DocumentsDate added
Original article
Srid Emmanuel I. Ugwuja1,2 *, Nicholas C. Ugwu1, Uche E. Nwachi3
Affiliation:-
1Departments of Chemical Pathology, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
3Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Departments of Chemical Pathology
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
Core Idea:
Consumption of either energy drink alone or in combination with alcohol is gaining prominence, especially among the youths and athletes despite their safety concern. The practice has permeated the elderly population, who is more vulnerable to diabetes mellitus, with unverified claims that they contain low sugar and as well ameliorates the toxic effect of alcohol. The idea of the present study was to highlight the haematological and biochemical alterations associated with such practices in diabetic model, as no scientific evidence is available to unsuspecting consumers.
*Correspondence to:
Emmanuel I. Ugwuja.
Departments of Chemical Pathology, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria; E-mail: ugwuja@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Consumption of either energy drink alone or in combination with alcohol is gaining popularity despite concerns of their safety. The present study investigated the hematological and biochemical parameters of diabetic rats administered either energy drink alone (ED) or energy drink mixed with alcohol EDmA). Twenty male albino rats weighing 172-185g grouped into four (A-D) of five rats per group were investigated. Rats in groups A, B and C were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (200mg/Kg body weight). Groups A and B rats were administered 3.75ml/Kg Bullet® and 3.75ml/Kg Bullet® + 1.0g/Kg alcohol, respectively while rats in groups C and D were given water only and acted as diabetic (DC) and non-diabetic (NDC) controls, respectively. The experiment lasted for 30 days after which the rats were killed and their blood collected for hematological and biochemical parameters using standard methods. Results showed that diabetic rats administered either energy drink alone or energy drink mixed with alcohol exhibited alterations in both haematological and biochemical parameters, but significant effects were observed only in rats administered energy drinks mixed with alcohol. It may be concluded that the biochemical derangements associated with diabetes mellitus and/or consumption of energy drink may be exacerbated by alcohol.
Key words: Energy drinks; alcohol; diabetes mellitus, biochemical derangement; dyslipidaemia.
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Article citation:-
Emmanuel I. Ugwuja, Nicholas C. Ugwu,Uche E. Nwachi. Hematological and biochemical parameters of diabetic rats administered either energy drink alone or energy drink mixed with alcohol. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1808-1813. Available at http: //www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Emmanuel I. Ugwuja, Nicholas C. Ugwu,Uche E. Nwachi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article
Rashmirekha Sahoo1*, Patricia Jayshree Samuel Jacob1,Soumendra Sahoo2
Affiliation:-
1Assoc.Professor, 2Senior Lecturer, Biotechnology Program, Department of Maths & Science, Faculty of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nilai University, Malaysia
3Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Jalan Batu Hampar, 75150 Bukit Baru, Melaka, Malaysia
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of Mathematics & Science, Faculty of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nilai University, Malaysia
Author contributions:
Rashmirekha Sahoo: Concept, Core idea, introduction, design, Figure, Intellectual inputs
Patricia Jayshree: Introduction, text, Figure, reference
Soumendra Sahoo: Intellectual inputs, Abstract, Conclusion, Reference.
Core idea: Natural biopolymers are important as they eliminate the danger to health and environment. Polysaccharides are widely spread biopolymers with diversity of structure and properties. Guar gum is an outstanding representative of green, eco-friendly muco-adhesive biopolymers. The use of guar gum in food industries is already known. Being highly viscous it is useful as a thickener and stabilizer. Guar gum reduces water retention in the dough and syneresis and thus keeps pastry products crisp and fresh for longer periods. Considerable research efforts have been done towards developing safe and efficient natural based polysaccharide for drug delivery systems. Of late Guar gum also has been found to be used as sustained release agent, and as cross-linked microspheres in pharmaceutical applications. Writing a review on diverse applications of Guar gum especially in biomedical field could be helpful for current researchers.
*Corresponding author:
Dr.Rashmirekha Sahoo
Assoc.Professor, Biotechnology Program
Department of Math & Science,
Faculty of Engineering, Science & Technology
Nilai University, Malaysia.
Abstract:
Natural based polysaccharides have been gaining considerable importance recently for their remarkable biomedical applications. They are potential substitutes of petroleum-derived synthetic products. They are easily available, nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. The present review outlines the major new findings on one such natural based polysaccharide such as guar gum, highlighting its characteristics & biomedical applications. From a literature survey, it is realized that although guar gum has been used in food industries since long, but recent findings suggest it’s pharmaceutical application especially its use for drug delivery of different therapeutic applications and gene therapy have increased at a rapid rate. This review provides an overview of the guar gum polymer derivatives and their applications with special attention being put on controlled drug delivery and biomedical engineering, which is timely and noteworthy.
Key Words: Guar gum; Polymer; Pharmaceutical, application.
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Article citation:-
Rashmirekha Sahoo,Patricia Jayshree Samuel Jacob,Soumendra Sahoo. Biomedical applications of green biopolymer guar gum. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35):1783-1787.Available at http://www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 RashmirekhaSahoo, PatriciaJayshree Samuel Jacob, SoumendraSahoo. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
Review article
Shashikanth D, N. Vishal Gupta*, Raghunandan H.V.
Affiliation:-
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore-570015, Karnataka, India. Tel.: +919242157508.
Author’s contributions: - All the contributed equally to this paper.
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore-570015, Karnataka, India.
*Corresponding author:
Dr.Vishal Gupta. N,
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore-570015, Karnataka, India.
Contact no. +919242157508.
Abstract:
Background: During the 1960s, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) commissioned the Cooper Committee to study the adverse effects of medical devices for human use. In 1970, the study committee recommended a classification for medical devices based on comparative risk. In 1976, the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device injured several thousand women who aided the emphasis for regulatory oversight and therapeutic requirements provided by the U.S. legislation.
Aim: To Provide an overview of present Global Regulations on Medical devices
Discussion: The medical device market changes frequently in terms of technology, risk potential, marketing and reimbursement. Therefore, it is imperative to be aware of existing requirements and new developments in the global medical device regulation. This Article reviews the latest updates of Medical device regulations in different regulatory and non-regulatory bodies across the globe, which includes countries like Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, and USA (United States of America) which are regulated and non-regulated bodies like India. Over 85 countries today regulate Medical Devices across the globe. Different regulatory bodies of respected nation provides regulations for placing medical devices in market and different quality systems and standards are involved in regulation of medical devices and also future developments in regulations on medical devices. Most of the countries have similar requirements for registration of medical devices and are striving to harmonize with the GHTF guidelines (Global Harmonization Task Force).
Conclusion: With the rapid growth in the global market for medical devices, there is a need to harmonize national standards in order to minimize regulatory barriers and to facilitate trade. Harmonization also reduces the cost of local industry, government regulations & increases communication between the countries to a better level.
Key Words: Medical devices; Quality systems; Regulatory bodies safety.
Article citation:-
Shashikanth D, N. Vishal Gupta, Raghunandan H.V. Global medical device regulations update - A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1774-1782. Available at http://www.jpbms.info.
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Copyright © 2013 Shashikanth D, N. Vishal Gupta, Raghunandan H.V.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
Salah El Din Abdel Hag1 , Sania A. Shaddad2*, Tigani Hassan3, Sumaya I Abass4,
A.K. Muddathir5 & Shayoub M. E. A6.
Affiliation:-
1Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bahr Elghazal, Sudan
2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
3Department of Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum, Sudan
4Microbiology-Veterinary Research Centre, Khartoum Sudan
5Department of Pharmacogonosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
6Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Sudan
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine,
Microbiology-Veterinary Research Centre,
Department of Pharmacogonosy,University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bahr Elghazal, Sudan.
*Corresponding author:
Dr. Sania A. Shaddad
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Abstract:
Pathogenic isolates of bacteria were cultured using standard cultivation techniques. Fresh ox bile was collected & dilution prepared under aseptic conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) end points of ox bile on the selected microorganisms were determined using standard microbiologic methods. It was 6.25 % ox bile to Staphylococcus albus, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Micrococcus variant, 50 % to E. coli, Pseudomonas spp and Klebsiella spp, and 100 % (bile `as such`) to Staphylococcus albus, Escherichia vulneris, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp. and Bacillus spp. Values showed variation with the variation in the cultivation technique. The results are suggestive of bactericidal action.
Key Words: MIC; Ox bile; bactericidal.
REFERENCES
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9.Reeves DS, Holt A, Bywater MJ, Wise R, Logan MN, Andrews JM, Broughall JM. Comparison of sensititre dried microtitration trays with a standard agar method for determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Dec; 18(6):844–852.
Article citation:-
Shaddad A. Sania et al. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) end points of ox bile against selected species of bacteria. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1763-1766. Available at http://www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 Shaddad A. Sania et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Letters to the editor
*Boghos L. Artinian
Affiliation:-
*Boghos L. Artinian M.D.,
Member of the Lebanese Order of Physicians, Beirut, Lebanon
Core idea: Social phenomena resemble those occurring in tissues, ie. There is homology between the two levels of organization. A case in point, genocide, is taken to show the homology between it and the rejection reaction in immunology.
*Corresponding author:
Boghos L. Artinian, M.D.,
Beirut, Lebanon.
Email: artinian@inco.com.lb; Contact No: 961-3647877
Abstract:
Social behavior resembles to a large extent the behavior of cells and tissues. There is a semblance of the phenomenon of genocide at the social level to tissue rejection at the cellular level. The socio-compatibility complex, whose antigens are religion, language and nationality correspond to the cell surface antigens used by the Histo-Compatibility Complex Genes. This ‘Host-Versus-Graft Reaction’ in society might be overcome by management similar to Immuno-suppression.
Key words: Histo-Compatibility Complex; Socio-Compatibility Complex; Genocide; Host-Versus-Graft-Reaction.
REFERENCE
1.Daderian VU. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia, to the Caucasus. Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995.
Article citation:
Boghos L. Artinian., The social parallel of host-versus-graft reaction. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35):1752-1753.