DocumentsDate added
Review article:- Orthodontics
Gupta Akshay1, Sharma Rakesh2, Kumar Piush3 & Chandra Pavan Kumar4
1PG Student (Orthodontics),2Professor,3Reader,4Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics &Dentofacial Orthopedics, I.T.S-C.D.S.R, Muradnagar Ghaziabad,India.
Abstract:- Many patients today are taking a range of medications and nutritional supplements that can influence orthodontic treatment. Any pharmacologic agent or supplement consumed by patients can reach the periodontal tissues through the circulation and thus interact with and influence a cell’s response to orthodontic forces. These agents may have the effect of potentiating or inhibiting tooth movement as well as exacerbating or reducing root resorption. Orthodontic treatment is based on the principle that when force is delivered to a tooth and thereby transmitted to the adjacent investing tissues, certain mechanical, chemical, and cellular events take place within these tissues, which allow for structural alterations and contribute to the movement of that tooth. Molecules present in drugs and nutrients consumed regularly by patients can reach the mechanically stressed paradental tissues through the circulation and interact with local target cells. The combined effect of mechanical forces and one or more of these agents may be inhibitory, additive, or synergistic. This article discusses in detail the various drugs that can bring about alterations in the desired orthodontic tooth movement.
Keywords:- Paradental tissues, pharmacological agent, periodontal tissues.
References:-
1.Masella RS, Meister M. Current concepts in the biology of orthodontic tooth movement. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2006;129:458-68.
2.Yamasaki K, Miura F, Suda T. Prostaglandin as a mediator of bone resorption induced by experimental tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res 1980;59:1635-42.
3.Sandy JR, Harris M. Prostaglandins and tooth movement. Eur J Orthod 1984;6:175-82.
4.Mohammed AH, Tatakis DN, Dziak R. Leukotrienes in orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1989; 95:231-7.
5.Ishnan V, Davidovitch Z. The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement. OrthodCraniofac Res 2006;9:163-71.
6.Arias OR, Marquez-Orozco MC. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen: their effects on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2006;130:364-70.
7.Hellsing E, Hammarström L. The effects of pregnancy and fluoride on orthodontic tooth movements in rats. Eur J Orthod 1991;13:223-30.
8.Igar K, Adachi H, Mitani H, Shinoda H. Inhibitory effect of the topical administration of a bisphosphonate (risedronate) on root resorption incident to orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res 1996;75:1644-9.
9.Dolce C, Vakani A, Archer L, Morris-Wiman JA, Holliday LS. Effects of echistatin and an RGD peptide on orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 2003;82:682-6.
10.Collins MK, Sinclair PM. The local use of vitamin D to increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1988;94:278-84.
11.Kale S, Kocadereli I, Atila P, Asan E. Comparison of the effects of 1,25 -dehydroxycholecalciferol and prostaglandin E2 on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod 2004;125:607-14.
12.Kawakami M, Takamo-Yamamoto T. Local injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhanced bone formation for tooth stabilization after experimental tooth movements in rats. J of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2004;22:541-6.
13.Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement. OrthodCraniofac Res 2006;9:163-71.
14.Shirazi M, Dehpour AR, Jafari F. The effect of thyroid hormone on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J ClinPediatr Dent 1999;23:259-64.
15.Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement. OrthodCraniofac Res 2006;9:163-71.
16.Madan MS, Liu ZJ, Gu GM, King GJ. Effects of human relaxin on orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal ligaments in rats. Am J Orthod 2007;131:8.e1-8.10.
17.Soma S, Iwamoto M, Higuchi Y, Kurisu K. Effects of continuous infusion of PTH on experimental tooth movement in rats. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:546-54.
18.Kalia S, Melsen B, Verna C. Tissue reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in acute and chronic corticosteroid treatment. OrthodCraniofac Res 2004;7:26-34.
19.Shdayfat NB. Effects of drugs on periodontal tissue remodeling and clinical responses to orthodontic mechanotherapy. Pak Oral and Dental J 2011;31:379-88.
20.Karsten J, Hellsing E. Effect of phenytoin on periodontal tissues exposed to orthodontic force--an experimental study in rats. Br J Orthod 1997;24:209-15.
Copyright © 2013 Gupta Akshay et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original research article:- Community Medicine
Aditya Suryabhan Berad* & Prabhakar Gangadhar Anwekar.
1Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh—452016, India.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Index Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh-452016, India.
Abstract:- Aims and objective of study: To study the co- morbidities in children (0-6 years age) and malnutrition in rural area. Material and methods: The study was carried out in the two adopted villages coming in the field practice area of rural health training center of medical college in Indore district of Madhya Pradesh. Data was collected from 231 children and their mothers regarding socio-demographic profile, immunization, morbidity profile, dietary history and child feeding practices by using predesigned and pretested interview proforma. Anthropometric measurements of child were also done. Results: The proportion of children having stunting (37.66%), wasting (41.12%) and underweight (51.94%), anaemia (58.44%), calorie deficit (60.60%) and incomplete immunization status (35.93%) was found to be high in rural areas of Indore district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Conclusion: More emphasis needs to be given to the child health services in the district particularly rural areas to improve the coverage as well as utilization of the child health services through the primary health care system.
Keywords:- Co-morbidities, Malnutrition, Children.
References:-
1.WHO. UNICEF, UNFPA (2004). Maternal Mortality in 2004. Estimates developed by WHO. UNICEF and UNFPA.
2.Nutrition in India. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences; Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF Macro.
3.UNICEF (2009). State of World's Children 2009.
4.Jelliffe DB. The assessment of the nutritional status of the community. Geneva: World Health Organisation Monograph series; 1966.
5.Rakesh Kumar, Pradeep R.Deshmukh, Bishan S. Garg. Incidence and correlates of ‘growth faltering among 0-6 y children: A Panel study from Rural Wardha. Indian J Pediatr ( March 2012) 79(3): 333-41.
Original research article:- Community Medicine
Khan Mohd H1*, Khalique N2 & Khan R3.
1Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine,Rohilkhand Medical College Bareilly, UP, India.
2Professor, Department of Community Medicine, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh, U.P,India.
3Associate Professor, Department of periodontology & implantology, IDS Bareilly U.P,India.
Abstract: Background: Newborn thermal care is a critical and essential component of essential newborn care; however, hypothermia continues to remain under-documented, under organized and under managed. Objective: 1. To assesses knowledge and practices of pregnant women to prevent hypothermia. 2. To assesses knowledge of pregnant women regarding signs for intervention and its management in hypothermic newborns. Study design: A community based study. Setting: Field practice areas of Urban Health Training Center Department of Community Medicine, JNMCH, AMU Aligarh. Study period: one year. Participants: 200 pregnant women Sampling: Purposive sampling method. Statistical Analysis: Data analysed with Epi Info version 3.5.1. Percentages, and Chi Square Test used. Results: 100% newborns were wiped dry immediately and were given bath within 6 hours of birth. Rooming-in was practiced by 98.9% mothers. 45.4% deliveries were conducted in warm room. Abnormal temperature of baby was checked by 93% of mothers after birth. Only 25 % mothers had correct knowledge about cold extremities. 24.5% mothers had knowledge about cold abdomen and 9.5% mothers regarding blue extremities. Only 33.5% of mothers had knowledge of skin-to- skin contact. Breastfeeding during transportation was done by 47% mothers. 85% mothers had knowledge about stabilization of temperature of baby during transportation to hospital. Conclusion: There was a poor knowledge and practices among pregnant women regarding hypothermia, in periurban area of Aligarh.
Keywords:- Blue extremities, Cold extremities, Cold abdomen, Skin-to- skin contact,
References:-
1.Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA, Cousens et al. Evidence based, cost-effective interventions: how many newborn babies can we save? The Lancet 2005; 365: 977-88.
2.World Health Organization. Mother-baby Package: Implementing Safe Motherhood in Countries. World Health Organization: Geneva, 1994.
3.National Family Health Survey III. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences and ORC Macro; 2006. 4.de Zoysa I, Bhandari N, Akhtari N, Bhan MK. Careseeking for illness in young infants in an urban slum in India. Soc Sci Med 1998; 47: 2101-11.
5. Bang AT, Reddy HM, Deshmukh MD, Baitule SB, Bang RA. Neonatal and infant mortality in ten years (1993-2003) of the Gadchiroli field area trial: effect of home based newborn care. J Perinatol 2005; 259(suppl.): S92-S107.
6.Awasthi S, Verma T, Agarwal M. Danger signs of neonatal illnesses: perception of caregivers and health workers in Northern India. Bull World Health Organ 2006; 84: 819-26.
7.Bolam A, Manandhar DS, Shrestha P, Ellis M, Costello AM. The effects of postnatal health education for mothers on infant care and family planning practices in Nepal: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1998; 316(7134): 805–11.
8.Daga AS, Daga SR, Patole SK. Determinants of death among admissions to intensive care unit for newborns. J Trop Pediatr 1991; 37(2): 53–5\6.
9.Costello A, Manandhar D. Improving Newborn Infant Health in Developing Countries. Imperial College Press, London, 2000.
10.Meher R,Jain A, Sabharwal A et al. Deep neck abscess: a prospective study of 54 cases. The Journal of laryngology & Otology 2005; 119: 299-302.
11.Sreeramareddy CT, Joshi HS, Binu VS et al. Home delivery and newborn care practices among urban women in Western Nepal: A questionnaire survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2006; 6: 27.
12.Osrin D, Tumbahangphe KM, Shrestha D et al. Cross sectional, community based study of care of newborn infants in Nepal. BMJ 2002; 325.
13.Rahi M, Taneja D, Misra A et al. Newborn care practices in an urban slum of Delhi. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 2006; 60 (12): 506-10.
14.Kumar R, Agarwal AK. Body temperatures of home delivered newborns in North India. Trop Doctor 1998; 28: 134-6.
15.Dragovich D, Tamburlini G, Alisjahbana A et al .Thermal control of the newborn: knowledge and practice of health professionals in seven countries. Acta Paediatrica 1997; 86: 645-50.
16.Agarwal S, Srivastava K, Sethi V. Maternal and newborn care practices among the urban poor in Indore, India: gaps, reasons and possible program options. Urban health resource centre (New Delhi), 2007: 32.
17.Beck D, Gagnes F, Goldman S, Long P. Care of the Newborn Reference Manual. Save the Children: Washington, DC, 2004.
18.WHO. Thermal Protection of the Newborn: a Practical Guide. Maternal health and safe motherhood programme (WHO/FHE/MSM/97.2): Geneva, 1997.
19.Communication for behaviour. Indian Journal of Public Health 2002; 46(3): 117-9.
Copyright © 2013 Khan Mohd H et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:- Anesthesia
Ansari Mohammad U1, Porwal Sanjay K2*, Garg Ganga S1, Swarnkar Madhusudan3, Qureshi Salim4 & Lodha Lakhapat R5
1Assistant Professor,5Senior Professor, Department of Anesthesia,2Associate Professor, Department of Surgery ,3Assistant Professor, Department of P.S.M,4Medical Officer Jhalawar Hospital and Medical College Society, Jhalawar (Raj.) India.
Abstract: Background: Shivering is a common problem faced by an anesthesiologist during intra operative as well as post operative period. Shivering occurs during both general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia but it is more troublesome during neuraxial anaesthesia. Neuraxial anaesthesia impairs thermoregulatory control and upto 40-60% incidence of shivering has been reported. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous ketamine and tramadol in control of shivering and to note the side effects of drug used. Methods: This study was conducted in 60 ASA I and II patients. Neuraxial anaesthesia was performed with 3.0 ml (15 mg) of 0.5% of Bupivacaine heavy in all patients The patients were allocated in two groups of 30 each to receive ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (group K) and tramadol 0.5 mg/kg (group T) i. v. after the appearance of shivering. Disappearance and recurrence of shivering as well as temperature and haemodynamics were recorded with scheduled intervals. Shivering was graded from 0-4 grades and recurrence of shivering if occurred than additional dose of either ketamine or tramadol 0.5 mg/kg was given in respective group. Results: Onset of disappearance of shivering was found at 01 minute in tramadol group (T) P<0.05 and 3 minutes in ketamine group (K) <0.05. The complete disappearance of shivering took 5 minutes in T group and 8 minutes in K group. Recurrence rate of shivering was 10% in T and 20% in K group of patients respectively. None of the patients has any complication except nausea and vomiting (6.66% and 3.33% in group T and K respectively P<0.05). Conclusion: Thus tramadol and ketamine were equally efficacious, but tramadol was more potent with respect to control of shivering and its recurrence. It was concluded that i.v. tramadol is qualitatively superior to ketamine for control of shivering.
Keywords:- Shivering, Tramadol, Ketamine, Neuraxial anaesthesia.
References:-
1.De Whitte, Sessier Dl., et al. Perioperative shivering; physiology and pharmacology. Anaesthesiology 2002; 96-467-84.
2.Sessler Dl., Ponrw J. Shivering during epidural anesthesia. Anaesthesiology 1990; 72:816-21.
3.Sessler Dl., Perioperative heat balance, Anaesthesiology 2000;92:578-96.
4.Imrie MM, Hall GM. Body temperature and anaesthesia. BR J Anaesth 1990;64:346-54.
5.Mathews S, Al Mulla A et al. Postanesthetic shivering a new look at Tramadol. Anaesthesia 2002;57:38-403.
6.Anne Miu Han Chan, Kwok Fu et al. Control of shivering under regional anaesthesia in obstetric patients with Tramadol. Can J Anesth 1999;46(3):253-58.
7.Pascal A. Postanesthetic Shivering; Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and approaches to prevention and Management. Drugs 2001;61:2193-205.
8.Kranke P, Eberhart LH, Roewer N, Tramer MR. Single dose parenteral pharmacology interventions for the prevention of postoperative shivering: A Quantitative Systematic Reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials. Anesth Analg 2004;99:718-27.
9.Kim MS, Kim DW, Woo Sh, Yon JH, Lee S. Effect of ramosetron on shivering during neuraxial anesthesia, Korean J Anesthesiol 2010;58:256-9.
10.Gozdemir M, Usta B, Demircioglu RI, Muslu B, Sert H, Karatas OF. Magnesium sulfate infustion prevents shivering during transurethral porstatectomy with spinal anesthesia: A randomized, double blinded, controlled study, J Clin Anesth 2010;22:184-9.
11.Tsai YC, Chu KS. A comparisons, amitriptyline and meperidine for post epidural anesthetic shivering. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1288-92.
12.Wilson E, David A, Mackenzie N, Grant IS. Sedation during spinal anaesthesia: Comparision of propofol and midazolam. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:48-52.
13.Eberhart L.H, Roewer N et al. Pharmacological treatment of postoperative shivering: a quantitative systemic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Anagl 2002;94(2):453-60.
14.Chaturvedi S, Domkondwar G. Control of shivering under regional anaesthesia using Tramadol. Asian Archives of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation 2002; 52:491-6.
15.Wrench J Cavill et al. Comparision between Alfentanil, Pethidine, and placebo in the treatment of postoperative shivering. Br J Anaesth. 1997; 79:541-42.
16.Takehiko I, Sessler Daniel I et al. Mepridine and Alfentanyl do not reduce the gain or maximum intensity of shivering. Anaesthesiology 1998;88(4)858-65.
17.Iawashita H, Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Seller DI, Imamura M, Kumazawa T. Hypoxemia decreases the shivering threshold in rabbits anesthesized with 0.2 MAC isoflurane, Anesth Analg 1998;87:1408-11.
18.Powell RM, Buggy DJ. Ondansetron given before induction of anesthesia reduce shivering after general anesthesia, Anesth Analg 2000;90:1423-7.
19.Ikeda T, Kazama T, Sessler DI, Toriyama S, Niwa K, Shimada C, et al. Induction of anesthesia with ketamine reduces the magnitude of redistribution hpothermai. Anesth Analg 2001;93:934-8.
20.Write J De Deloof, T et al. Tramadol in the treatment of post anesthetic shivering. Acta Anaesthesiol Scnad 1997;41:506-10.
21.Sia S. I.v. clonidine prevents post extradural shivering. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:145-6.
22.Bhatnagar S, Saxena A, Kannan TR, Punj J. Panigrahi M. Mishra S. Tramadol for postoperative shivering: A double blind comparison with pethidine. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001; 29:149-54.
23.Wason R. Jain N. Gupta P, Gogia AR, Randomized double blind comparison of prophylactic ketamine, clonidine and tramadol for the control of shivering under neuraxial anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesht 2012;56:370-5.
24.Sagir O, Gulhas N, Toprak H, Yucel A, Begec Z, Ersoy O. Control of shivering during regional anaesthesia: Prophylactic ketamine and granisetron. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;51:44-9.
25.Dal D, Kose A, Honca M, Akinci SB, Basgul E, Aypar U. Efficacy of prophylactic ketamine in preventing postoperative shivering. Br J Anaesth 2005;95:189-92.
26.Gangopadhyay S, Gupta K, Acharjee S, Nayak SK, Dawn S, Pipal G. Ketamine, tramadol and pethidine in prophylaxis of shivering during spinal anaesthesia. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2010;56:59-63.
27.Bilotta E Pietropaoli P, Sanita R, Liberatori G, Rosa G. Nefopam and tramadol for the prevention of shivering during neuraxial anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:380-4.
28.Chan AM. Ng KE Tong EW, Jan GS. Control of shivering under regional anaesthesia in obstetric patients with tramadol. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:253-8.
29.Tewari A, Katyal S, Singh A, Garg S, Kaul TK, Narula N. Prophylaxis with oral clonidine prevents perioperative shivering in patients undergoing transurethral resection of prostate under subarachnoid block. Indian J Urol 2006;22:208-12.
30.Nishiyama T, Yokoyama T, Hanaoka K. Sedation guidelines for midazolam infusion during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 2004;16:568-22.
Copyright © 2013 Porwal Sanjay K et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Literature review:-Periodontics,
Mitul Kumar Mishra1* & Shilpi Tiwari2
1Assistant professor, Department of Periodontics, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, India.
2Assistant professor, Department of Pedodontics and preventive dentistry, Peoples College of dental sciences, Bhopal, India.
Abstract:- With the growing interest in self-care and integrative medicine coupled with our health embracing baby boomer population, recognition of the link between diet and health has never been stronger. As a result, the market for functional foods, or foods that promote health beyond providing basic nutrition, is flourishing. Within the functional foods movement is the small but rapidly expanding arena of probiotics–live microbial food supplements that beneficially affect an individual by improving intestinal microbial balance. By definition, probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits upon the host. Based on current research data the effects of probiotics on periodontal health and its maintenance are not clear. Systematic in vitro studies are first needed to learn more about the eventual interactions of probiotic species and periodontal pathogens and oral biofilms, and also about their effects on periodontal host tissue reactions. Key words:- Periodontal health, probiotics, biofilm.
References:-
1.Saito T. Selection of useful probiotic lactic acid bacteria from the Lactobacillus acidophilus group and their applications to functional foods. Anim Sci J 2004: 75:1–13.
2.Meurman JH. Probiotics: do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry? Eur J Oral Sci 2005: 113: 188–96.
3.Hojo K, Mizoguchi C, Takemoto N, Oshima T, Gomi K, Arai T, Maeda N. Distribution of salivary lactobacillus and bifidobacterium species in periodontal health and disease. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007: 71: 152–7.
4.Socransky S, Haffajee A. Periodontal microbial ecology. Periodontol 2000 2005: 38: 135–87.
5.Stamatova I, Kari K, Meurman JH. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of putative probiotic lactobacilli against oral pathogens. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics 2008: 2:225–232.
6.Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G. Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Swed Dent J 2006: 30:55–60.
7.Haukioja A, Yli-Knuuttila H, Loimaranta V, Kari K, Ouwehand AC, Meurman JH, Tenovuo J. Oral adhesion and survival of probiotic and other lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in vitro. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2006: 21: 326–32.
8.Collado MC, Surono I, Meriluoto J, Salminen S. Indigenous dadih lactic acid bacteria: cell-surface properties and interactions with pathogens. J Food Sci 2007: 72: M89–M93.
9.Haukioja A, Loimaranta V, Tenovuo J. Probiotic bacteria affect the composition of salivary pellicle and streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2008: 23: 336– 43.
10.Ko˜ll-Klais P, Ma¨ndar R, Leibur E, Marcotte H, Hammarstrom L, Mikelsaar M. Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial activity. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2005: 20: 354–61.
11.Marcotte H, Ko˜ll-Klais P, Hultberg A, Zhao Y, Gmur R, Mandar R, Mikelsaar M, Hammarstro¨m L. Expression of single-chain antibody against RgpA protease of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Lactobacillus. J Appl Microbiol 2005: 100: 256–63.
12.Teughels W, Newman MG, Coucke W, Haffajee A, Van Der Mei HC, Haake SK, Schepers E, Cassiman JJ, Van Eldere J, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. Guiding periodontal pocket recolonization: a proof of concept. J Dent Res 2007: 86: 1078–82.
13.Grajek W, Olejnik A, Sip A. Probiotics, prebiotics and antioxidants as functional foods. Acta Biochim Pol 2005; 52:665–71.
Copyright © 2013 Mitul K Mishra & Shilpi Tiwari. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.