DocumentsDate added
Case report
Sandeep A. Lawande1* MDS, FICOI(USA), FICD, FPFA & Gayatri S. Lawande2 MDS
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics,
Goa Dental College & Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India – 403202
2Consultant Periodontist & Director,
Sai Multispecialty Dental Clinic & Research Centre,
Porvorim, Goa, India- 403521
Author’s contributions- Both the authors contributed equally to this paper
Corresponding author:-
Dr. Sandeep A. Lawande.
H.No. 874/5, Saideep, New Pundalik Nagar, Alto-Betim, Porvorim, Goa, India- 403521
Abstract:
The management of furcation-involved teeth often poses a challenge to the clinician. With the advancement in the field of dentistry and the increase in the expectations of patients to maintain their dentition, it becomes necessary to evaluate the strategic potential for managing teeth with furcation involvement. Hemisection is a treatment procedure involving removal of the involved tooth root and its associated crown portion, which is done with the purpose of preserving as much tooth structure as possible rather than sacrificing the whole tooth. This treatment can produce predictable results as long as proper diagnostic, endodontic, surgical, prosthetic and maintenance procedures are performed.
Key words: Hemisection; root resection; furcation involvement; mandibular molar.
REFERENCES
1.Nasr AMSD, Nasr H. Root resection revisited. Periodontal Abstracts 2001; 49(3): 69-74.
2.DeSanctis M, Murphy KG. The role of resective periodontal surgery in the treatment of furcation defects. Periodontology 2000 2000; 22: 154-68.
3.Vandersall DC, Detamore RJ. The mandibular molar class III furcation invasion. A review of treatment options. JADA 2002; 133: 55-60.
4.Basaraba N. Root Amputation and tooth hemisection. Dent Clin of N Amer 1969; 13: 121- 32.
5.American Academy of Periodontology ‘Glossary of periodontal terms’, 1992; 3rd ed. Chicago, Illinois.
6.Al-Shammari KF, Kazor CE, Wang H-L. Molar root anatomy and management of furcation defects. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 730-40.
7.Weine FS. Root amputations. Endodontic therapy. 5th ed. St. Louis: C.V.Mosby Co., 1996, 606-39.
8.Kurtzman GM, Silverstein LH, Shatz PC. Hemisection as an alternative treatment for vertically fractured mandibular molars. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006; 27(2):126-29.
9.Bühler H. Survival rates of hemisected teeth: an attempt to compare them with survival rates of alloplastic implants. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1994; 14(6):536-43.
10.Saad MN, Moreno J, Crawford C. Hemisection as an alternative treatment for decayed multirooted terminal abutment: A case report. J Can Dent Assoc 2009; 75 (5):387-390.
11.Newell DH. The diagnosis and treatment of molar furcation invasions. Dent Clin N Amer 1998; 42: 301-37.
12.Basten CH, Ammons W, Persson R. Long-term evaluation of root-resected molars: a retrospective study. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1996; 16(3):207-11.
13.Hamp SE, Nyman S, Lindhe J. Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Results after 5 years. J Clin Periodontol 1975; 2: 126-35.
14.Carnevale G, Pontoriero R, Di febo G. Long term effect of root resective therapy in furcation involved molars-a 10 year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25: 209-14.
15.Langer B, Stein SD, Wagenburg B. An evaluation of root resection. A ten-year study. J Periodontol 1981; 52:719-22.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Article citation:-
Sandeep A. Lawande & Gayatri S. Lawande. Hemisection as a viable treatment option for furcation-involved mandibular molar. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October 35(35): 1830-1833. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Sandeep A. Lawande & Gayatri S. Lawande. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
Chakravarthy Kavitha*1, Senthil Chinnasamy2, Sailendra Bhaskar2,Ramasamy Rengasamy1.
Affiliation:-
1Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai-600025, Tamilnadu, India.
2Aban Infrastructure Private Limited (Biotechnology Division), Chennai 60008, Tamilnadu, India.
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of Pharmacology,
Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai-600025, Tamilnadu, India.
Authors contributions:
The major work was done by the Corresponding author, rest guided and supported for this work.
*Corresponding author:
C. Kavitha.
CAS in Botany, University of Madras,
Guindy campus, Chennai-600025.Tamilnadu, India.
Telephone: 8754886646.
Tel/Fax: +914422353309/22352494.
Abstract:
Botryococcus braunii is a green colonial microalgae commonly found in fresh water, lakes and ponds. Due to its high lipid and hydrocarbon content, it is widely recommended for biodiesel production. The present study deals with the growth, lipid content, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of Botryococcus braunii AP102 grown at different concentration of sodium alginate viz. 4mg, 8mg, 12mg, 16mg, and 20mg amended with Chu-13 medium and compared with control in order to find out the efficacy of sodium alginate in the growth and lipid production of B. braunii. The maximum growth and lipid production was obtained at 16mg concentration and it is most effective when compared to control. Thus sodium alginate helps greatly in promoting the growth of B.braunii for biodiesel production.
Key Words: Botryococcus braunii; Fatty acid; Lipid; Mass cultivation; Sodium alginate.
REFERENCES
1.Huang GuanHua,Chen Feng,Wei Dong,Zhang XueWu, GuChen. Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology.Appl Energy 2010; 87:38-46.
2.Lin Lin, Cunshan Zhou,Vittayapadung Saritporn, Xiangqian Shen, Mingdong
Dong. Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel. Appl Energy 2011; 88:1020-31.
3.Metzger P,Largeau C.Botryococcus braunii:a rich source for hydrocarbons and
related ether lipids.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 66:486-96.
4.Borowitzka M A.Fats, oils and hydrocarbons.In: Microalgal Biotechnology:Eds.Borowitzka & Borowitzka. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988;Pp.257-287.
5.Brown AC and Knights BA. Hydrocarbon content and its relationship to physiological state in the green alga Botryococcus braunii. Phytochemistry 1969; 8: 543-547.
[6] Knights BA, Brown AC, Conway E and Middleditch BS. Hydrocarbons from the green form of the freshwater alga Botryococcus braunii. Phytochemistry 1970; 9: 1317-1324.
7.Metzger P and Casadevall E.Botryococcoid ethers, ether lipids from Botryococcus braunii. Phytochemistry 1991; 30: 1439-1444.
8.Metzger P and Largeau C.Chemicals of Botryococcus braunii.In:Cohen Z (ed)Chemicals from micro algae. Taylor and Francis London.1999;Pp:205-260.
9.Rossel KG and Srivastava LM.Seasonal Variation in the Chemical Constituents of the Brown Algae Macrocystis integrifolia and Noveocystic luetkeana.Can J Bot 1984; 62: 2229-2236.
10.Rioux LE,Turgeon SL,Beaulieu M.Characterization of polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds.Carbohydrate Polym 2007;69:530-537.
11.Ishii T, Aikawa J,Kirino S,Kitabayashi H,Matsumoto I, Kadoya K. Effects of alginate oligosaccharide and polyamines on hyphal growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their infectivity of citrus roots. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Society of Citriculture Congress,Orlando,FL,3-7 December 2000;1030-1032.
12.Khotimchenko Yu S,Kovalev VV,Savchenko OV,Ziganshina O A. Physical-Chemical Properties,Physiological Activity, and Usage of Alginates,the Polysaccharides of Brown Algae. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 2001;27:53-64.
13.Lichtenthaler HK. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In: PACKER,L. and DOUCE, R. eds .Methods in Enzymology. Washington,Academic Press 1987;148:350-382.
14.Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72:248-254.
15.Dubois M, Giles KA,Hamilton JK,Robeus RA, Smith E. Calorimetric methods for determination of sugars and related substance. Anal Biochem 1956;28:305-365.
16.Folch J,Lees M and Sloane-Stanley GH.A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1956; 226: 497-509.
17.Dayananda C, Sarada R, Srinivas P, Shamala TR and Ravishankar GA. Presence of methyl branched fatty acids and saturated hydrocarbons in botryococcene producing strain of Botryococcus braunii. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 2006; 28: 251-256.
18.Yokose T,Nishikawa T,Yamamoto Y,Yamazaki Y,Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Growth-promoting effect of alginate oligosaccharides on a unicellular marine microalga, Nannochloropsis oculata. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:450-453.
19.Rai UN, Dwivedi S,Baghel VS,Tripathi RD,Shukla OP and Shukla MK.Morphology and cultural behavior of Botryococcus protuberans with notes on the genus.J.of Environmental Biology 2007;28(2):181-184.
20.Dayananda C, Sarada R, Usha Rani M, Shamala TR,Ravishankar GA.Autotrophic cultivation of Botryococcus braunii for the production of hydrocarbons and exopolysaccharides in various media. Biomass Bioenergy 2007; 31:87-93.
21.Gacesa P, Alginates.Carbohydr Polym 1988; 8: 161-182.
22.Alberto Gonza´lez,Jorge Castro, Jeannette Vera, and Alejandra Moenne. Seaweed Oligosaccharides Stimulate Plant Growth by Enhancing. Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation, Basal Metabolism, and Cell Division. J Plant Growth Regul 2013: 32:443-448.
23.Aziz A, Nurul Islam AKM, Pervin R. Marine algae of St. Martin’s Island,Bangladesh. I. New records of Sargassum sp. Bangladesh J.Bot 2001; 30 (2):135-140.
24. Mollah MZI, Mubarak A Khan, Ruhul A Khan. Effect of gamma irradiated sodium alginate on red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentusL.) as growth promoter. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2009; 78: 61-64.
25.Yokose T,Yamasaki Y, Nishikawa T, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Yamaguchi K,Oda T.Effects of alginate oligosaccharides on the growth of various mammalian cell lines,unicellular phytoplankters and marine bacteria. Jpn J Food Chem Saf 2010; 17:27–35.
26.Naeem M,Mohd Idrees,Tariq Aftab, Masroor M,Khan A, Moinuddin and Lalit Varshney.Irradiated sodium alginate improves plant growth, physiological activities and active constituents in Mentha arvensis L.Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2011; 02(05):28-35.
Article citation:-
Chakravarthy Kavitha, Senthil Chinnasamy, Sailendra Bhaskar,Ramasamy Rengasamy. Effect of sodium alginate on growth and lipid production of Botryococcus braunii kutzing for biodiesel production. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35):1802-1807. Available at http://www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 Chakravarthy Kavitha, Senthil Chinnasamy, Sailendra Bhaskar, Ramasamy Rengasamy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Sendhil Coumary1*,Seethesh Ghose2
Affiliation:-
1Associate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Puducherry, India.
2Professor, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Puducherry, India.
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Puducherry, India.
Author contributions:
All the authors equally to this paper
Core Idea:
Maternal request caesarean delivery has sizeably added to the rising caesarean section rates of the present decade. Today’s women knowing their rights well demand caesarean delivery. The present study was aimed to know the attitude of obstetricians when they encountered such a situation.
*Correspondence to:
Dr.Sendhil Coumary
Associate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Puducherry, India.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to explore the attitude among obstetricians practising in South India to perform a caesarean section based only on maternal request. It was a cross-sectional study done among practising obstetricians with at least one year of experience following post graduate training. They were asked to reply to a pre-validated questionnaire with two imaginary case scenarios and their replies were analysed. The replies in both the scenarios were varying, as they tried to opt what they think is best for their patient and themselves. It showed that only a very small proportion of obstetricians were willing to perform a caesarean section based only on maternal request. The issue of caesarean section by maternal request remains a grey zone requiring more clarifications.
Key words: Caesarean section; Maternal request, Obstetrician’s attitude.
REFERENCES
1. Gabbe, Niebyl, Simpson Obstetrics normal and problem pregnancies 5th edition pg 486-517
2.Halvorsen L, Nerum H, Sørlie T, Oian P Halvorsen L, Nerum H, Sørlie T, Oian P Does counsellor's attitude influence change in a request for a caesarean in women with fear of birth? Midwifery.2010 Feb;26(1):45-52. Epub 2008 Jul 14 PMID: 18621452
3.Harris LH. Counselling women about choice. Best Pract Res ClinObstetGynaecol. 2001 Feb;15(1):93-107 PMID: 11359317
4. Habiba M, Kaminski M, Da Fre` M, Marsal K, Bleker O, Librero J, Grandjean H, Gratia P, Guaschino S, Heyl W, Taylor D, Cuttini M Caesarean section on request: a comparison of obstetricians’ attitudes in eight European countries. BJOG 2006; 113:647–656.
5.Ghetti C, Chan BK, Guise JM. Physicians' responses to patient requested caesarean delivery.Birth. 2004 Dec;31(4):280-4 PMID: 15566340
6.Advice on offering caesarean section in specific situations http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/caesarean-section Pathway last updated: November 2012.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Coumary Sendhil,Ghose Seethesh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article citation:-
Coumary Sendhil,Ghose Seethesh. Maternal request caesarean delivery and the obstetrician’s attitude – A study. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1840-1843. Available at http: //www.jpbms.info.
Original article
V Sravan Reddy*, I Sarath Chandra, M Pramod Reddy,CM Pavan Kumar Reddy
Affiliation:-
Department of psychiatry,
Mamta General Hospital, Khammam, Andrapradesh-507002, India.
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of psychiatry,
Mamta General Hospital, Khammam, Andrapradesh-507002, India.
Author contributions:
V Sravan Reddy: Contributes towards concept, design, literature survey, experimental design, data and statistical analysis, manuscript preparation, editing & review.
I Sarath Chandra: Worked on, data and statistical analysis, manuscript preparation, editing & review
M Pramod Reddy: Contributes towards manuscript preparation, editing & review
CM Pavan Kumar Reddy: Contributes towards manuscript preparation, editing & review.
Core Idea: This is a cross sectional study conducted to assess the relationship between smoking and severity of illness in schizophrenia. 65.8% of our study sample was smokers. Smoking is significantly associated with elder age group patients, unemployment and higher mean scores on PANSS scale. There was a significant association between severity of smoking and higher mean scores on positive symptom domain and lower mean scores on negative symptom domains of PANSS, which indicate that smoking may, improves negative symptoms and worsens the positive symptoms in schizophrenia.
*Correspondence to:
Dr Vangala Sravan Reddy
Department of psychiatry,
Mamta General Hospital, Khammam, Andrapradesh-507002 India.
Contact number:+91-9849625869
Abstract:
Aims and objectives: To find out the prevalence of smoking in Schizophrenic patients and its association with socio demographic variables and severity of illness.
Method: The study was conducted in the outpatient department of Mamata General Hospital, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh in India, for a period of five months. All the patients were systematically interviewed and their socio-demographic details were noted. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was revised in accordance to ICD-10 RDC. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the severity of the illness. Patients were divided into smokers and non smokers based on their current smoking status and patients who smoke were administered Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) questionnaire to assess the severity of smoking.
Results: 65.8% of our study sample was smokers. A significant association was found between smoking and elder age group, unemployment and severity of schizophrenic symptoms. Patients who were severely dependent were found to be having higher mean scores on positive and general psychopathology subscales and lower mean scores on negative subscales of PANSS.
Conclusions: Findings suggests that there is a need for further longitudinal studies to assess the direct causality of smoking, weather beneficial or harmful in patients with schizophrenia.
Key words: Schizophrenia; Smoki ng; Severity; Psychopathology.
REFRENCES
1.WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER Package; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
2.Mathers, C.D.; Loncar, D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS. Med. 2006, 3, e442.
3.GATS. Global Adult Tobacco Survey; 2009-2010.
4.Chandra PS, Carey MP, Carey KB, Jairam KR, Girish NS, Rudresh HP. Prevalence and correlates of tobacco use and nicotine dependence am-ong psychiatric patients in India. Addict Behav 2005;30:1290-1299.
5.Neufeld KJ, Peters DH, Rani M, Bonu S, Brooner RK. Regular use of alcohol and tobacco in India and its association with age, gender, and poverty. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;77:283-291.
6.Schizophrenia.NIH pub no 06-3517.Bethesda,Md, Us Department of Health and Human services.National institute Of Health ,2006
7.De Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, White AO, Stanilla jK,Simpson GM. Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:453-455.
8.Etter M, Mohr S, Garin C, Etter JF. Stages of change in smokerswith schizophrenia or schizoaffecdve disorder and in the generalpopulation. Schizophr Bull 2004; 30:359-368.
9.De Leon , Diaz F. A meta-analysis of worldwide studiesdemonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobaccosmoking behaviors. Schizophr Res 2005; 76:135-157.
10.De Leon J. Smoking and vulnerability for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull. 1996; 22(3):405–409.
11.De Leon J, Becona E, Gurpegui M, Conzalea-Pinto A, Diaz FJ. The association between high nicotine dependence and severe mental illness may be consistent across countries. JClin Psychiatry. 2002;63(9):812–816. [PubMed: 12363123]
12.Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, Dahlgren LA. Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 1986; 143(8):993–997. [PubMed: 3487983]
13.Simosky JK, Stevens KE, Freedman R. Nicotinic agonists and psychosis. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 2002; 1(2):149–162. [PubMed: 12769624].
14.Leonard S, Breese C, Adams C, et al. Smoking and schizophrenia: Abnormal nicotinic receptorexpression. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000; 393(1-3):237–242. [PubMed: 10771019]
15. Berlin I, Singleton EG, Pedarriosse AM, Lancrenon S, RamesA, Aubin HJ, Niaura R. The modified reasons for smokingscale: factorial structure, gender effects and relationship withnicotine dependence and smoking cessation in French smokers.Addiction 2003; 98:1575-1583.
16.Ziedonis DM, Kosten TR, Glazer WM, Frances RJ. Nicotinedependence and schizophrenia. Hosp Community Psychiatry1994; 45:204-206.
17.Lyon ER. A review of the effects of nicotine on schizophreniaand antipsychotic medications. Psychiatr Serv 1999; 50:1346-1350.
18.Nomikos GG, Schilstorm B, Hiidebrand BE, Panagis G, GrenhoffJ, Sven'sson TH. Role of alpha 7 nicotine receptors in nicotinedependence and implications for psychiatric illness. Behav Brain Res 2000; 113:97-113.
19.Kumari V; Postma P. Nicotine use in schizophrenia: the selfmedication hypotheses.Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005;29:1021-1034.
20.Lavin M, Siris S, Mason S. What is the clinical importance of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia? Am J Addict 1996;5:189-208.
21. Srinivasan TN, Thara R. Smoking in schizophrenia all is not biologi¬cal. Schizophr Res 2002;56:6774.
22.Saddichha S, Rekha DP, Patil BK, Murthy P, Benegal V, Isaac MK. Knowledge, attitude and practices of Indian dental surgeons towards tobacco control: advances towards prevention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11:939-942.
23.Saddichha S, Khess CR. Prevalence of tobacco use among young adult males in India: a community-based epidemiological study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010; 36:73-77.
24.Berlin I, Singleton EG, Pedarriosse AM, Lancrenon S, RamesA, Aubin HJ, Niaura R. The modified reasons for smokingscale: factorial structure, gender effects and relationship withnicotine dependence and smoking cessation in French smokers. Addiction 2003; 98(5):1575-1583.
24.WHO, International Classification of diseases-10 Research Diagnostic Criteria; 1992.
25.Kay SR,Fiszbein A, Opler LA.The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261–276.
26.Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The Fager¬strom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the FagerstromtoleranceQuestionnaire. Br J Addict 1991; 86:1119-1127.
27.Kelly C, McCreadie RG. Smoking habits, current symptoms, and pre¬morbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1751-1757.
28.Xiang YT, Ma X, Lu JY et al. Alcohol-related disorders inBeijing, China: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, andunmet need for treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1111–1118.
29.Sorensen G Gupta PC Pednekr MS.Social disparities in tobacco use in Mumbai:The roles of occupation ,education ,and gender .AMJ PUBLIC HEALTH.2005 JUNE ;95(6):1003-1008
30.Rajeev krishnadas,sameer jauhar,susan tefler,somashekara,shivashenkar.Nicotine dependence and illness severity in schizophrenia Bjp October 2012 201:306-312
31.Okan Ekinci,Asli Ekinci,.Dusunen Adam the journal of psychiatry and neurological sciences 2012;25(4). 285-296.
32.Van Dongen, C. J.). Smoking and persistent mental illness:An exploratory study. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 1999; 37 (11): 26–34.
33.Ziedonis, D. M. & George, T. P. Schizophrenia andnicotine use: report of a pilot smoking cessation program andreview of neurobiological and clinical issues. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 1997; 23:247–254.
34.Forchuk, C., Norman, R., Malla, A., Vos, A. & Martin, M. L. Smoking and schizophrenia. of Psychiatricand Mental Health Journal Nursing, 1997; 4:355–359.
35.Dalack, G. W. & Meador-Woodruff, J. H. Smoking withdrawal and schizophrenia: case reports and areview of the literature. Schizophrenia Research, 1996; 22, 133–141.
36.Lohr, J. B. & Flynn, K.Smoking and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 1992; 8: 93–102.
Article citation:-
V Sravan Reddy, I Sarath Chandra, M Pramod Reddy,CM Pavan Kumar Reddy. Smoking and illness severity in schizophrenia. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1814-1819. Available at http: //www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 V Sravan Reddy, I Sarath Chandra, M Pramod Reddy,CM Pavan Kumar Reddy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article
Chaudhary Navdha1,Ahlawat Babita*1,Kumar Ashok2,Ashima3,Das Sibadatta4
Affiliation:-
1MDS Postgraduate Student, Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BRS Dental College & Hospital, Sultanpur, Panchkula, Haryana, India
2Assistant Professor, Department of ENT, 3Demonstrator, Departement of Anatomy,4Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India
The name of the department and institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BRS Dental College & Hospital, Sultanpur, Panchkula, Haryana,India
*Correspondence to:-
Dr Babita Ahlawat, MDS
Postgraduate Student, Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BRS Dental College & Hospital, Sultanpur, Panchkula, Haryana,India
Address- W/o Dr Ashok Kumar, Flat no. 3, C-1 Block, Doctor’s residential complex, SHKM Government Medical College, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana,India
Phone numbers- 9728651161, 8199915555
Abstract:
The behavior of uncooperative child must be altered and controlled so as to practice successful dentistry, which depends not only upon the dentist’s technical skills but also upon his ability to acquire and maintain a child’s cooperation. Most children can cope with a dental visit and will demonstrate behavior that is commensurate with their age and level of emotional maturity. Other children respond to the dental visit by resorting to uncooperative or disruptive behavior. There are many factors which influence a child’s attitude toward dentistry and his behavior in the dental environment. Anxiety, attitude, physiologic responses and distinctive types of cry are common responses of children to dentistry. This paper elaborate variables that influence child’s reaction to various dental situations like first dental visit, local anesthesia application, exodontia procedure.
Key words: Anxiety; Attitude; Child’s first dental visit; Dental fear.
REFERENCES
1.Chambers DM. Managing the anxieties of young dental patients. J Dent Child 1970; 37: 363-373.
2.Murphy LB. Learning how children cope with problems. Children 1957; 4: 132-136.
3.Crow LD, Crow A. Child Psychology. New York: Barnes & Noble; 1953. p. 124-133.
4.McDermott JF. Understanding the nature of children’s reactions to the dental experience. J Dent child 1963; 30: 126-130.
5.Fadden LE. What the child thinks of dental practice. NY State Dent J 1953; 19: 124-132.
6.Lewis TM, Law DB. Investigation of certain autonomic responses of children to a specific dental stress. J Am Dent Assoc 1958; 57: 769-777.
7.Bhiladvala PM. Child reaction – a comparison conventional and high speed operating methods, abstracted. J Dent Res 1961; 40: 673-674.
8.Howitt JW, Strikcer G. Child patient response to various dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc 1965; 70: 70-74.
9.Simpson WJ, Ruzicka RL, Thomas NR. Physiologic responses of children to initial dental experience. J Dent Child 1974; 41: 465-470.
10.Myers DR, Kramer WS, and Sullivan RE. A study of the heart action of the child dental patient. J Dent Child 1972; 39: 99-106.
11.Elsbach HG. Crying as a diagnostic tool. J Dent Child 1963; 30: 13-16.
12.Frankl SM, Shiere FR, Fogels HR. Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory. J Dent Child 1962; 29: 150-163.
13.Kassowitz KE. Psychodynamic reaction of children to the use of hypodermic needles. Am J Dis Child 1958; 95: 253-257.
14.Trieger N, Bernstein NR. Good child, bad tooth: management of the fear of tooth extraction in children. Oral Surg 1963; 16: 261-270.
15.Baldwin DC. An investigation of psychological and behavioral responses to dental extraction in children. J Dent Res 1966; 45: 1637-1651.
16.Wright GZ, Alpern GD. Variables influencing children’s cooperative behavior. J Dent Child 1971; 38: 124-128.
17.Sawtell RO, Simon JF, Simeonsson RJ. The effects of five preparatory methods upon child behavior during the first visit. J Dent Child 1974; 41: 367-375.
18.Oppenheim MN and Frankl SN. A behavioral analysis of the preschool child when introduced to dentistry by a dentist or hygienist. J Dent Child 1971; 38: 317-325.
19.Hawley BP, McCorkly AD, Wittemann JK. The first dental visit for children from low socioeconomic families. J Dent Child 1974; 41: 376-381.
20.Strikcer G, Howitt JW. Physiological recording during simulated dental appointments. NY State Dent J 1965; 31: 204-206.
21.Harper CD, Allesandro MD. Today’s contexts of children and families. Pediatr Dent 2004; 26: 114-120.
22.Varlinkova NK, Kabaktchieva R: Reaction of 5 and 6 year old children to local anesthesia during dental treatment. Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 2008, book 2.
Article citation:-
Chaudhary, Navdha,Ahlawat Babita,Kumar Ashok,Ashima,Das Sibadatta.Children’s reactions to the dental situation. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1814-1819. Available at http: //www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 Chaudhary Navdha,Ahlawat Babita,Kumar Ashok,Ashima,Das Sibadatta.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.