DocumentsDate added
Original article:-
Anne Merete A. Tryggestad1, Terje Espevik2, Liv Ryan2, and Geir Hetland1*
1Department of Cellular Therapy, Cancer Division, Oslo University Hospital – The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, and 2Department of Molecular and Cancer Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Abstract:- The edible, medicinal Basidiomycetes mushroom, Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is used in traditional medicine against cancer and various diseases. It is rich in β glucans and has been shown in vitro to have immuno-modulating properties and in mouse models to induce antitumor action and anti-infection effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative sepsis. To study the mechanism behind its ability to stimulate innate immune cells, possible engagement of TLR2 and TLR4 was examined both in HEK293 cells transfected with either receptor, and in promonocytic THP-1 cells that bear both receptors. In HEK293 cells an AbM-based mixed Basidiomycetes mushroom extract (AndoSanTM) also containing Hericium erinaceum and Grifola frondosa, was shown to activate NF-ĸ B foremost via stimulation of TLR2, but to a lesser degree in low concentrations also via TLR4. Interestingly, AndoSanTM reduced the TLR4-induced NF-ĸ B activation at higher concentrations by means of its main component, AbM. The AbM-induced NF-ĸ B activation was confirmed in the THP-1 cells. This shows that biologically active ingredients in the AbM-based extract, probably of polysaccharide nature such as β glucans, can induce TLR2-mediated stimulation of monocytic and other innate immune cells and possibly inhibit TLR4-mediated stimulation. This may partly explain the medicinal effects found with AbM, including the observed protection against Gram-negative sepsis in a mouse model.
Key words:- Medicinal mushroom, Agaricus blazei, NF-kB activation, TLR2, TLR4.
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Copyright © 2013 Tryggestad Anne Merete et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article:-Microbiology
B. Appalaraju1, Anila A.Mathews2* & Priya P3
1Professor and Head, 2Associate professor, 3MBBS Student, Department of microbiology, PSGIMS&R, Coimbatore, India.
Abstract :-
Background: Typhoid Fever is a severe systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It is endemic in many developing countries, particularly in South East Asia. Clinical diagnosis is often unreliable and isolation of S. typhi through blood culture is still used as the gold standard, although, at its best, the blood culture yield is only 70-75% in cases of typhoid fever. Objective: To evaluate Typhidot test and to compare the results of typhidot test with Blood culture and Widal test and to correlate it clinically Materials and method: A pilot study was carried out on the blood samples that came to our lab during the two months of study with history of typhoid fever or Pyrexia of unknown origin. The Typhidot is a dot ELISA which detects IgM and IgG antibodies against Salmonella typhi. Results: Of the 81 blood samples ,45 were positive for Salmonella typhi infection, 4 were positive for Salmonella paratyphi A , 32 were negative for typhoid fever. Sensitivity and specificity of typhidot for detection of Salmonella typhi infection was 100%and 63% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of widal test in comparison with blood culture was 82%and 65% respectively Discussion and conclusion: Blood culture is still the gold standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever. Typhidot was found to have a better sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value than Widal test. The results can then be confirmed by blood culture report. This test can be used in areas where facility for blood culture is not available. Since it is an inexpensive test, takes less time in producing results and has excellent sensitivity, it can be used in all labs.
Key Words: Typhidot, typhoid.
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Copyright © 2013 B. Appalaraju, Anila A.Mathews & Priya P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article:- Anatomy
Sharma gopal1* & Vijayvergiya tarun2
1Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy , 2Associate Professor ,Department of Pharmacology Jhalawar Medical college, Jhalawar (Rajasthan),India.
Abstract :-
Two hundred adult hip bones (100 males and 100 females) of known sex were obtained at random from the skeletal collection of Department of Anatomy. Measurements were taken with the help of Verniear Caliper, and divider. In this study six parameters were considered including three old parameters and three new parameters. For every parameter, the mean and standard deviation (S.D) was calculated and the range noted. Demarking points were worked out from calculated ranges, i.e. mean + 3 S.D. (Singh and Potturi). The percentage of the bones identified by each demarking point in both sexes was estimated from this material. The observations were recorded. The values obtained for various parameters were compared. It is concluded that among the various criteria pubic crest length and Pelvic and sacral part of chiloticline was found to be useful criteria while distance from anterior inferior iliac spine to iliopubiceminence and to pubic tubercle was useless criteria. Key Words: Iliac spine, Sex determination.
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Copyright © 2013 Sharma gopal & Vijayvergiya tarun. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article:- Orthopaedics
Abhijeet Shroff1,Subhash R. Puri2,Samar K.Biswas(Col.)3,Anil Salgia4, D. S. Bhamare5 & Harshit Mehta6*.
1Assistant Professor, 2Professor, 3Professor and Head, 4Professor, 5Associate Professor,6Resident, Department of Orthopaedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune,India.
Abstract:-
Background: The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone. These fractures are commonly difficult to diagnose or go undetected. Degenerative changes set in if scaphoid fracture non-union is left untreated. This study evaluates the outcome of scaphoid non-union treated with K wires and bone grafting. Materials and Methods: 28 cases of established non union treated from January 2007 to January 2012 with iliac crest bone grafting and k-wire fixation were selected. Scaphoid non union was both clinically and radio graphically diagnosed .fractures were graded according to herbert’s classification. The data of this study was obtained from medical records of study subjects from Padmashree Dr.D.Y.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India. Results: 28 patients could be followed up. There were no intra op complications. One(1) patient developed post operative infection. The study contained 27(96%)male and 1(4%) female subjects. The average age was 29.6 years. Dominant wrist was affected in 26 patients, and non-dominant was affected in 2. Most of the patients showed evidence of radiological union between 14 to 16 weeks. Range from 12 to 23 weeks and an average of 16.40 weeks. Most of the patients 19 (67%) recovered 80% or more of grip strength. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that1) Scaphoid non-union treated with Kirschner-wire fixation and iliac crest bone grafting presents a 90% healing rate at 6 months follow up.2) Scaphoid non-union treatment with Kirschner-wire fixation and iliac crest bone grafting significantly decreases pain and achieves 84% wrist joint motion compared to opposite side.3) Scaphoid bone non-union treatment Kirschner-wire fixation and iliac crest bone grafting yields 75% of satisfactorily functional results.4) Average time for radiological union is 16.40% weeks.
Keywords:- Scaphoid non-union, Kirschner-wire fixation, iliac crest bone grafting.
References:-
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2.Shuind F., Haentjens P., van Innis F., van der Marren C., Garcia-Elias M., Sennwald G.: Prognostic factors in the treatment of carpal scaphoid nonunions. J Hand Surg [Am] 1999;24: 761-76.
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4.Berná J.D., Abaledejo F., Sanchez-Cañizares M.A., Chavarria G., Pardo A., Pellicer A.: Scaphoid fractures and nonunions: a comparison between panoramicradiography and plain rays. J Hand Surg [Br] 1998; 23: 328-31.
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10.Yuceturk A., Isiklar Z.U., Tuncay C., Tandogan R.: Treatment of scaphoid nonunions with a vascularized bone graft based on the first dorsal metacarpal artery. J Hand Surg [Br] 1997; 22: 425-7.
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12: 203-10. 12.Stark HH, Richard TA, Zemel NP, Ashworth CR. Treatment of ununited fractures of the scaphoid by iliac crest bone graft and Kirschner wire fixation. JBJS 1988; 70-A: 982-91.
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14.Trumble T. E. , Clark T. , Kreder H. J. Nonunion of the Scaphoid. Treatment with cannulated screws compared with treatment with Herbert Screw. J.B.J.S. 1996:78A:1829-3.
15.Inoue G., Shionoya K., Yoshio K., Ununited proximal pole fractures. Treatment with Herberts Screw in 16 cases followed for .5 to 8 years. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1997.
16.Rajagopalan B. M., Squire D. S., Samuels L. O., results of Herbets screw fixation with bone grafting for the treatment of non-union of the scaphoid. J.B.J.S. 1999:81A: 48-52.
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Copyright© 2013 Mehta Harshit et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:- Pediatric Emergency
Abdullah Alanazi1*, Faisal Almudhaibery2, Ahmed Almamary2, Bandar Faqihi2, Abdulwahab Alahmeri2, Taha Ismail2 & Hazem Aqel3
1Pediatric Emergency Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
2Respiratory Therapy Program, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
3Clinical Laboratory Program, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract:-
A questionnaire was used to collect data that consists of both opened-closed ended formats that ask about demographic characteristics (e.g. gender, age, educational level and family size). Then the questionnaire asked if the parents gave antibiotics without prescription to their child during the last year. The result showed high prevalence of child receiving non-prescribed antibiotics (NPAB) 43.6% where the female child received more NPAB (p = 0.036) and with group of age between 6 to 10 years also receiving more (p = 0.000). Family size also played important role as the family size become bigger the NPAB usage increase (p = 0.000). The order of child was also related to using NPAB as the first and second child didn’t receive NPAB more than the third child and above (p = 0.002). The fathers tended to give their children NPAB more than the mothers (p = 0.002). The parents' age and educational level were not significantly related to the use of NPAB (p = 0.493), (p = (p = 0.063). The rate of using NPAB in Riyadh city was generally high and was related to child age, gender of both parents and children, educational level, family size and child order in his/her family and it was also related to the knowledge about drug-resistant bacteria and storing antibiotics at home for future uses. Pharmacist and physician were the most source of information that enhanced parents to use NPAB. The main source of obtaining NPAB was private pharmacy. The common reason for using NPAB was that the pediatrician before had prescribed the same drug for the same symptoms also the second most common reason was that the pharmacist recommends the drug. Most parents had not heard about drugs resistant bacteria and this affect the use of NPAB and storing antibiotics at home for future use. The awareness level about using antibiotics and drug-resistant bacteria is generally low where it seems to be the cause of using NPAB and it related to the knowledge about drugs resistant bacteria and parents’ educational level.
Keywords:- Antibiotics, Non-prescribed; Riyadh; Saudi Arabia.
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