DocumentsDate added
Review article:-
N.Raghavendra Reddy, S.Tamil Selvi, Esther Nalini, Renuka Devi & Arun Kumar Prasad.
Affiliation:-
Department of Periodontics, K.S.R Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, K.S.R. Kalvi Nagar,Kuchipalyam(P.O)-Tiruchengode-637215,Namakkal(Dist),Tamilnadu-India.
Abstract:-
Background: It has been demonstrated that genetic variations accounts for approximately half of the variance in periodontitis. Like many other common human diseases, periodontitis appears to be influenced by more than one gene, and the identification of such genes would provide a valuable tool for risk assessment. The study aimed to focus on a systematic review of literature to find out the role of genetic factors in periodontitis.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search on the PubMed database up to 2012 was conducted using the keywords: Periodontitis, Periodontal disease, in combination with the words Genes, Mutations or Polymorphisms. The studies selected for the review (1) were written in English, (2) Study design including patients with chronic (CP) or aggressive (AP) periodontitis, and (3) Reported genotype distribution. This review focussed on the role of genetic polymorphisms (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the susceptibility of chronic periodontitis.
Results: The studies by many groups have demonstrated that genetics play an important role in severity and progression. Case control association study designs are considered as a powerful method in detecting the high frequently occurring candidate gene polymorphisms. Because of diversity of ethnic background of study cohorts, the genotype and allele frequencies differ between different ethnic populations. No gene polymorphism has as yet been shown to be a risk factor for susceptibility of chronic periodontitis.
Conclusion: Future studies should follow strict disease classification and large study cohorts to find for relevant risk factors associated with periodontitis and include analysis of multiple gene polymorphisms. The possibility to include data from multiple gene polymorphisms or haplotypes and their environmental interactions will give us a better assessment of pathophysiology of periodontal disease.
Key Words:- periodontitis, genetics, polymorphisms, mutations.
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Article citation:-
N.Raghavendra Reddy et al. The role of genetic factors in periodontitis – A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 June; 31(31): 1178-1183.
Copyright © 2013 N.Rahgavendra Reddy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article:-
Modi Syamal1*,2 & Chachan Smriti3,4
Affiliation:-
1Tutor, Department of microbiology, Patna Medical College, Patna, Bihar, India.
2Consultant microbiologist, Modi Diagnostics, Road number 11/F, Rajendra nagar, Patna-800016, Bihar, India.
3DNB Trainee (Family medicine), Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata, India.
4Visiting consultant, Modi nursing home, Road number 11/F, Rajendra nagar, Patna-800016, Bihar, India.
Abstract:
Context: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important cause of morbidity especially in women, both in outpatient as well as in hospitalized settings. Prompt detection and treatment strategies are required for UTI, and in spite of the availability of a wide spectrum of antibiotics, UTI remains a major challenge for the clinician to treat especially with the emergence of new bacterial strains producing extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs). Information on ESBL producing organisms causing UTI in India is limited. Current knowledge on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens is mandatory for appropriate therapy.
Aim: The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of UTI at a medical centre in Patna, perform phenotypic characterization of the urinary isolates and study their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns so as to identify the ESBL producers in the population of different uropathogens.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred urinary isolates from patients of clinically suspected UTI, presenting to a multi-speciality nursing home in Patna, were analyzed in this study. Urine cultures were performed on 5% sheep blood agar and Mac Conkey agar. The isolates were identified by conventional methods. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed on Mueller Hinton agar by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The isolates resistant to cephotaxime were subjected to double disk synergy test method to detect ESBL production and the NCCLS-ESBL phenotypic confirmatory test to confirm ESBL production. Results: Females were found to suffer from UTI 1.85 times more frequently than males. Majority of patients (58.5%) were between 20-50 years of age. The gram negative bacilli were isolated more frequently (85.0%) than the gram positive cocci (15.0%). Majority of the isolates were Escherichia coli (60.0%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (17.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.0%). The E. coli and Klebsiella isolates showed low sensitivity to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and cephalosporins. All gram negative isolates were sensitive to imipenem. All gram positive isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin+clavulanate and vancomycin. Staphylococcus aureus strains showed low sensitivity towards ampicillin (21.78%) and cotrimoxazole (34.83%) but relatively higher sensitivities to the other antibiotics. 24.70% of gram negative bacilli were found to be ESBL producers, mainly 18 isolates of E.coli (15.0%) and 14 of Klebsiella spp. (40.0%). None of the gram positive isolates was found to produce ESBL. Among the 42 ESBL producers, 97.61% strains were resistant to ampicillin, 95.23% to cotrimoxazole, 85.5% to amikacin, 73.83% to ciprofloxacin and 69.04% to levofloxacin. The ESBL producing isolates of E.coli showed co-resistance of 94.4% against ampicillin and 88.88% to cotrimoxazole and those of Klebsiella spp. showed 100.0% co-resistance against ampicillin and cotrimoxazole. However, all the isolates of Enterobacteriaceae producing ESBL were sensitive to imipenem. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance especially due to increasing prevalence of ESBL producers is becoming a big problem in the management of UTI patients. High rates of ESBL production may be due to indiscriminate use of extended spectrum antibiotics. Organisms confirmed to be ESBL producers should be reported resistant to all extended spectrum beta lactam antibiotics regardless of susceptibility results. It is important for clinical microbiology laboratory to be aware of these isolates and implement a method for detection of ESBL producing isolates. Active surveillance cultures, contact precautions for patients and judicious use of antimicrobials are required to significantly reduce the incidence of ESBL producers.
Key Words: Antimicrobial sensitivity, extended spectrum β lactamase, phenotypic, urine culture, urinary tract infection.
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Article citation:-
Modi Syamal & Chachan Smriti. Phenotypic characterization and detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase production in urinary isolates from UTI patients at a medical centre in Patna, India. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 June; 31(31): 1184-1191.
Copyright © 2013 Modi Syamal & Chachan Smriti. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:-
Jai Ram Kaundal1*, Nishant Negi2,V.P. Sharma3,G.K Singh4
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor,2Lecturer,Department. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics;H.P.Govt. Dental College and Hospital; Shimla, Himachal Pradesh- 171001; India.
3Professor and Principal, Dental College Barabanki U.P.,India.
4Professor, Deptt. Of orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,K.G.M.U.,Lucknow,U.P.India.
Abstract:
Aim:- To evaluate crowding in relation to tooth size, arch size and arch form in North-East Indian population. Material and methods-This study was conducted on study casts obtained from 40 subjects of North East origin who were divided into crowded and noncrowded group. For each of the subjects cumulative tooth width, arch width, arch length, arch perimeter, overjet, overbite, curve of spee, palatal vault height and arch form were measured. Student’s t test was used to compare two groups.
Results:- Crowded male samples had increased total tooth material with decreased arch perimeter and intermolar width. Crowded female sample had increased total tooth material with reduced arch perimeter and arch length. Conclusion:- Crowding was associated with reduced arch perimeter, reduced intermolar width and increased total tooth material in North-East Indian population.
Key Words: Arch form, Arch size, Crowding.
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Article citation:-
Kaundal Jai Ram et al. Evaluation of crowding in relation to tooth size, arch size and arch form in North-east Indian population. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 June; 31(31): 1199-1204.
Copyright © 2013 Kaundal Jai Ram et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article:-
*1Ajay Kumar A, 2M. R.Vasanthan & 3N. Kannan
Affiliations:-
1Associate Professor, 2 Professor, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (7, works road, Chromepet, Chennai – 600044), India.
Abstract:-
A surgical procedure performed on a patient admitted and discharged on the same day of surgery is an accepted and well-established practice in modern medicine today. The principal arguments in favour of this practice are minimizing cost and making hospital resources available for more number of patients, as each patient spends a shorter period in the hospital. The availability of shorter acting anaesthetic agents with better recovery profile has made general anaesthesia applicable in day case procedures. The ‘clear headedness’ of recovery enables the patients to be discharged from the hospital just a few hours after surgery. The drugs found most suitable for this technique are Propofol and Sevoflurane. The present study compares the recovery characteristics of these two drugs and their usefulness in ambulatory anaesthesia. We compared the recovery profile of 40 patients coming for surgeries lasting less than an hour. Aldrete scoring was used to assess early recovery and PADSS scoring used for assessing ‘Home Readiness’. ‘Home Readiness’ was sooner while using Sevoflurane VIMA(Volatile Induction and Maintenance Anesthesia) as compared to Propofol TIVA(Total Intravenous Anesthesia) making Sevoflurane the ideal choice for Day case surgery.
Keywords: Propofol TIVA, Sevoflurane VIMA, Recovery scores, Day case anaesthesia.
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2.Cedric Prys-Roberts and Burnell R. Brown Jr 1996; 1(2) : Chapters 121 and 123.
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Article citation:-
Ajay Kumar. A, M. R. Vasanthan & N. Kannan. Comparison of recovery from propofol TIVA and sevoflurane VIMA in day case surgeries. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 June; 31(31): 1214-1220.
Copyright © 2013 Ajay Kumar A, R.Uma & M. R.Vasanthan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Clinical updates:-
*1Obaid Mohammad, 2Pandey Rajesh, 3Singh Jasbir, 4Agrawal Bimal K & 3Sodhi Kuldip S.
Affiliation:-
1MD student, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor, Department of Biochemistry ,4Professor, Department of General Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala. Haryana, India.133207.
Abstract:
From being considered a mere end product of insulin synthesis, to its current role as an active biological molecule, C-peptide has evolved immensely. Its role in diabetic micro vascular complications like nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy has been substantially elucidated. Numerous signal transduction mechanisms have been implicated including those involving the stimulation of Na+K+-ATPase, endothelial nitric oxide synthetase, protein kinase C, mitogen activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases. Therapeutic trials of C-peptide in patients with diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy have shown considerable success, prompting some authors to propose the idea of labeling diabetes as a dual hormone disease, a somewhat premature, yet thought provoking proposal. The focus should now shift towards evaluating its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Because of their complex pathogeneses, this role is less clear. However, it can safely be said that elucidating this association is only a matter of time. Altered C-peptide levels in non diabetic pathologies like cancers of colon, breast and prostate and in thyroid disorders are another interesting finding. Much more however needs to be done to explain the possible mechanisms of these alterations and suggest plausible clinical applications. The search for a C-peptide receptor still remains elusive. Its discovery, perhaps, can serve as the final nail in the coffin in deciphering the C-peptide puzzle.
Key Words:- Cancer, C-peptide, Complications, Diabetes mellitus, Insulin.
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Article citation:-
Obaid Mohammad et al. The rediscovery of C-Peptide: A clinical update. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 June; 31(31): 1221-1228.
Copyright © 2013 Obaid Mohammad et al.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.