DocumentsDate added
Case controlled study:- Biochemistry
Sharma Priyanka1, Prasad Suvarna 2 & Tangri Nitin 3*
1,2Department of Biochemistry, 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, MM Institute of Medical Sciences, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana– India.
Abstract:-
Background:-Infertility represents a common condition nowadays, with important medical, economic and psychological implications. Traditionally, measurement of Prolactin and thyroid hormones, especially thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has been considered an important component of infertility workup in women. Aims: - The study was designed to evaluate the status of thyroid function in female infertility after exclusion of tubal factor and male factor infertility, and to investigate the impact of thyroid status on serum Prolactin. Method:-In this retrospective case control study, we investigated fifty (50) infertile women in the age range of 20- 40 years attending department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana (Ambala) for hormonal evaluation from November, 2010 to October, 2011. Fifty (50) fertile women with similar age range were selected as controls. The association between thyroid dysfunction and levels of serum Prolactin was reviewed. Results: - The majority of infertile and fertile women were euthyroid and there was no significant association between Infertility & TSH (p > 0.05). Hyperprolactinemia was depicted in 32% infertile women. Prevalence of primary infertility was 76% while that of secondary infertility cases was 24%. There was a negative correlation between serum TSH and Prolactin levels in infertile subjects (p < 0.05). Conclusion: - There was higher prevalence of hyperprolactinemia with normal thyroid function in infertile patients.
Keywords:- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Prolactin (PRL), Hyperprolactinemia, Infertility.
References:-
1.Poppe K, Velkeniers B. Thyroid and Infertility. Vertin K Acad Geneeskd Belg 2002; 64:389-99.
2.Frey KA, Patel KS. Initial evaluation and management of infertility by the primary care physicians. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79:1439-43.
3.Evaluation and Management of the infertile couple. 2008(accessed on 08 Feb, 2012) http://www.glowm.com/?p=glowm.cml/sectionview&articleid=320.
4.Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) and National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS). National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART clinics in India. New Delhi:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2005.
5.Hendershot GE, Mosher WD, Pratt WF. Infertility and age: An unresolved issue. Fam Plann Perspect 1982; 14:287.
6.Cramer DW, Sluss PM, Powers RD,McShane P, Ginsburgs ES, Hornstein MD et al.Serum Prolactin and TSH in an invitro fertilization population: is there a link between fertilization and thyroid function? J Assist Reprod Genet 2003; 20(6):210-5.
7.Poppe K, Velkeniers B. Thyroid disorders in infertile women. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2003; 64(1):45-50.
8.Donfas AG, Mastorakos G. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the female reproductive system. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2000; 900:65-76.
9.Poppe K, Velkeniers B, Glinoer D. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66(3): 309-21. Review
10.Zollner U, Lanig K, Steck T, Dietl J. Assessment of Endocrine status in patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatment. Is it necessary? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2001; 265(1): 16-20.
11.Mishra R, Baveja R, Gupta V. Prolactin levels in infertility with menstrual irregularities. J Obstet Gynecol India 2002; 52:40-3.
12.Del Pozo E, Wyss H, Tollis G, Alcaniz J, Campana A, Naftolin F. Prolactin and deficient luteal function.Obstet Gynecol.1979;53(3):282-6.
13.Wakim AN, Polizotto SL, Burholt DR. Inflence of thyroxine on human granulosa cell steroidogenesis in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet.1995; 12(4):274-7.
14.Binita G, Suprava P, Mainak C, Koner BC, Alpana S. Correlation of Prolactin and Thyroid hormone concentration with menstrual patterns in Infertile women. J Reprod Infertil.2009; 10:207-12.
15.Kumkum A, Jasmine K, Shweta G, Pal Ajeshwar N. Hyperprolactinemia and its correlation with hypothyroidism in infertile women. J Obstet Gynecol India.2006; 56(1): 68-71.
16.Freeman ME, Kanyiscka B, Lerant A, Nagy G. Prolactin:Structure, Function and Regulation of Secretion. Physiol Rev.2000; 80:1523-1631.
17.Litwack G, Schmidt TJ. Biochemistry of hormones 1: Polypeptide hormones. In: Devlin TM, editor. Textbook of biochemistry with chemical correlation. 5th edition New York: Wiley – Liss; 2002. pp 906 – 957.
18.Park K. Nutrition and health. In : Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 19th edition. India : M/S Banarsidas Bhanot publishers ; 2007. pp 480 – 533.
19.Hendershot GE, Mosher WD, Pratt WF. Infertility and age : an unresolved issue. Fam Plann Perspect 1982; 14: 287. 20.Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocrine Reviews 2009; 30 (4) : 376 – 408.
21.Freeman ME. The neuroendocrine control of the ovarian cycle of rat. The physiology reproduction 1994: 613 – 58.
22.Rothchild I. The regulation of mammalian corpus luteum. Rec Prog Horm Res. 1994; 37: 183 – 298.
Copyright © 2013 Sharma Priyanka, Prasad Suvarna & Tangri Nitin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
*Correspondence address:
Dr. Nitin Tangri,
Department of Respiratory Medicine,
MM Institute of Medical Sciences, Mullana, Ambala ,Haryana – India.
Contact no:-+91-9729456330.
Research article:- Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Abhilasha Gupta1, Aruna Verma2* & Ketaki Harit3
Professor & Head1,Lecturer2,Junior Resident3,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut,India.
Abstract:- Aims & objectives: Comparison of febrile and infectious morbidity, incidence of serious post-operative complications,maternal side-effects of drug therapy and cost-effectiveness of single shot, double shot and extended antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section.
Materials and methods: Patients were randomly allocated to three different groups. Group A patients were administered single shot of broad-spectrum antibiotics pre-operatively, within 30 minutes before starting the surgery. Group B patients were given a loading dose of antibiotics pre-operatively and another dose 12 hours later. Group C patients were administered antibiotics upto the 7th post-operative day.
Results & conclusion: There was no significant difference in terms of fever, post-operative infectious morbidity, and wound gaping or mean duration of hospital stay in the three regimes. There was a significant difference in side-effects of drug therapy between the three groups; maximum side-effects being seen in patients kept on extended antibiotic regime (p<0.001). Cost of treatment was minimum in single shot regime and maximum in extended regime (p<0.001). Single shot antibiotic prophylaxis can thereby be safely used instead of prolonged antibiotic therapy in patients undergoing cesarean section. There is significant improvement in maternal comfort level and reduction in cost of treatment without any increase in risk of post-operative complications.
Keywords:- Antibiotic prophylaxis, Cesarean section, Single shot.
References:-
1.Gibbs RS. Clinical risk factors for puerperal infection. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1980; 55 : 1785-835.
2.Henderson E, Love EJ. Incidence of hospital acquired infections associated with caesarean section, Journal of Hospital Infection 1995; 29: 245-55.
3.Leigh DA, Emmanuel FX, Sedgwick J, Dean R, Post-operative urinary tract infection and wound infection in women undergoing caesarean section : a comparison of two study periods in 1985 and 1987. Journal of Hospital infection 1990, 15: 107-16.
4.Boggess KA, Watts DH, Hillier SL, Krolm MA, Benedetti TJ, Eschenback DA. Bacteremia shortly after placental separation during cesarean delivery. Obstetrics and gynecology 1996; 87: 779-84.
5.Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control 1999; 27:97–134.
6.Shah S,Mazher Y, John IS. Single or triple dose piperacillin prophylaxis in elective cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1998; 62(1):23–9.
7.Patacchiola F, Di Paolantonio L, Palermo P, Di Stefano L, Mascaretti G, Moscarini M. Minerva Ginecol. 2000 Oct; 52(10):385-9.
8.D’Angelo LJ, Sokol RJ. Short-Versus long course prophylactic antibiotic treatment in caesarean section patients. Obstet Gynaecol. 1980; 55: 583-6.
9.Scarpignato C, Caltabiano M. Condemi V. Short-term vs Long-term cefuroxime prophylaxis in patients undergoing emergency caesarean section. Clin Ther 1982; 5:186-91.
10.Roex AJM, Van Loenen AC, Puyenbroek JI, Arts NFT. Secretion ofcefoxitin in breast milk following short-term prophylactic administration in caesarean section. European Journal Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1987; 25:299–302.
Copyright © 2013 Abhilasha Gupta, Aruna Verma & Ketaki Harit. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
*Correspondence address:
Dr. Aruna Verma (MD).,
Lecturer (Obs & Gynae)
R-18, Medical College Campus, LLRM Medical College, Meerut ,India.
Contact no. +91- 09997706487
Short communication:-
Vela Desai1, Prena Pratik1* & Rajeev Sharma1**
Affiliation:-
1Prof & HOD, 1*PG Student,1**Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral medicine and radiology(OMR),Jaipur Dental College,Dhand, Amet, Thesil,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Abstract :-
Recently, “Ergonomics” is being frequently used in the profession of dentistry. Good ergonomics is essential so that work capability, efficiency and high clinical level of treatment can be maintained throughout the working life of dental professionals. The scope of ergonomics in dentistry is large. Dentistry has always been known as an uneasy occupation therefore one must take into account the serious health hazards faced by the dentists. When talking about the musculoskeletal disorders it might be assumed that the knowledge of ergonomics may be of some use.
Key Words:- Ergonomics, dentists.
References:-
1.Pekka Kahri.Ergonomics and teamwork in dental treatment.PLANMECA OY 2005;1:1.
2.P. BUCKLE: ERGONOMICS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS,Occupational Medicine 2005;55:166.doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi081.
3.en.wikipedia.org[updated on 22 April 2013;cited on 2013 April 25 ]. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychology.
4.Gupta S. Ergonomic applications to dental practice. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22:816-22.
5.Hill KB, Burke FJ, Brown J, Macdonald EB, Morris AJ, White DA, Murray K. Dental practioners and ill health retirement: A qualitative investigation into the causes and effects. Br Dent J 2010;209: E8.
6.R. Nutalapati, R. Gaddipati, H. Chitta, M. Pinninti, R. Boyapati: Ergonomics in Dentistry and the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Dentists. The Internet Journal of Occupational Health. 2010 Volume 1 Number 1. DOI: 10.5580/c9b.
7.Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR Part 1910. [Docket No. S-777],RIN No. 1218-AB36.[updated on November 14, 2000;cited on 24 April 2013]. Available from http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=federal_register&p_id=16305.
8.Third age. com[cited on 2013 April 25].Available from http://www.thirdage.com/hc/g/musculoskeletal-disorder-symptoms.
9.James B. Bramson, Scott Smith, Guido Romagnoli. Evaluating Dental Office Ergonomic Risk Factors And Hazards. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:174-183.
10.Technical Profile. Dental Operating Microscopes: Don’t Equip an Operatory Without One. Inside Dentistry 2007;5:2-4.
11.Public Services Health & Safety Association[updated on 30 April 2013;cited on 2013 January 25].Available from http://www.healthandsafetyontario.ca/HSO/ media/ PSHSA/ pdfS/ MSDs/MSDs.pdf.
12.INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE.ERGONOMICS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DENTAL PROGRAMS [cited on 2013 Januruary 17]. Available from http://www.dentalclinicmanual.com/docs/Ergonomic_considerations.pdf.
13.Dr.Michael Dougherty. Ergonomics principles in dental setting: part 1[Cited on 2012 Janurary 13] Available from http://www.eugenol.com/attachments/0007/6874/papers_ergonomic_principles_part1.pdf.
14.Ergonomics and dental work. Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc. Available from http://www.ohcow.on.ca/uploads/Resource/Workbooks/ ERGONOMICS %20AND%20DENTAL%20WORK.pdf.
15.Selecting Ergonomically Sound Equipment. OSHA Program Manual for Dental Facilities.[Cited on 2013 Feb 12 ]Available from http://blogs.hcpro.com/osha/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/DOSPM2_7-8.pdf.
16.Priyanka Airen Sarkar, Anand L Shig. Ergonomics in General Dental Practice.People’s Journal of Scientific Research 2012 Jan;5(1):60.
*Correspondence address:
Dr.Prena Pratik,
PG Student,
Department of Oral medicine and radiology(OMR),
Jaipur Dental College, Dhand, Amet, Thesil, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Copyright © 2013 Vela Desai,Prena Pratik & Rajeev Sharma. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:-
Yuanqing Tu1, Feng Huang2, Saichun Wu1, Manping Li1, Jing Zeng1 & Xiaoyun Tong3*
1 Bachelor,2Ph.D, Pharmacy college of Jinan University,Guangzhou,P.R.China,510632, 3*M.D, Teaching & Research Section of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, P.R.China, 650021.
Abstract :- The purpose of this research is to explore the effect of ferulic acid in myocardial infarction rats induced by Isoproterenol. The rats were divided into control, model, simvastatin, ferulic acid (Low, Middle, High dose) groups. Control and model groups were orally pretreatment with saline for 21 days, Simvastatin group with simvastatin(15mg/kg), and ferulic acid with ferulic acid (10, 20 and 40mg/kg, respectively), and then all the groups were subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol except control group on 19th, 20th, 21st days at an interval of 24h to induce myocardial infarction model. Lead II electrocardiograph were observed and recorded. Cardiac marker enzymes in serum were detected. The model group rats showed increase in the level of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and malondialdehyde and decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase. Pretreatment with ferulic acid can restore the level of marker enzyme to nearly normal. And the infarction size was also detected by TTC assay, the number of EPCs in peripheral blood was calculated by flow cytometry, the CD34+ cells and RBPJK protein in the cardiac tissue were evaluated with immunohistochemistry, the expression of Notch1 receptor and Jagged1 ligand were detected by western blotting. Pretreatment with ferulic acid can reduce the infarction size of rats and ameliorate the injury tissues. We can also observe higher percentage of EPCs in peripheral blood. Ferulic acid can up-regulates the level of Notch1 and Jagged1 compared with model group.
Key Words:- Ferulic Acid, Endothelial progenitor cells, Notch signaling pathway.
References:-
1.Zhi-Tang Chang, Lang Hong, Hong Wang, et al. Application of peripheral-blood-derived endothelial progenitor cell for treating ischemia-reperfusion injury and infarction:a preclinical study in rat model[J].Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery2013; 8:33.
2.Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis[J]. Science 1997; 275(5302):964-7.
3.Mannarino E, Pirro M. Endothelial injury and repair: a novel theory for atherosclerosis. Angiology 2008; 59(2 Suppl):695-725.
4.Real C, Caiado F, Dias S. Endothelial progenitors in vascular repair and angiogenesis: how many are needed and what to do? Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2008; 8(3): 185-93.
5.Raphael K. Notch signaling[J].Cold Sring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2013:1-4.
6.Sang-Mo Kwon, Masamichi Eguchi, Mika Wada, et al. Specific Jagged-1 Signal From Bone Marrow Microenvironment Is Required for Endothelial Progenitor Cell Development for Neovascularization. Circulation 2008; 118: 157-65.
7.Karthikeyan K, Sarala Bai BR, Niranjali Devaraj S,et al. Cardio-protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins on isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats. Int J Cardiol 2008; 115(3):326-33.
8.Karthikeyan K, Sarala Bai BR, Niranjali Devaraj S,et al. Grape seed proanthocyan-idins ameliorates isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats by stabilizing mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes:an in vivo study. Life Sci 2007; 81(23-24):1615-21.
9.Claus P, Weidemann F, Dommke C, et al. Mechanisms of postsystolic thickening in ischemic myocardium :mathematical modeling and comparison with experimental ischemic substrates.Ultra-soud Med Biol 2007;33(12):1963-70.
10.Karanu FN, Murdoch B, Gallacher La, et al. The Notch ligand jagged1 represents a novel growth factor of human hematopoietic stem cells[J]. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101(3):767-84.
Copyright © 2013 Xiaoyun Tong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
*Correspondence address:
Xiaoyun Tong M.D,
Teaching & Research Section of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, P.R.China, 650021.
Original article:- Physiology
Ritabrata Banerjee1, Anup Kumar Ghosh2, Balaram Ghosh3 & Amal Chandra Mondal1*
1Senior Research Fellow (SERB Project), 1*Assistant Professor in Physiology, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, Hooghly, University of Calcutta, West Bengal-712258,India.
2Assistant Professor in Instrumentation Science, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal-700032, India. 3Assistant Professor in Pharmacology, Calcutta Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal-700072, India.
Abstract:- Objectives: Stress-induced helplessness in rodents constitutes a well-defined model to investigate neurobiological mechanism of depression. In the present investigation, we investigated the correlation between stress induced helplessness and BDNF, its receptor TrkB with two of its principal downstream signaling molecule ERK1, 2 and Akt. Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates many physiological functions in the brain, alteration of which has been well associated with the pathogenesis of depression. Materials and Methods: BDNF level was measured by Sandwich ELISA and its cognate receptor TrkB and downstream molecules ERK 1, 2, Akt were assayed by Western blot. Results: Chronic stressed rats exhibited down regulation of BDNF and TrkB along with ERK1, 2 and Akt. This parallels with the decreased escape behavior. The antidepressant drug Fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX) treated rats exhibited significant increase in escape deficit in stress induced Learned helplessness (LH). This was correlated with the restoration of BDNF levels, its cognate receptor TrkB and expression of its down stream signaling molecules ERK1, 2 and Akt in hippocampus of rat brain. Conclusion: This supports the notion that pharmacological restoration of BDNF and its receptor TrkB may be of therapeutic value for the treatment of depression.
Key Words:-Depression, Neurotrophin, BDNF, TrkB, ERK 1, 2, Akt, FLX.
References:-
1.Castren E., Voikar V., Rantamaki T. Role of neurotrophic factors in depression. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2007; 7(1): 18-21.
2.Duman RS., Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress related mood disorders. Biol. Psychiat. 2006; 59(12): 1116-27.
3.Chalazonitis A. Neurotrophin-3 as an essential signal for the developing nervous system. Mol. Neurobiol. 1996; 12(1): 39-53.
4.Matsumoto T., Rauskolb S., Polack M., Klose J., Kolbeck R., Korte M., Barde YA. Biosynthesis and processing of endogenous BDNF: CNS neurons store and secrete BDNF, not pro-BDNF. Nat. Neurosci. 2008; 11(2): 131-3.
5.Nagappan G., Zaitsev E., Senatorov VV. Jr., Yang J., Hempstead BL., Lu B. Control of extracellular cleavage of Pro-BDNF by high frequency neuronal activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009; 106(4): 1267-72.
6.Yang J., Siao CJ., Nagappan G., Marinic T., Jing D., Mcgrath K., Chen ZY., Mark W., Tessarollo L., Lee FS., Lu B., Hempstead BL. Neuronal release of proBDNF. Nat. Neuroscsi.2009; 12(2): 113-5.
7.Ohl F., Fuchs E. Differential effects of chronic stress on memory processes in the tree shrew. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1999; 7: 379-87.
8.Zhang YM., Yang Q., Xu CT., Li KS., Li WQ. Effects of phenytoin on morphology and structure of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons of rats in chronic stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2003; 24: 403-7.
9. Xu B., Zang K., Ruff NL., Zhang YA., McConnell SK., Stryker MP., Reichardt LF. Cortical degeneration in the absence of neurotrophin signaling: dendritic retraction and neuronal loss after removal of the receptor TrkB. Neuron. 2000; 26: 233–45.
10.Vaidya VA., Siuciak JA., Du F., Duman RS. Hippocampal mossy fibre sprouting induced by chronic electroconvulsive seizures. Neurosci. 1999; 89:157–66.
11.McAllister AK., Katz LC., Lo DC. Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1999; 22: 295–318. 12.Duman RS., Malberg J., Nakagawa S., D’ Sa C. Neuronal plasticity and survival in mood disorders. Biol Psychiat. 2000; 48: 732–9.
13.Shoval G., Weizman A. The possible role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis and therapy of schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005; 15: 319–29.
14.Ambrosini A., Tininini S., Barassi A., Racagni G., Sturani E., Zippel R. cAMP cascade leads to Ras activation in cortical neurons. Brain Res., Mol. Brain Res. 2000; 75: 54– 60.
15.Cai G., Zhen X., Uryu K., Friedman E. Activation of extra cellular signal-regulated protein kinases is associated with a sensitized locomotor response to D(2) dopamine receptor stimulation in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. J. Neurosci. 2000; 20: 1849–57.
16.Mukhin YV., Garnovskaya MN., Collinsworth G., Grewal JS., Pendergrass D., Nagai T., Pinckney S., Greene EL., Raymond JR. 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A receptor/Gibetagamma stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase via NAD(P)H oxidase and reactive oxygen species upstream of src in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts. Biochem. J. 2000; 347 (Pt 1): 61– 7.
17.Valjent E., Corvol JC., Pages C., Besson MJ., Maldonado R., Caboche J. Involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade for cocaine-rewarding properties. J. Neurosci. 2000; 20: 8701– 9.
18.Yuen EC., Mobley WC. Early BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 signaling events, Exp. Neurol. 1999; 159: 297– 308.
19.Lacroix L., Broersen LM., Weiner I., Feldom J. The effects of excistotoxic lesion of the medial prefrontal cortex on latent inhibition, prepulse inhibition, food hoarding, elevated plus maze, active avoidance and locomotor activity in the rat. Neurosci. 1998; 84: 431-42.
20.Shirayama Y., Chen AC., Nakagawa S., Russell DS., Duman RS. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioural models of depression. J. Neurosci. 2002; 22: 3251–61.
21.Lin Y., Westenbroek C., Bakker P., Termeer J., Liu A., Li X. and Ter Horst GJ. Effects of long-term stress and recovery on the prefrontal cortex and dentate gyrus in male and female rats. Cerebral cortex. 2008; 18: 2762-74.
22.Valentine G., Dow A., Banasr M., Pittman B., Duman R. Differential effects of chronic antidepressant treatment on shuttle box escape deficits induced by uncontrollable stress. Psychopharmacol. 2008; 200: 585-96.
23.Gambarana C., Scheggi S., Tagliamonte A., Tolu P., De Montis MG. Animal models for the study of antidepressant activity. Brain Res Protoc. 2001; 7: 11-20. 24.Lu B. BDNF and activity-dependent synaptic modulation. Learn Mem. 2003; 10: 86–98.
25.Poo M.M. Neurotrophins as synaptic modulators. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2001; 2: 24–32.
26.Duman RS., Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiat. 2006; 59:1116–27.
27.Russo-Neustadt AA., Beard RC., Huang YM., Cotman CW. Physical activity and antidepressant treatment potentiate the expression of specific brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci. 2000; 101: 305–12.
28.Banerjee R, Das M, Mondal AC, Ghosh B, Ghosh AK. Influences of chronic stress and antidepressant treatment on the hippocampal concentrations of macromolecule BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in a rat model of Learned helplessness. Asian Journal of Microbiol. Biotechnology and Environmental Sci. 2011; 13(4): 625-32.
29.Xiao-heng L. Neng-bao L., Min-hai Z., Yan-ling Z., Jia-wan L., Xiang-qian L., Hong-wei C. Effects of chronic multiple stress on learning and memory and the expression of Fyn, BDNF, TrkB in the hippocampus of rats. Chinese Medical Journal 2007; 120 (8): 669-74.
30.Feng P, Guan Z, Yang X, Fang J. Impairments of ERK signal transduction in the brain in a rat model of depression induced by neonatal exposure of clomipramine. Brain Res. 2003; 991: 195-205.
31.Errico M., Crozier RA., Plummer MR., Cowen DS. 5-HT(7) receptors activate the mitogen activated protein kinase extracellular signal related kinase in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci. 2001; 102: 361-7.
32.Giovannini MG, Blitzer RD, Wong T, Asoma K, Tsokas P, Morrison JH, Iyengar R, Landau EM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates early phosphorylation and delayed expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 2001; 21(18): 7053-62.
33.Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates early phosphorylation and delayed expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 2001; 21: 7053-62.
34.Mizuno M, Yamada K, He J, Nakajima A, Nabeshima T. Involvement of BDNF receptor TrkB in spatial memory formation. Mizuno M. et al. Learn. Mem. 2003; 10: 108-115.
*Correspondence address:
Dr. Amal Chandra Mondal
Asst. Professor in Physiology
Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, Hooghly
University of Calcutta,West Bengal: 712258,India.
Tel: +91 33 2663 4155/4245
Telefax: +91 33 2663 0881.