DocumentsDate added
Original article:-Biochemistry
Rajeswari. S 1 M.Sc., Swaminathan. S 2* Ph.D., FACBI , Ebenezer William W 3 M.D. , Kumar J.S 4 M.D., DIP DC (AUS)
Affiliation:- 1Lab Technologist, Biochemistry Department, Central Lab,2Chief of Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, Central Lab,3Professor & Head , Biochemistry Department, 4Professor, Department of General Medicine , Diabetology In-charge, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram District 603 203, South India.
Abstract:- Objectives: To find out the laboratory diagnostic link between diabetes and pre cardiac monitoring profile tests. Design/ Subjects: 150 Patients attending the Master Health Check up (MHC), mostly to evaluate their diabetic and cardiac status in our Hospital, comprising of both Men and Women in the age group of 21 to 80 years were enrolled. Plasma glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile tests were measured using state of art instrument and methods to find out the above association. Method: Fasting and Post Prandial samples were collected using standard protocols and plasma Glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile tests were carried out to find out the association between diabetic and cardio vascular disease. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to derive r, t and p values to evaluate the associations. Results: Results of paired t tests with a p value of < 0.001 was considered as significant to conclude an association between the parameters studied. Conclusion: There certainly exists an association between plasma glucose and HbA1c to lipid profile tests and this study recommends that all established diabetic patients should be screened for cardiac related problems. eAG may be introduced as an additional parameter to correlate with HbA1c control. Alternatively, all cardiac patients who bye pass screening for diabetes status should be referred to diabetic clinic for evaluation. Further studies linking other recently developed cardiac markers like Homocysteine, Apolipoproteins, myoglobin, D-dimer etc to diabetic profile tests to further validate the association found in this study using diabetic profile with special cardiac markers.
Key Words:- Diabetes, Lipid Profile, HbA1c, eAG, Cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c, Triglycerides, CVD, CHD.
References:
1.Auxter.S .Disease management models for Diabetes lake root. (1996 ); Clin: lab new 1996;23: 10-11.
2.International Diabetic Federation Atlas. Fifth Edition (2011).
3.Petersen PH etal.Consequences of bias and imprecision in HbA1c for the diagnosis and Prognosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest suppl; 2005; 240: 51 – 60.
4.James H. OkeeteJr, M. Kathleen L. Diabetes Essentials Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010 Jan 33; supplement: S11-S61.
5.David R. Jesudason, Kerrie Dunstan, Darryl Leong, Gary A. Macro vascular Risk and Diagnostic criteria for type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes care (2003); 24: 485-490.
6.David B Sacks, David Bruns, David Golsstein, Noel Maclaren JM,MC Donald & Marian Parrot. Guidelines and Recommendations for laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and management of Diabetes mellitus.Clinical Chemistry; 2002: 48: 436 –72.
7.World Health organization’s Expert committee on Diabetes mellitus second report, Geneva, WHO 1980 No 646.
8.Gowri MS, Van der Westhuyzen DR, Bridges SR, Anderson JW. Decreased protection by HDL from poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects against LDL oxidation may be due to the abnormal composition of HDL. Arterioscler ThrombVasc Biol 1999; 19:2226–33.
9.J. Managetal. Literature review of CVD management programme in the population 2004 ; July – August 10(4):326–44.
10.Jiang R, Schulze MB, Li TC, Rifal N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, et al. Non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B predict cardiovascular disease events among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(8):1991–7.
11.Stiegler P. and Cunlitte A, Simons LA, Simons J. Usefulness of Fasting plasma glucose to predict mortality Am J Cardiol. 2008 Oct 1; 102(7):831-4. Epub 2008 Jul 2.
12.Kumar MV, Shimokawa I, Nagy TR etal. Modern nutrition in health and nutrition. 2002; ProcNatlAcadsu USA: 99 1921 – 5.
13.Krauss RM. Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 ;27:1496-1504.
14.Study group: European Atherosclerosis society. Strategies for the prevention of coronary Heart disease. A policy statement of the European Heart Journal; 8: 77.
15.Goldberg IJ. Clinical review 124: Diabetic dyslipidemia: causes and consequences. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 2001; 86:965–71.
16.Goldenstein DE, Little RR; Lorez RA, Malone JI, Nathan D, Peterson CM Tests of glycemia in Diabetes: Diabetes care 1995; 18: 896 – 909.
17.El Harchaoui K, Van der Steeg WA, Stroes ES, Kuivenhoven JA, Otvos JD, Wareham NJ, et al. Value of low-density lipoprotein particle number and size as predictors of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2007);49:547–53.
18.Cooper GR, Myers GL, Smith SJ, Sampson EJ. Standardization of lipid, lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein measurements. Clin Cham 1998;B95 – B105.
19.Taskinen MR, Smith U. Lipid disorders in NIDDM: implications for treatment. J Int Med 1998; 244:361-70.
20.Taskinen MR. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice. Diabetologial 2003; 46:733–49.
21.Syvänne M, Taskinen M-R. Lipids and lipoproteins as coronary risk factors in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 350 Suppl 1997;1:S120-3
22.Clinical evaluation of Dyslipedemia among type II Diabetes mellitus patients at public Hospitals. Int Arch med 2010; Nov 24: 3- 34.
23.Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al.. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2643–53.
24.Peter Gæde, Pernille Vedel, Nicolai Larsen, Gunnar V.H. Jensen, Hans-Henrik Parving, and Oluf Pedersen, Multifactorial Intervention and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:383-93.
25.Frank B. Hu, Meir J. Stampfer, Steven M. Haffner, Caren G. Solomon, Walter C. Willett, and JoAnn E. Manson, Elevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Prior to Clinical Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care July 2002; 25 (7) ; 1129-34.
*Correspondence address:
Dr. S. Swaminathan.,
Chief of Biochemistry, Central Lab,
SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur,
Kancheepuram District. 603 203, Tamil Nadu.India.
Review article:-
Priyanka Sharma1*, Kuldip S Sodhi2, Kusum Singla3, Nitin Tangri4, Rajesh Pandey5 & Jasbir Singh6
Affiliation:-
1-3, 5,6 Department of Biochemistry, M.M Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
4Department of Respiratory Medicine, M.M Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
Abstract:-
Leptin, the protein product of the ob gene, is a multifunctional peptide hormone, the circulating concentration of which is proportional to fat mass since adipocytes are the primary source of leptin. It has a major physiological influence on body weight and metabolism and is significantly increased in obesity leading to the concept of leptin resistance. Leptin has been shown to increase the overall sympathetic nerve activity, facilitate glucose utilization and improve insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, leptin is capable of regulating cardiac and vascular contractility too. Studies indicate that leptin has a permissive role, with leptin administration being effective in states of leptin inadequacy, and largely ineffective in states of leptin excess. In addition, hyperleptinemia correlates with hyperphagia, insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, independent of total adiposity. In this article, we describe how the identification of leptin by Friedman et al in 1994 has proved seminal in broadening our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuroendocrine function, body weight, and energy homeostasis. Availability of leptin or smaller and more soluble leptin analogues for clinical studies in humans is further expected to significantly advance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis in humans. This, in turn, may result in development of novel therapeutic approaches for obesity and other metabolic disorders.
Key Words:- Adipose tissue, Leptin, Obesity, Hormones, Disease.
References:-
1.Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-32.
2.Mantzoros CS. The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130(8): 671-80.
3.Feng H, Zheng L, Feng Z, Zhao Y, Zhang N. The role of leptin in obesity and the potential for leptin replacement therapy. Endocrine 2012 Dec 29 (Epub ahead of print). PMID-23274948
4.Mantzoros CS, Magkos F, Brinkoetter M, Sienkiewicz E, Dardeno TA, Kim SY, et al. Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301: E567-E584.
5.Ren J. Leptin and hyperleptinemia-from friend to foe for cardiovascular function. J Endocrinol 2004; 181: 1-10.
6.Margetic S, Gazzola C, Pegg GG, Hill RA. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1407-33.
7.Considine RV. Human leptin: an adipocyte hormone with weight regulatory and endocrine functions. Semin Vasc Med 2005; 5(1): 15-24.
8.Bluher S, Mantzoros CS. Leptin in humans:lessons from translational research. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(suppl): 991S-7S.
9.Hall JE, Crook ED, Jones DW, Wofford MR, Dubbert PM. Mechanisms of obesity-associated cardiovascular and renal disease. Am J Med Sci 2002; 324: 127-37.
10.Jequier E. Leptin signalling. Cell Signal 2002; 14: 655-63.
11.Scheer FA, Helton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shee SA. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 4453-8.
12.Mullington JM, Chan JL, VanDogen HP, Szuba MP, Samaras J, Price NJ, et al. Sleep loss reduces diurnal rhythm amplitude of leptin in healthy men. J Neuroendocrinol 2003; 15: 851-4.
13.Mantzoros CS, Moschos SJ. Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology. Clin Endocrinol 1998; 6: 179-86.
14.Einollahi N, Dashti N, Nabatchian F. Serum leptin concentrations during the menstrual cycle in Iranian healthy women. Acta Med Iran 2010; 48: 300-303.
15.Kiess W, Petzold S, Topfer M, Garten A, Bluher S, Kapellen T, et al. Adipocytes and adipose tissue. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 22: 135-53.
16.Chan JL, Bluher S, Yiannakouris N, Suchard MA, Kratzsch J, Mantzoros CS. Regulation of circulating soluble leptin receptor levels by gender, adiposity, sex steroids, and leptin: observational and interventional studies in humans. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2105-12.
17.Farooqi SI, O’Rahilly S. Leptin: a pivotal regulator of human energy homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(suppl): 980S-4S.
18.Wang J, Obici S, Morgan K, Barzilai N, Feng Z, Rossetti L. Overfeeding rapidly induces leptin and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2786-91.
19.Flier JS, Ahima RS. Leptin. Annu Rev Physiol 2000; 62: 413-37.
20.Mantzoros CS, Ozata M, Negrao AB. Synchronicity of frequently sampled thyrotrophin (TSH) and leptin concentrations in healthy adults and leptin-deficient subjects: evidence for possible partial TSH regulation by leptin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3284-91.
21.Harris M, Aschkenasi C, Elias CF. Transcriptional regulation of the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone gene by leptin and melanocortin signaling. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 111-20.
22.Nillini EA, Vaslet C, Harris M, Hollenberg A, Bjorbak C, Flier JS. Leptin regulates prothyrotrophin-releasing hormone biosynthesis. Evidence for direct and indirect pathways. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 36124-33.
23.Toda C, Shiuchi T, Ckageyama H, Okamoto S, Coutinho EA, Sato T. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the ventromedial hypothalamus mediates leptin-induced glucose uptake in red type skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2013 Mar 25 (Epub ahead of print). PMID-23530005.
24.Greo AV, Mingrone G, Giancaterini A, Manco M, Morroni M, Cinti S, et al. Insulin resistance in morbid obesity: reversal with intramyocellular fat depletion. Diabetes 2002; 51: 144-51.
25.Perez C, Fernandez – Galaz C, Fernandez – Agullo T, Arribas C, Andres A, Ros M, et al. Leptin impairs insulin signaling in rat adipocytes. Diabetes 2004; 53: 347-53.
26.Ahren B, Havel PJ. Leptin inhibits insulin secretion induced by cellular cAMP in a pancreatic B cell line (INS- 1 cells). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1999; 277: R959-66.
27.Lam NT, Cheung AT, Riedel MJ, Light PE, Cheeseman CI, Kieffer TJ. Leptin reduces glucose transport and cellular ATP levels in INS- 1 beta cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2004; 32: 415-24.
28.Seufert J, Kieffer TJ, Leech CA, Holz GG, Moritz W, Ricordi C, et al. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 670-6.
29.Tuduri E, Marroqui L, Soriano S, Ropero AB, Batista TM, Piquer S, et al. Inhibitory effects of leptin on pancreatic alpha – cell function. Diabetes 2009; 58: 1616-24.
30.Hill JW, Elmquist JK, Elias CF. Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294: E827-32.
31.Landry D, Cloutier F, Martin LJ. Implications of leptin in neuroendocrine regulation of male reproduction. Reprod Biol 2013; 13(1):1-14.
32.Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD. A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat Genet 1998; 18: 213-5.
33.Matarese G, Moschos S, Mantzoros CS. Leptin in immunology. J Immunol 2005; 174: 3137-42.
34.Mancuso P, Gottschalk A, Phare S, Peters-Golden M, Lukacs NW, Huffnagle GB. Leptin-deficient mice exhibit impaired host defence in gram-negative pneumonia. J Immunol 2002; 168: 4018-24.
35.Karsenty G, Oury F. The central regulation of bone mass, the first link between bone remodeling and energy metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 4795-4801.
36.Hamrick MW, Della Fera MA, Choi YH, Hartzell D, Pennington C, Baile CA. Injections of leptin into rat ventromedial hypothalamus increase adipocyte apoptosis in peripheral fat and in bone marrow. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 327: 133-41.
37.Gordeladze JO, Drevon CA, Syversen U, Reseland JE. Leptin stimulates human osteoblastic cell proliferation, denovo collagen synthesis, and mineralization: Impact on differentiation markers, apoptosis, and osteoclastic signaling. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85: 825-36.
38.Hamrick MW. Leptin and bone: a consensus emerging? BoneKEy-Osteovision 2007; 4: 99-107.
39.Unger RH, Orci L. Lipoapoptosis: its mechanism and its diseases. Biochemica Biophysica Acta 2002; 1585: 202-12.
40.Havel PJ. Role of adipose tissue in body- weight regulation: mechanisms regulating leptin production and energy balance. Proc Nutr Soc 2000; 59: 359-71.
41.Eikelis N, Schlaich M, Aggarwal A, Kaye D, Esler M. Interactions between leptin and the human sympathetic nervous system. Hypertension 2003; 41: 1072-9.
42.Malmquist K, Ohman KP, Lind L, Nystrom F, Kahan T. Relationships between left ventricular mass and the renin- angiotensin system, catecholamines, insulin and leptin. J Int Med 2002; 252: 430-9.
43.Winnicki M, Somers VK, Accurso V, Phillips BG, Puato M, Palatini P, Pauletto P. Fish – rich diet, leptin, and body mass. Circulation 2002; 106: 289-91.
44.Anderson CM, Ren J. Leptin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Cell Mol Biol 2002; 48: OL323-OL329.
45.Bjorback C, El-Haschimi K, Frantz D, Flier JS. The role of SOCS- 3 in leptin signaling and leptin resistance. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 30059-65.
46.Moon HS, Matarese G, Brennan AM, Chamberland JP, Liux, Fiorenza CG, et al. Efficacy of metreleptin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: cellular and molecular pathways underlying leptin tolerance. Diabetes 2011; 60: 1647-56.
47.Farooqi S. Insights from genetics of severe childhood obesity. Horm Res 2007; 68(s): 5-7.
48.Banks WA. Leptin transport across the blood- brain barrier: implications for the cause and treatment of obesity. Curr Pharm Des 2001; 7: 125-33.
49.Tu H, Kastin AJ, Hsuchou H, Pan W. Soluble receptor inhibits leptin transport. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214: 301-5.
50.Buyukbese MA, Cetinkaya A, Kocabos R, Guvan A, Tarakciogln M. Leptin levels in obese women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mediators Inflamm 2004; 13(5-6): 321-5.
51.Donahue RP, Prineas RJ, Donahue RD. Is fasting leptin associated with insulin resistance among non-diabetic individuals? The Miami Community Health Study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1092-6.
52.Tasaka Y, Yanagiarwa K, Iwamoto Y. Human plasma leptin in obese subjects and diabetics. Endocr J 1997; 44: 671-76.
53.Schulze PC, Kratzsch J, Linke A, Schoene N, Adams V, Gulen S, et al. Elevated serum levels of leptin and soluble leptin receptor in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5: 33-40.
54.Modan- Moses D, Ehrlich S, Kantey H, Dagan O, Pariente C, Esrahi N, et al. Circulating leptin and the perioperative neuroendocrinological stress response after paediatric cardiac surgery. Critical Care Medicine 2001; 29: 2377- 82.
55.Dotsch J, Wagner R, Groschl M, Schoof E, Harig F, Scharf J, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery does not further increase elevated serum leptin concentration after major surgery. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2001; 2: 36-9.
56.Phillips BG, Kato M, Narkiewicz K, Choe I, Somers VK. Increase in leptin levels, sympathetic drive and weight gain in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279: H234-7.
57.Testelmans D, Tamisier R, Barone-Rochette G, Baguet JP, Roux-Lombard P, Pepin JL, et al. Profile of circulating cytokines:impact of OSA, obesity and acute cardiovascular events. Cytokines 2013; 66(13): S1043-6.
58.Kelesidis T, Mantzoroz CS. The emerging role of leptin in humans. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2006; 3: 239- 48.
59.Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD. A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat Genet 1998; 18: 213-5.
60.Paz-Filho G, Mastronardi C, Delibasi T, Wong ML, Licinio J. Congenital leptin deficiency: diagnosis and effects of leptin replacement therapy. Arq Bas Endocrinol Metabol 2010; 54: 690-7.
61.Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, Keogh JM, Lawrence E, Aguri C, et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness and neuroendocrine/ metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 1093-1103.
62.Coppari R, Bjorbaek C. Leptin revisited: its mechanism of action and potential for treating diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11(9): 692-708.
63.Zadeh ES, Lungu AO, Cochran EK, Brown RJ, Ghany MG, Heller T, et al. The liver diseases of lipodystrophy:the long term effect of leptin treatment. J Hepatol 2013; 78(13): S168-82.
64.Kamran F, Rother KI, Cochran E, Safar Zadeh E, Gorden P, Brown RJ. Consequences of stopping and restarting leptin in an adolescent with lipodystrophy. Horm Res Paediatr 2012; 78(5-6): 320-5.
65.Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Chou S, Mantzoros CS. Narrative review: the role of leptin in human physiology: emerging clinical applications. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 93-100
66.Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J, Murphy R, Smith P, DePaoli Am, et al. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 987-97.
67.Lucas A, Granada ML, Olaizola I, Castell C, Julian MT, Pellitero S, et al. Leptin and thyrotrophin relationship is modulated by smoking status in euthyroid subjects. Thyroid 2013 (Epub ahead of print). PMID-23528137.
68.Chan JL, Moschos SJ, Bullen J, Heist K, Li X, Kim YB, et al. Recombinant methionyl human leptin administration activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vivo and regulates soluble tumour necrosis factor- alpha receptor levels in humans with relative leptin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1625-31.
69.Monzillo LU, Hamdy O, Horton ES, Hedbury S, Mullooly C, Jarema C, et al. Effect of lifestyle modification on adipokine levels in obese subjects with insulin resistance. Obes Res 2003; 11: 1048-54.
70.Rosenbaum M, Goldsmith R, Bloomfield D, Magnano A, Weimer L, Heymsfield S, et al. Low- dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 3579-86.
*Correspondence address:
Priyanka Sharma.,
Department of Biochemistry,
M.M Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,
Mullana,Ambala,Haryana,India.
Copyright © 2013 Sharma Priyanka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report:-
Uday Shankar. Reddy* & Aarti.R
*MDS, Oral medicine & Radiology, Perfect 32 dental Care, Pragathi nagar, Hyderabad,Andra Pradesh,India.
BDS, Dental Surgeon, Perfect32 dental Care, Pragathi nagar, Hyderabad,India.
Abstract:-
Mouth and jaw get infected by bacteria, virus, fungi, and protozoa. Fungus exists in the mouth, nasal cavity and maxillary antrum as normal inhabitant and in certain conditions like diabetes, debilitating disease, malignancy, burns and immunosuppressive disease fungus plays an opportunistic infection producing diseased process in mouth and jaw with destruction of tissues in the jaw bone, nasal cavity, maxillary antrum, zygomatic bone and spreads posteriorly to the base of the brain causing destruction. Mucormycosis is a serious infection caused by an opportunistic fungus. The most frequently affected area is the maxillofacial region. A case of mucormycosis of the palatal tissue in a female diabetic patient is reported.
Key Words:- Mucormycosis, Haemotologic malignancy.
References:-
1.Paltauf (1885) cited by Gabriel Forteza. Miguel Burgeno et al.- Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis. J.Cranio –Max.Fac.Surgs 1988; 1680-84 .
2.Pillsbury.H.C., N.D. Fischer: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis. Arch.otolaryngol 1977; 103: 600.
3.Baker, R.D.: The phycomycetes. Ann. N.Y.acad. sci 1970;174592. 4.Orval E Brown, Richard Finn, :Mucormycosis of the mandible J.Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;44: 132-6.
5.Anne C.J., Teresa Y.B. et al: Mucormycosis of the Oral Cavity: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1933; 75: 455-60.
6.Tabachnick T.T., Levine B: Mucormycosis of craniofacial structures.J Oral Surg 1975; 33:464.
7.Taylor CG. Et al: Mucormycosis (Phycomycosis) involving the maxillae Oral Surg 1969; 27: 806. 8.Groote CA., Rhinocerebral phycomycosis. Arch Oro Laryngol 1970; 92:288.
*Correspondence address:
Dr. Uday Shankar Reddy (MDS).
Oral Medicine and Radiology,
Perfect 32 dental Care, Pragathi nagar, Hyderabad,Andra Pradesh,India..
Contact no: +91 -8297095700
Research article:- Biochemistry
Priya.G 1, Revathy.K 2*, Emila.S 3, Swaminathan.S 2**
1Senior Technical Officer, Department of Biochemistry, Apollo Specialty Hospital, Chennai – 600035, India.
2*Ex. Junior Technical Officer & ** Ex. Senior Consultant & Head Department of Biochemistry, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Chennai – 600035, India.
3Lab Technologist, Department of Biochemistry, SRM Institute for Medical Sciences, Chennai -600026,India.
Abstract:- To investigate the association between Non-High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (Non-HDL–C) to various other lipid profile tests and to recommend its clinical usefulness in the diagnosis of Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD). Materials and methods: This study was carried out using lipid profile tests Total Cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein-C, Low Density Lipoprotein – C and Triglycerides (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, Tg) for 500 patients (350 males, 19 – 79 years and 150 females, 23- 85 years) over a period of one month. Measurements of the above analytes were done using state of art automated analysers and internationally accepted reagent kits. Appropriate accuracy controls were employed to validate the accuracy of the results obtained. Non HDL-C was calculated as the difference between TC& HDL-C. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to calculate r, t, & p values and the association between Non HDL-C and other lipid profile tests were calculated to find out r, t and p values. A p value of less < 0.05 indicates significant association with other lipid profile viz TC, LDL-C, and Tg. Results: A highly significant association (p<0.0001) for non HDL-C with TC, LDL-C, Tg were obtained indicating that this parameter may serve an alternate to LDL-C. Conclusion: This study is based on a large number of patients and the results obtained suggest the usefulness of non HDL-C as an index of assessing cardiac function. This approach is easy to arrive at and which represents all fractions of cholesterol except HDL-C. Further this approach will avoid measuring LDL-C, an expensive testing procedure. Non-HDL-C which contain all fractions other than HDL-C and which are responsible for plaque and atherosclerosis formation, may help in the diagnosis of CVD.
Keywords:- Lipid Profile, CVD, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, Tg, CHD, VLDL, NHDL-C, apoB, Lp(a).
References:-
1. Joya Ghosh, T. K. Mishra, Y. N. Rao, S. K. Aggarwal. Oxidised LDL, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol levels in patients of coronary artery disease. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2006; 21(1), 181-4.
2. Packard CJ, Saito Y. Non-HDL cholesterol as a measure of atherosclerotic risk. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004; 11(1):6-14.
3. Sarwar H. Orakzai, Khurram Nasir, Michael Blaha, Roger S. Blumenthal, Paolo Raggi. Non-HDL cholesterol is strongly associated with coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202(1): 289–95.
4. I. S. Young and J. McEneny. Lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. Biochemical Society Transactions 2001; 29:358–62.
5. Naoto Fukuyama, Kazuhiro Homma, Noriaki Wakana, Kaori Kudo, Asako Suyama, Hikari Ohazama, Chizuko Tsuji, Kazuo Ishiwata, Yu Eguchi, Hiroe Nakazawa,and Etsuro Tanaka . Validation of the friedewald equation for evaluation of plasma LDL-Cholesterol. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008; 43(1): 1–5.
6. Jesús Millán, Xavier Pintó, Anna Muñoz, Manuel Zúñiga, Joan Rubiés-Prat, Luis Felipe Pallardo, Luis Masana,Alipio Mangas, Antonio Hernández-Mijares, Pedro González-Santos, Juan F Ascaso,and Juan Pedro-Bote. Lipoprotein ratios: Physiological significance and clinical usefulness in cardiovascular prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5: 757–65.
7. Jian Liu, Christopher Sempos, Richard P. Donahue, Joan Dorn, Maurizio Trevisan, Scott M. Grundy. Joint Distribution of Non-HDL and LDL Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Among Individuals With and Without Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (8) 1916-21.
8. Shimano H, Arai H, Harada-Shiba M, Ueshima H, Ohta T, Yamashita S, Gotoda T, Kiyohara Y, Hayashi T,Kobayashi J, Shimamoto K, Bujo H, Ishibashi S, Shirai K, Oikawa S, Saito Y, Yamada N. Proposed guidelines for hypertriglyceridemia in Japan with non-HDL cholesterol as the second target. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 2008;15(3):116-21.
9. Tobias Pischon, Cynthia J. Girman, Frank M. Sacks, Nader Rifai, Meir J. Stampfer, Eric B. Rimm. Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B in the Prediction of Coronary heart disease in men. Circulation 2005; 112: 3375-83.
10. Marianne Benn, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Gorm Boje Jensen, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen. Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins: Improving Prediction of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population Using Apolipoprotein B. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2007; 27: 661-70.
11. Grundy SM, Vega GL, Tomassini JE, Tershakovec AM. Correlation of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with apolipoprotein B during simvastatin + fenofibrate therapy in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. The American Journal of Cardiology 2009; 104(4):548-3.
12. Jennifer G. Robinson, MD, MPH; Songfeng Wang, MS; Brian J. Smith, PhD; Terry A. Jacobson. Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and Coronary Heart Disease Risk FREE. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53(4):316-22.
13. Orakzai SH, Nasir K, Blaha M, Blumenthal RS, Raggi P. Non-HDL cholesterol is strongly associated with coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202(1):289-95.
14. Maria G. Frontini, Sathanur R. Srinivasan, Jihua Xu, Rong Tang, MD, M. Gene Bond, Gerald S. Berenson. Usefulness of Childhood Non–High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Versus Other Lipoprotein Measures in Predicting Adult Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 2008; 121 (5): 24-9.
15 Kawamoto R, Oka Y, Tomita H, Kodama A. Non-HDL cholesterol as a predictor of carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 2005; 12(3):143-8.
16. Kuo-Liong Chien, Hsiu-Ching Hsu, Ta-Chen Su, Ming-Fong Chen, Yuan-Teh Lee, Frank B. Hu. Apolipoprotein B and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese. The Journal of Lipid Research, 11/2007; 48(11):2499-505.
17. Michael H. Davidson. Is LDL-C Passed Its Prime?The Emerging Role of Non-HDL, LDL-P, and ApoB in CHD Risk Assessment. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2009; 28: 1582-3.
18. Allan D. Sniderman. Apolipoprotein B Versus Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. And the Winner Is.. Circulation 2005; 112: 3366-37.
Copyright © 2013 Swaminathan. S et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
*Correspondence address:
Dr. S. Swaminathan.,
Senior Consultant &Head,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Institute for Medical Sciences,
Vadapalani, Chennai- 600026, India.
Cross sectional study
Hegde Shruthi S1, Pai Keshava K2*, Abhishekh Hulegar A3 & Sandeep K.R1
Affiliation:-
1MBBS student, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, India- 575003.
2Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, India -575003.
3Medical student, Bangalore Medical College & Research institute. Bangalore. Karnataka, India- 575003.
Abstract:-
Introduction: Recent metaanalysis on prevalence of antenatal depression in middle and low income countries showed a weighted mean prevalence of 15.6%. There has far been very less empirical research on the occurrence of antenatal depressive morbidity among Indian women. Hence the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of antenatal depression and risk factors associated with it. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in obstetric outpatient department of tertiary care hospital, Mangalore. A total of 253 women attending the routine antenatal clinic during the study period formed the study subjects. Edinburg postnatal depression scale (EPDS) was administered to all the participants. EPDS score of greater than or equal to 13 was taken to calculate the prevalence of antenatal depression. Results: The prevalence of antenatal depression was found to be 36.75%. Male gender preference, unemployment, poor relation with the husband, term pregnancy and lack of recreation were independently associated with antenatal depression, while support from family and husband, being satisfied with pregnancy and being employed were associated with a reduced likelihood of depression. Conclusion: Prevalence of antenatal depression was found to be high in our population. Further community based studies are required to address this issue.
Key Words:- Antenatal-Depression, Prevalence, Gender-preference.
References:-
1.Klerman G, Weissman MM. Increasing rates of depression. Jama 1989;261:2229-35.
2.Jane Fisher, Meena Cabral de Mello, Vikram Patel et al. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2012;90:139-149H.
3.Chandran M, Tharyan P, Mullyll J, Abraham S. Post-partum depression in cohort of women from a rural area of Tamilnadu, India. Incidence and risk factors. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181: 499-504.
4.Stewart RC. Maternal depression and infant growth: a review of recent evidence. Matern Child Nutr 2007; 3:94-107.
5.Pawlby S, Hay D, Sharp D. Antenatal depression and offspring psychopathology: the influence of childhood maltreatment. Br J Psychiatry 2011;199:106-12.
6.Hobfoll SE, Ritter C, Lavin J. Depression prevalence and incidence among innercity pregnant and postpartum women. J consult clin psychol 1995. 65:44553.
7.Watson JP, Elliott SA, Rugg AJ. Psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and the first postnatal year. Br j psychiatry 1984; 144:453.
8.Bolton HL, Hughes PM, Turton P. Incidence and demographic correlates of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in an inner city London population. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1998; 19:202-9.
9.Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC. Depressive symptoms among pregnant women screened in obstetrics settings. J Womens Health 2003; 12:373-80.
10.Rodgers CS, Lang AJ, Twamley EW. Sexual trauma and pregnancy: a conceptual framework. J Women’s Health 2003; 12:961-70.
11.Adouard F, Glangeaud-Freudenthal NM, Golse B. Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale in a sample of women with high-risk pregnancies in France. Arch Womens Ment Health 2005;8:89-95.
12.Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H. Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. Br.Med J 2001; 323:257-60.
13.Zuckerman B, Amaro H, Bauchner H. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1107-11.
14.Dhillon N, Macarthur C. Antenatal depression and male gender preference in Asian women in the UK. Midwifery 2010; 26:286-93.
15.Kamel HS, Ahmed HN, Eissa MA, Abol . Psychological and obstetrical responses of mothers following antenatal fetal sex identification. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1991; 25:43-50.
*Correspondence address:
Keshava Pai K.,
Associate Professor,
Department of Psychiatry,
Kasturba Medical College,
Mangalore, Manipal University, India.
Copyright © 2013 Pai Keshava et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.