, Complexes.
References:-
1.Lee, J.; "Concise of Inorganic Chemistry", 4th ed. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London (1991).
2.Chohan, Z. and Kausar, S., Chem., pharm., Bull., Japan, 1993;41: 951.
3.Zishen, W., Zhiping, L. and Zhenhuan, M., , Transn., Met. Chem., 1993; 18: 291.
4.Barton, D. and Ollis, W., “Comprehensive Organic. Chemistry”, 3th ed., Pergamon press Ltd. Oxford, UK (1979).
5.Greay, W., Coord. Chem. Rev. 971:7:81.
6.Kaya, I., Ercag. A. and Culhaoglu, S.; Turk. J. Chem., 2007; 31: 55 – 63.
7.EL-ajaily, M., Maihub, A., Hudere, S. and Ben–saber, S., Asian Journal of Chemistry 2006; 18 (4):2427-30.
8.Budige, G., Puchakayala, M., Kongara, S., Hu R. and Vadde, R., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2011; 59 (2): 166-71.
9.Chadra S., and Kumar, U., Spectrochimica Acta 2005; 61 A, 219 . 10.Sulikowska, D. and Malinowska, A., Polish J. Chem 2002;76, 1047–52.
Original article:-
M. D. Dixit1, Kishore Bhat2*, Mohan D. Gan3 & Aruneshwari Dayal3
1Head of the Department & Professor,2Research Officer,3Professor,CVTS,Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Karnataka Lingayat Educational Society’s Dr.Prabhakar Kore Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India.
Abstract:- Background and Objectives: Several chronic microbial infections are being considered as newer risk factors for atherosclerosis and CAD. But the reports are conflicting and the published data from India is scarce. An attempt has been made in the present study to evaluate the role of pathogen burden in subjects with and without CAD in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karnataka,India. Methods: Seropositivity to IgG antibodies specific for Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 and Cytomegalovirus was investigated in 274 patients with CAD and 275 apparently healthy individuals by ELISA test. The presence of conventional risk factors including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and BMI were recorded. Occurrence of angina and MI also were noted. Results: There was a significant difference in the incidence of CMV, H. pylori and C. pneumoniae between CAD patients and controls, but the association was weak after multivariate analysis. On the other hand, pathogen burden was significantly higher in study group. The presence of risk factors was very high in patients (73.82%) in contrast to controls (11.3%). The association between MI and pathogen burden was statistically significant. Interpretation and conclusion: our data provide strong evidence that pathogen burden may have direct bearing on the incidence of CAD and also on the occurrence of cardiac complications such as MI. On the other hand, the association of individual infections with CAD appears to be weak. More such studies, prospective in nature are needed before definite conclusions can be drawn.
Keywords:- Coronary Artery Disease, H. pylori, C. pneumonia, HSV, CMV, Risk factors, Myocardial infarction & Pathogen burden.
References:-
1.Fong IW. Ed. Infections and the cardiovascular system; New Perspectives, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York,; 2004:78.
2.Epstein SE, Zhou YF, Jhu J. Infection and atherosclerosis: emerging mechanistic paradigms. anCirculation 1999; 100: 20-28
3.Neito JF. Infections and atherosclerosis. New clues from an old hypothesis? Am J Epedemiol. 1998; 148:937-948.
4.Rupprecht HJ, Blankenberg S, Bickel C, Rippin G, Hayner G, Prellwitz W et.al., Impact of viral and bacterial infectious burden on ling term prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 104:25-31.
5.Fong IW. Emerging relations between infectious diseases and coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. CMAJ 2000; 163: 49-56.
6.Klein CE, Rupprecht HJ, Blankenberg S, Bickel C, Kopp H, Rippin G et. al., Impact of infectious burden on extent and long term prognosis of atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 15-21.
7.Smieja M, Gnarpe J, Lonn E, Gnarpe H, Olsson G, Yi Q et. al., Multiple infections and subsequent cardiovascular events in the heart outcomes prevention evaluation (HOPE) study. Circulation 2003; 107: 251-7.
8.Epstein SE, Zhu J, Burnett MS, Zhou YF, Vercellotti G, Hajjar D. Infection and atherosclerosis: potential roles of pathogen burden and molecular mimicry. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1417-20.
9.Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Infectious serology and atherosclerosis – how burdensome is the risk? Circulation 2003; 107: 220-2.
10.Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Role of infections and immune factors in coronary and cerebrovascular arteriosclerosis. Clin Vac Immunol 2002; 9: 207-215.
11.Mayr M, Kiechl S, Mendall MA, Willet J, Wick G, Xu Q. Increased risk of atherosclerosis is confined to CagA positive Helicobacter pylori strains. Stroke 2003; 34: 610-15.
12.Pussinen PJ, Alfthan G, Palosuo T, Asikainen S, Salomaa V. Antibodies to periodontopathogens are associated with coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23: 1250-4.
13.Meurman JH, Sanz M, Janket SJ. Oral Health, Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2004; 15: 403-13.
14.Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Rundek T, Boden – Albala B, Jacobs Jr DR, Sacco RL et al,. Periodontal microbiota and carotid intima media thickness: the oral infections and vascular disease epidemiology study (INVEST). Circulation 2005; 111: 576-82.
15.Epstein SE. The multiple mechanisms by which infection may contribute to atherosclerosis development and course. Circulation Res 2002; 90: 2-4.
16.Perumal V, Mathai E, Jose J, Gupta S. Prevalence of Chlamidia pneumoniae IgG antibodies in patients with coronary artery disease. A report from an Indian population. Indian Heart J 2003; 55: 667.
17.Goyal P, Kale SC, Chaudhary R, Chauhan S, Shah N. Association of common chronic infections with coronary artery disease in patients without any conventional risk factors. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125: 129-36.
18.Choudhary A, Rajasekhar D, Latheef SA, Subramaniyam G. Seropositivity of Chlamidia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori among coronary heart disease patients and normal individuals in South Indian population. Ind J Pathol Microbiol 2004; 47: 433-4.
19.Jha SC, Prasad J, Mittal A. High Immunoglobulin A seropositivity for combined Chlamidia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori infection and high sensitivity C Reactive Protein in coronary artery disease patients in India can serve as atherosclerotic marker. Heart and Vessels 2008; 23: 390-6.
20.Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 114-26.
21.Epstein SE, Zhu J, Naafi AH, Burnett MS. Insights in to the role of infection in atherogenesis and plaque rupture. Circulation 2009; 119: 3133-41.
22.Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M et al. Chlamidia pneumoniae IgG titres and coronary heart disease: prospective study and metaanalysis. BMJ. 2000; 321: 208-13.
23.Danesh J. Coronary artery disease, Helicobacter pylori, dental disease, Chlamidia pneumoniae and Cytomegalovirus: metaanalyses of prospective studies. Am Heart J. 1999; 138: s434-7.
24.Ridker PM, Danesh J, Youngman L, Colliins R, Stampfer MJ, Peto R etal., A prospective study of helicobacter pylori seropositivity and the risk for future myocardial infection among socioeconomic similar US men Ann Intern Med. 2001 Aug 7;135(3):184-8.
25.Neito FJ. Viruses and atherosclerosis: a critical review of the epidemiological evidence. Am Heart J. 1999; 138: s453-60.
26.Zhu J, Quyyumi AA, Norman JE, Csako G, Waclawiw MA, Shearer GM et al., Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C Reactive Protein levels. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85: 140-6.
27.Zhu J, Nieto FJ, Horne BD, Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Epstein SE. Prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death. Circulation 2001; 103: 45-51.
Copyright © 2013 Bhat Kishore et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:- Anesthesia
Ansari Mohammad U1, Porwal Sanjay K2*, Garg Ganga S1, Swarnkar Madhusudan3, Qureshi Salim4 & Lodha Lakhapat R5
1Assistant Professor,5Senior Professor, Department of Anesthesia,2Associate Professor, Department of Surgery ,3Assistant Professor, Department of P.S.M,4Medical Officer Jhalawar Hospital and Medical College Society, Jhalawar (Raj.) India.
Abstract: Background: Shivering is a common problem faced by an anesthesiologist during intra operative as well as post operative period. Shivering occurs during both general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia but it is more troublesome during neuraxial anaesthesia. Neuraxial anaesthesia impairs thermoregulatory control and upto 40-60% incidence of shivering has been reported. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous ketamine and tramadol in control of shivering and to note the side effects of drug used. Methods: This study was conducted in 60 ASA I and II patients. Neuraxial anaesthesia was performed with 3.0 ml (15 mg) of 0.5% of Bupivacaine heavy in all patients The patients were allocated in two groups of 30 each to receive ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (group K) and tramadol 0.5 mg/kg (group T) i. v. after the appearance of shivering. Disappearance and recurrence of shivering as well as temperature and haemodynamics were recorded with scheduled intervals. Shivering was graded from 0-4 grades and recurrence of shivering if occurred than additional dose of either ketamine or tramadol 0.5 mg/kg was given in respective group. Results: Onset of disappearance of shivering was found at 01 minute in tramadol group (T) P<0.05 and 3 minutes in ketamine group (K) <0.05. The complete disappearance of shivering took 5 minutes in T group and 8 minutes in K group. Recurrence rate of shivering was 10% in T and 20% in K group of patients respectively. None of the patients has any complication except nausea and vomiting (6.66% and 3.33% in group T and K respectively P<0.05). Conclusion: Thus tramadol and ketamine were equally efficacious, but tramadol was more potent with respect to control of shivering and its recurrence. It was concluded that i.v. tramadol is qualitatively superior to ketamine for control of shivering.
Keywords:- Shivering, Tramadol, Ketamine, Neuraxial anaesthesia.
References:-
1.De Whitte, Sessier Dl., et al. Perioperative shivering; physiology and pharmacology. Anaesthesiology 2002; 96-467-84.
2.Sessler Dl., Ponrw J. Shivering during epidural anesthesia. Anaesthesiology 1990; 72:816-21.
3.Sessler Dl., Perioperative heat balance, Anaesthesiology 2000;92:578-96.
4.Imrie MM, Hall GM. Body temperature and anaesthesia. BR J Anaesth 1990;64:346-54.
5.Mathews S, Al Mulla A et al. Postanesthetic shivering a new look at Tramadol. Anaesthesia 2002;57:38-403.
6.Anne Miu Han Chan, Kwok Fu et al. Control of shivering under regional anaesthesia in obstetric patients with Tramadol. Can J Anesth 1999;46(3):253-58.
7.Pascal A. Postanesthetic Shivering; Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and approaches to prevention and Management. Drugs 2001;61:2193-205.
8.Kranke P, Eberhart LH, Roewer N, Tramer MR. Single dose parenteral pharmacology interventions for the prevention of postoperative shivering: A Quantitative Systematic Reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials. Anesth Analg 2004;99:718-27.
9.Kim MS, Kim DW, Woo Sh, Yon JH, Lee S. Effect of ramosetron on shivering during neuraxial anesthesia, Korean J Anesthesiol 2010;58:256-9.
10.Gozdemir M, Usta B, Demircioglu RI, Muslu B, Sert H, Karatas OF. Magnesium sulfate infustion prevents shivering during transurethral porstatectomy with spinal anesthesia: A randomized, double blinded, controlled study, J Clin Anesth 2010;22:184-9.
11.Tsai YC, Chu KS. A comparisons, amitriptyline and meperidine for post epidural anesthetic shivering. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1288-92.
12.Wilson E, David A, Mackenzie N, Grant IS. Sedation during spinal anaesthesia: Comparision of propofol and midazolam. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:48-52.
13.Eberhart L.H, Roewer N et al. Pharmacological treatment of postoperative shivering: a quantitative systemic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Anagl 2002;94(2):453-60.
14.Chaturvedi S, Domkondwar G. Control of shivering under regional anaesthesia using Tramadol. Asian Archives of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation 2002; 52:491-6.
15.Wrench J Cavill et al. Comparision between Alfentanil, Pethidine, and placebo in the treatment of postoperative shivering. Br J Anaesth. 1997; 79:541-42.
16.Takehiko I, Sessler Daniel I et al. Mepridine and Alfentanyl do not reduce the gain or maximum intensity of shivering. Anaesthesiology 1998;88(4)858-65.
17.Iawashita H, Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Seller DI, Imamura M, Kumazawa T. Hypoxemia decreases the shivering threshold in rabbits anesthesized with 0.2 MAC isoflurane, Anesth Analg 1998;87:1408-11.
18.Powell RM, Buggy DJ. Ondansetron given before induction of anesthesia reduce shivering after general anesthesia, Anesth Analg 2000;90:1423-7.
19.Ikeda T, Kazama T, Sessler DI, Toriyama S, Niwa K, Shimada C, et al. Induction of anesthesia with ketamine reduces the magnitude of redistribution hpothermai. Anesth Analg 2001;93:934-8.
20.Write J De Deloof, T et al. Tramadol in the treatment of post anesthetic shivering. Acta Anaesthesiol Scnad 1997;41:506-10.
21.Sia S. I.v. clonidine prevents post extradural shivering. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:145-6.
22.Bhatnagar S, Saxena A, Kannan TR, Punj J. Panigrahi M. Mishra S. Tramadol for postoperative shivering: A double blind comparison with pethidine. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001; 29:149-54.
23.Wason R. Jain N. Gupta P, Gogia AR, Randomized double blind comparison of prophylactic ketamine, clonidine and tramadol for the control of shivering under neuraxial anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesht 2012;56:370-5.
24.Sagir O, Gulhas N, Toprak H, Yucel A, Begec Z, Ersoy O. Control of shivering during regional anaesthesia: Prophylactic ketamine and granisetron. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;51:44-9.
25.Dal D, Kose A, Honca M, Akinci SB, Basgul E, Aypar U. Efficacy of prophylactic ketamine in preventing postoperative shivering. Br J Anaesth 2005;95:189-92.
26.Gangopadhyay S, Gupta K, Acharjee S, Nayak SK, Dawn S, Pipal G. Ketamine, tramadol and pethidine in prophylaxis of shivering during spinal anaesthesia. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2010;56:59-63.
27.Bilotta E Pietropaoli P, Sanita R, Liberatori G, Rosa G. Nefopam and tramadol for the prevention of shivering during neuraxial anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:380-4.
28.Chan AM. Ng KE Tong EW, Jan GS. Control of shivering under regional anaesthesia in obstetric patients with tramadol. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:253-8.
29.Tewari A, Katyal S, Singh A, Garg S, Kaul TK, Narula N. Prophylaxis with oral clonidine prevents perioperative shivering in patients undergoing transurethral resection of prostate under subarachnoid block. Indian J Urol 2006;22:208-12.
30.Nishiyama T, Yokoyama T, Hanaoka K. Sedation guidelines for midazolam infusion during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 2004;16:568-22.
Copyright © 2013 Porwal Sanjay K et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.