DocumentsDate added
Original Article
Donald S. Christian1*, K. N. Sonaliya2 & Jignesh Garsondiya3
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor, 2Professor and Head, 3Assistant Professor (Statistics), Department of Community Medicine, GCS Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India
*Correspondence to:-
Dr. Donald S. Christian (MD),
Assistant Professor,
Department of Community Medicine,
GCS Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Opp DRM Office, Nr. Chamuda Bridge, Naroda Road, Ahmedabad. -380025.Gujrat, India
Phone (office): (+91) 79 66048000 ,Mobile: (+91) 9825888630
Core idea: Adverse sex ratio for girls due to possible female feticide is a burning issue in India. Pregnant women are ‘the’ stakeholder if a behavior change is expected for creation of an environment favorable to the girl child. The study focuses mainly on the knowledge as well as awareness for saving the girl child campaign (which has been run by the state and the national government) among pregnant women located in the suburban areas of Ahmedabad city.
Abstract:
Introduction: Small family trends among urban areas could lead to serious gender imbalance in urban societies, as male sex is preferred by the families by and large. Pregnant women form an important stakeholder to the success of the save the girl child mission and thereby for improving the gender imbalance. Pregnant women of all classes should be aware about why and how the girl child must be saved. Objective: To study the awareness for saving the girl child among suburban pregnant women of communities in the service areas of a medical college.
Material and Methods: Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: Antenatal women of the community of Saijpur ward attending antenatal clinics of the area. A sample of 200 pregnant women was interviewed using pre-tested Performa taking their consent. Institutional ethical consent was obtained beforehand and the data were analyzed.
Results: Out of the total 200 respondents, most of them (n=184, 92%) were literate. The association between choice of a particular reason for the gender preference and the previous pregnancy outcome was also significant. Only about less than half (43.5%, n=87) of the respondents were aware about the term “female feticide” in local language. While the term “save the girl child” was known by almost two third (n=134, 67%) of the respondents. The term “women empowerment” in local language, was heard by only 30% (n=60) of the respondents.
Conclusions and recommendations: Pregnant women tend to prefer a male child, more so when keeping the fact in mind that the previous one was a daughter. The women are aware and understand the terms like “Save the girl child” and “Pre-natal testing” but they lack knowledge about terms like “Women Empowerment”. The lack of deeper knowledge about why to save the girl child could be the reason why they still prefer male child over female by themselves.
Key words: Save the girl child; Gender preferences; Female feticide; Suburban pregnant women; Ahmedabad city.
References:
1.Dey I & Chaudhuri R N, Gender Preference and its Implications on Reproductive Behavior of Mothers in a Rural Area of West Bengal, Indian J Community Med., 2009 January; 34(1): 65–67. [Pubmed]
2.Singh JP, Socio-cultural aspects of the high masculinity ratio in India, J Asian Afr Stud. 2010; 45(6):628-44. [Pubmed]
3.Hesketh T., Selecting sex: the effect of preferring sons, Early Hum Dev. 2011 Nov; 87(11):759-61. Epub 2011 Sep 14. [Pubmed]
4.Bhat P N, Zavier A J., Fertility decline and gender bias in northern India, Demography. 2003 Nov; 40(4):637-57. [Pubmed]
5.Kansal R, Maroof K A, Bansal R & Parashar P. A hospital based study on knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women on gender preferences, prenatal sex determination and female feticide, Indian J of Public Health, Oct-Dec 2010;54(4)209-12. [Pubmed]
6.Vadera B N, Joshi U K, Unadkat S V, Yadav B S & Yadav S, Study on knowledge, attitude and practice regarding gender preferences and female feticide among pregnant women, Indian J Comm Med, October 2007; 32(4):300-1. Online access: www.ijcm.org.in/temp/IndianJCommunityMed324300-2008249_053442.pdf.
7.Gaudin S., Son preference in Indian families: absolute versus relative wealth effects, Demography. 2011; 48(1):343-70. [Pubmed]
8.Tragler A. A study on sex ratio at birth in suburban slums of Mumbai, Indian J Public Health. 2011 Apr-Jun; 55(2):128-31. [Pubmed]
Article citation:-
Donald S. Christian, K. N.Sonaliya & Jignesh Garsondiya. Pregnant women’s awareness for saving the girl child- A study from suburban population of Ahmedabad City, Gujarat, India. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 September; 34(34):1720-1723.Available at http: //www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 Donald S. Christian,K. N.Sonaliya & Jignesh Garsondiya. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Short communication
*1Hinduja Dharam, 2 Muthu Karuppaiah. R, 3 MN Vishwanath, 4 Babaji Prashant & 5 DMello Kuldeep
Affiliation:
1Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Index Dental College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
2Reader, Department of Community Dentistry, Rajah Muthai Dental College, Chidamberam, Tamilnadu, India.
3Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Sharavathi Dental College, Shimoga, Karnataka, India.
4Associate Professor,Department of Pedodontics, Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur, India.
5Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur-342001, Rajasthan, India.
Abstract:
Nanorobotics technology is an area of science which refers to designing and building nanorobotic device ranging from 0.1 to 10 mm. This technology is used in both medicine and dentistry for tooth renaturalisation, orthodontics teeth alignment, for local anesthesia, diagnosing and treating the disease.
Key words: Nano dentistry; nano technology; nano medicine.
REFERENCES
1.Ravindran R. Nano technology in cancer diagnosis and treatment: An overview. Oral and maxillofacial Pathology Journal. 2011;2(1): 101-105.
2.Mouli CPe, Kumar MS, Parthiban S. International Journal of Biological & medical Research. 2012; 3(2): 1550-1553.
3.Bhvaneswarri J, Alam N, chandrashekaran SC, Sathya MS. Future impact of nanotechnology in Dentistry-A review. 2013;3(2):15-20.
4.Verma SK, Chauhan R. Nanorobotics in dentistry-A review. Indian Journal of Dentistry. 20-13;1-9.
5.Shetty NJ, Swati P, David K. Nanorobotics:Future in dentistry. 2012;25:49-52.
6.Rybachuk AV, Nebesna T Yu. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles in Dentistry. Pharacology and Pharmaceutics.2009;18-21.
Article citation:-
Hinduja D et al. Nano dentistry: A boon to dentistry. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 September; 34(34): 1654-1656. Available at http://www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 Hinduja D et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
AnkolekarVrinda H1*,Quadros Lydia S2 & D’souza Antony S3
Affiliation:-
1MD Anatomy, 2M.Sc. (Medical), 3MS Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal – 576104, Karnataka, India.
Author’s contributions:- AnkolekarVrinda H contributes towards concept, design, literature search, clinical studies, data acquisition, statistical analysis, manuscript writing and editing. Quadros Lydia S helps in literature search, data analysis, manuscript editing, and writing. D’souza Antony S analysed, collected the data and helped in manuscript writing.
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Centre for Basic Sciences, Manipal University. Madhavnagar, Manipal – 576104, Karnataka, India.
Abstract:
Background: Knowledge of the coronary venous system (CVS) anatomy is an important factor before many electrophysiological procedures, such as CRT or ablations.
Aim: To study the anatomy of the coronary venous system and its tributaries in cadaveric hearts.
Methodology: Fifty-five normal formalin-fixed adult human cadaveric hearts were used in this study. The following measurements were noted: a. length of coronary sinus, b. its relation to left coronary artery, mitral valve annulus and left atrium, c. number of atrial and ventricular tributaries, d. distance and the opening angles of major tributaries from the coronary ostium, e. length and width of coronary ostium, f. Attachment of Thebesian valve.
Results:
a.Length of coronary sinus(CS) ranged from 2cm to 3.8cm, the mean being 2.8cm.
b.Relation of coronary sinus to the left coronary artery (LCA) andmitral valve annulus was above and parallel in 100% cases.
c.The number of Atrial tributariesranged from 1-2 and ventricular from 1-6.
d.The mean distance ofAnterior interventricular vein (AIV),Posterior vein of the left ventricle (PVLV),Oblique vein of left atrium (OVLA),Middle cardiac vein (MCV) from the coronary ostium was 67.5mm, 32mm, 41mm, 7mm respectively.
e.The average length and width of coronary ostium was 9mm and 13mm respectively.
f.The besian valve in 24/55 hearts was attached to the superior, right and inferior margins of the ostium. In 29/55 hearts to the inferior margin of the ostium.
Conclusion: For invasive cardiologists, knowledge about CVS anatomy could add value before and during electrophysiology procedures.
Key Words: Coronary sinus; coronary ostium; great cardiac vein; the besian valve.
REFERENCES
1.Standring S, Borley NR, Collins P, Crossmen AR, Gatzoulis MA, Healy JC, et al. Gray’s Anatomy. 40th ed. Churchill Livingstone: London; 2008; pg. 981.
2.Kawashima T, Sato K, Sato F. An anatomic study of the human cardiac veins with special reference to the drainage of the great cardiac vein. Ann. Anat. 2003;185(6): 535-42.
3.Echeverri D, Cabrales J, Jimenez A. Myocardial venous drainage: From anatomy to clinical use.J Invasive Cadiol 2013; 25(2): 98-105.
4.Bleasdale RA, Frenneaux MP. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy: when the drugs don't work. Heart 2004;90(6):2-4.
5.Bales GS. Great cardiac vein variations. ClinAnat 2004; 17:432004; 6:47–52.
6.Linde C, Braunschweig F, Gadler F, Bailleul C, Daubert JC. Long-term improvements in quality of life by biventricular pacing in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Multisite Stimulation in Cardiomyopathy study (MUSTIC). Am. J.Cardiol. 2003;91(9): 1090-5.
7.McAlpine WA. Heart and Coronary Arteries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1975:179-209.
8.Maric I, Bobinac C, Ostojic L, Petrovic M, Dujmovic M. Tributaries of the human and canine coronary sinus. Acta Anat. 1996; 156:61-9.
9.Tori G. Radiological visualization of the coronary sinus and coronary veins. ActaRadiol 1951; 36:405–10.
10.Gilard M, Mansourati J, Etienne Y, Larlet JM, Truong B, Boschat J, et al. Angiographic anatomy of the coronary sinus and its tributaries. PacingClinElectrophysiol1998; 21:2280–4.
11.Abbara S, Cury RC, Nieman K, Reddy V, Moselewski F, Schmidt S, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac veins with 16-MDCT angiography.AJR 2005; 185: 1001–6.
12.Jongbloed MR, Lamb HJ, Bax JJ, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, et al. Noninvasive visualization of the cardiac venous system using multislice computed tomography. JAmCollCardiol2005; 45: 749–53.
13.Tada H, Kurosaki K, Naito S, Koyama K, Itoi K, Ito S et al.Three-dimensional visualization of the coronary venous system using multidetector row computed tomography. CircJ.2005; 69:165–70.
14.Wearn JT. The role of the Thebesian vessels in the circulation of the heart. J. Exp. Med. 1928;47(2):293-316.
15.Hammond GL, Austen WG. Drainage patterns of coronary arterial flow as determined from the isolated heart.Am. J. Physiol. 1967; 212(6): 1435-40.
16.Ansari A. Anatomy and clinical significance of ventricular Thebesian veins. Clin. Anat. 2001;14: 102-10.
17.Robb JS. Comparative Basic Cardiology. Grune& Stratton, New York, London. 1965: 123-40.
18.Hochberg MS, Austen WG. Selective retrograde coronary venous perfusion.Ann ThoracSurg 1980; 29(6): 578-88.
19.Barcelo A, De la Fuente LM, Stertzer SH. Anatomic and histologic review of the coronary sinus. Int J Morphol. 2004;22: 331-38.
20.Vajda J, Tomscik JR, van Doorenmaalen WJ. Connections between the venous system of the heart and the epicardial lymphatic network. Acta Anat. 1972;83(2):262-74.
21.Sánchez-Quintana D, Ho SY, Cabrera JA, Farré J, Anderson RH.Topographic anatomy of the inferior pyramidal space: relevance to radiofrequency catheter ablation. J CardiovascElectrophysiol. 2001;12(2): 210-17.
Article citation:-
AnkolekarVrinda H, Quadros Lydia S & D’souza Antony S. Morphometric and morphological variations of coronary venous system and its tributaries – An anatomical study. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 September; 34(34): 1663-1669.Available at http://www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 AnkolekarVrinda H,Quadros Lydia S & D’souza Antony S. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Sandeep A. Lawande1* MDS, FICOI(USA), FICD, FPFA & Gayatri S. Lawande MDS
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor,
Department of Periodontics,
Goa Dental College & Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India – 403202
2Consultant Periodontist & Director,
Sai Multispecialty Dental Clinic & Research Centre,
Porvorim, Goa, India- 403521
Author’s contributions- Both the authors contributed equally to this paper
Corresponding author:-
Dr. Sandeep A. Lawande.
H.No. 874/5, Saideep, New Pundalik Nagar, Alto-Betim, Porvorim, Goa, India- 403521
Core Idea: Toothbrushes with end-rounded bristles should be recommended whenever possible as they are less likely to abrade hard tissue, soft tissue and restorative materials than the toothbrushes with sharp or non end-round bristles, This is probably the first study of its kind assessing the acceptable bristle end-rounding percentage for manual toothbrsuh available in Indian market. The present stereomicroscopic study was conducted to morphologically analyse and evaluate end-rounding of bristles and analyse the acceptable percentage of bristles, which in turn reflects on the quality and standardization of the toothbrush. Higher the acceptable percentage of the end-rounded bristle, better the standard.
Abstract:
Aim: The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare bristle end-rounding of manual toothbrushes commercially available in the Indian market.
Materials & Methods: Twenty samples of ten different brands of soft, unused manual toothbrushes were selected for the study. Tuft from the same position of toothbrush head was removed and examined by a single well-trained examiner under a stereomicroscope. Morphological variations were observed and classified according to Silverstone & Featherstone method and the percentage of end-rounded bristles that is considered acceptable was calculated.
Results: The percentage of end-rounded bristles considered to be ‘acceptable’ varied from 23.8% (Anchor Advanced Grip Bi-Level®) to 95.83% (Oral-B Advantage Plus®). Only 6 out of 20 toothbrushes from 5 different brands examined showed greater than 75% end-rounded bristles. 11 toothbrushes from 8 different brands showed acceptable percentage of end-rounded bristles between 50% and 72.46%. 3 toothbrushes from 2 different brands (Prudent Plus® and both samples of Anchor Advanced Grip Bi-Level®) were found to have low percentage of end-rounded bristles or more number of non-acceptable bristles.
Conclusion: Heterogeneity in the percentage of acceptable bristles of manual toothbrushes examined in the study was found to be statistically significant. The morphological analysis of bristles of manual toothbrushes revealed variations in the percentage of acceptable end-rounding pattern. This may affect plaque removal efficacy and increase the potential of soft tissue as well as hard tissue injury. Rounded bristle tips, being efficient and safe are therefore preferable and such toothbrushes should be recommended.
Key words: Bristle end-rounding; stereomicroscope; toothbrush; dental abrasion; gingival recession.
References:
1.Massassati A, Frank RM. Scanning electron microscopy of unused and used manual toothbrushes. J Clin Periodontol 1982; 9(2): 148–61.[Pubmed]
2.Checchi L, Minguzzi S, Franchi M, Forteleoni G. Toothbrush filaments end-rounding: stereomicroscope analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28:360-64.[Pubmed]
3.Checchi L, Farina E, Felice P, Montevecchi M. The electric toothbrush: analysis of filaments under stereomicroscope. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:639-42.[Pubmed]
4.Dyer D, Addy M, Newcombe RG. Studies in vitro of abrasion by different manual toothbrush heads and standard toothpaste. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 99–103.[Pubmed]
5.Danser MM, Timmerman MF, Ijzerman,Y, Bulthuis H, Van Der Velden U, Van der Weijden GA. Evaluation of the incidence of gingival abrasion as a result of toothbrushing. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25: 701–06.[Pubmed]
6.Khocht A, Simon G, Person P, Denepitiya JL. Gingival recession in relation to history of hard toothbrush use. J Periodontol 1993; 64:900-05. [Pubmed]
7.Klima J, Rossiwall B. Scanning electron microscopic investigation of the shape of toothbrush bristles. Periodontics and Oral Hygiene 1978; 9: 51–7.
8.Drisko C, Henderson R, Yancy J. A review of current toothbrush bristle end-rounding studies. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1995; 16:694-98. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1995 Jul;16(7):694, 696, 698; quiz 708. [Pubmed]
9.Breitenmoser J, Morman W, Muhlemann HR. Damaging effects of toothbrush bristle end form on gingiva. J Periodontol 1979; 50: 212–16.[Pubmed]
10.Meyer-Leuckel H, Rieben AS, Kielbassa AM. Filament end-rounding quality in electric toothbrushes. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32:29-32.[Pubmed]
11.Oliveira GJPL, Pavone C, Costa MR, Marcantonio RAC. Effect of toothbrushing with different manual toothbrushes on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Braz Oral Res 2010; 24:316-22.[Pubmed]
12.Padbury AD, Ash MMJr. Abrasion caused by three methods of toothbrushing. J Periodontol 1974; 43: 434–37.[Pubmed]
13.Radentz WH, Barnes GP, Cutright DE. A survey of factors possibly associated with cervical abrasion of tooth surfaces. J Periodontol 1976; 47: 148–54.[Pubmed]
14.Bass CC. The optimum characteristics of toothbrushes for personal oral hygiene. Dental Items of Interest 1948; 70: 697-718.[Pubmed]
15.Silverstone LM, Featherstone MJ. Examination of the end rounding pattern of toothbrush bristles using scanning electron microscopy: a comparison of eight toothbrush types. Gerodontics 1988; 4: 45–62.[Pubmed]
16.Alexander JF, Saffir AJ, Gold W. The measurement of the effect of toothbrushes on soft tissue abrasion. J Dent Res 1977; 56:722-27.[Pubmed][SAGE]
17.Franchi M, Checchi L. Temperature dependence of toothbrush bristle morphology. An ultrastructural study. J Clin Periodontol 1995; 22:655-58.
Article citation:-
Sandeep A. Lawande & Gayatri S. Lawande. Morphological analysis and evaluation of percentage acceptability of bristle end-rounding of manual toothbrushes: A stereomicroscopic study. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 September 34(34): 1711-1719. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Sandeep A. Lawande & Gayatri S. Lawande. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
An Overview
*1Lau Himani, 2Lau Mayank, 3M U Swetha, 4Jasoria Gaurav, 5Babaji Prashant, 6Purohit Rajeev
Affiliation:-
1Reader, Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Maharana Pratap Dental College & research centre, Putlighar Road, Gwalior HO, Gwalior – 474001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
2Department of Prasthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College & Hospital, Bangalore, India.
3Post-Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics including Crown and Bridge and Implantology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore-560005, Karnataka, India
4Reader, Department of Orthodontics, Maharana Pratap Dental College & research centre, Putlighar Road, Gwalior HO, Gwalior – 474001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
5Associate Professor, Department of Pedodontics, Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur, India.
6Senior Resident, Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, PBM Government Hospital, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
Abstract:
Lasers have revolutionized the field of dentistry. The development of many different types of laser during the past five decades has offered researchers many wavelengths of laser light to investigate for a variety of surgical and medical procedures. The physical development of lasers and the understanding of the various wavelengths, and as well as the improvement of the equipments have brought these two areas closer together, with laser representing an upgrade of dentistry as a whole, particularly in esthetics, conservative and prosthetics. This article illustrates the basics of laser science, tissue effects of dental lasers, various dental lasers wavelengths, laser parameters and safety measures to provide effective treatment to the patient.
Key words: Lasers, wavelength, dentistry.
References:
1.Miserendino LJ. The history and development of laser dentistry. Ch 1 in: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM, editors. Lasers in dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence; 1995: p 17-26.
2.Aadert M. Pick, D.D.S M.S. “Using lasers in clinical dental practice”.
3.Suleiman M. An overview of the use of lasers in general dental practice: 2. Laser wavelength, soft and hard tissue clinical application. Dental update 2005; 32(5): 286-296.
4.Suleiman M. An overview of the use of lasers in general dental practice: 1. Laser physics and tissue interactions. Dental update 2005; 32(4):228-236.
5.Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: science and instruments. Dent Clin N Am 2004; 48:751-70.
6.Killer U, Herbst R. Er: YAG laser effects on oral hard and soft tissue procedures.Ch 11 in: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM,editors. Lasers in dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence; 1995: p 161-172.
7.Wigdor H, Abt E, Ashrafi S, Walsh Jr. JT. The effect of lasers on dental hard tissues. J Am Dent Assoc 1993; 124:65-70.
8.As GV. Erbium laser in dentistry. Dent Clin N Am 2000; 48:1017-59.
9.Bader HI. Use of lasers in periodontics. Dent Clin N Am 2000; 44(4):779-91.
10.Pick RM, Colvard MD. Current status in soft tissue dental surgery. J periodontal 1993; 64:589-602.
11.Goldstein A, White JM, Pick RM. Clinical applications of Nd: YAG laser. Ch 14 in: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM, editors. Lasers in dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence; 1995: p 199-216.
12.Marei MK, Maguid SHA, Mokhtar SA, Rizk SA. Effect of low energy laser application in the treatment of denture induced mucosal lesions. J Prosthet Dent 1997; 77:256-64.
13.Parker S. The use of lasers in fixed prosthodontics. Dent Clin N Am 2000; 48: 971-98.
14.Eduardo CP, Freitas PM, Gaspar L. The state of art of lasers in esthetics and prosthodontics. J Oral Laser Applications 2005; 4:135-43.
15.Sweeny S, Romanos GE. Laser assisted soft tissue management in esthetic dentistry. J Oral Laser Applications 2006; 6:133-39.
16.Busch M, Korda B. Concept and development of a computerized positioning of prosthetic teeth for complete dentures. International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2006; 9:113-20.
17.Bader HI. Use of lasers in periodontics. Dent Clin N Am 2000; 44(4):779-91.
18.Martin E. Lasers in dental implantology. Dent Clin N Am 2004; 48:999-1015.
19.Llanos JM. Immediate implant and decontamination using a Nd: YAG laser associated with growth factor rich plasma in implant surgery. J Oral Laser Applications 2004; 4:119-27.
20.Cheah CM, Chua CK,Tan KI, Teo CK. Integration of laser surface digitizing with CAD/CAM techniques for developing facial prosthesis. Part 1: Design and fabrication of prosthesis replicas. Int J Prosthodont 2003; 16:435-41.
21.Cheah CM, Chua CK, Tan. Integration of laser surface digitizing with CAD/CAM techniques for developing facial prosthesis. Part 2: Development of molding techniques for casting prosthetic parts. Int J Prosthodont 2003; 16: 543-48.
22.Ciocca L, Scotti R.CAD/CAM generated ear cast by means of a laser scanner and rapid prototyping machine. J Prosthet Dent 2004; 92: 591-95.
23.Bhat AM. Recent advances in the modelling of extraoral defects. The Journal of Indian prosthodontic society 2005: 5(4):180-84.
24.www. Basic science research/Rapid prototyping/ stereolithography.com
25.Miguel A, Puig I. Modification of implant prosthetic abutments with laser welding and titanium. J Oral Laser Applications 2004; 4: 103-07.
26.Bertrand C, Petitcorps Y, Albingre L, Dupuis V. The laser welding technique applied to the non precious dental alloys procedure and results. Br Dent J 2001; 190(5): 255-57.
27.Baba N, Wantabe I, Tanaka Y, Hisatsune K, Atsuta M. Joint properties of cast Fe-Pt magnetic alloy laser welded to Co-Cr alloy. Dent mater J 2005; 24(4): 550-54.
28.Bertrand C, Petitcorps Y, Albingre L, Dupuis V. Optimization of operator and physical parameters for laser welding of dental materials. Br Dent J 2004; 196: 413-18.
29.Milward PJ, Shephard JP, Brickley MR. Automatic identification of dental appliances. Br Dent J 1997; 182:171-74.
30.Beer F, StraBl M, Wernisch J. Laser safety. J Oral laser Applications 2005;5:71-9.
Lau Himani et al. Lasers- A Boon in dentistry: an overview. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 September; 34(34): 1643-1653.
Copyright © 2013 Lau Himani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.