DocumentsDate added
Original article
Mudher Mikhael Ehab1,*,Imad Mohammad Samer1,Isho Gorial Faiq2,Adham Majeed Ibrahim1
Affiliation:-
1Clinical pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
2Medicine Department, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
Author’s contributions:- Author 1 contributed towards concepts, design, literature survey, data acquisition, manuscript editing and preparation.
Author 2 contributed in Design, literature search, clinical studies, data acquisition and analysis.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
Core idea:
Pentoxifylline when used as adjuvant therapy to the combination of methotrexate and etanercept results in a significant decrease in inflammation as shown by reduction in CRP, which ultimately mean reduction in not only rheumatoid arthritis disease activity but also reduction in the additional cardiovascular risk in those patients
Corresponding author:-
EHab Mudher Mikhael.
Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad University, Iraq
Abstract:
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic inflammatory disease that associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Combination of methotrexate and etanercept is effective to control disease activity and to decrease mortality and morbidity of RA. Pentoxifylline is a hemorheologic agent with ability to reduce tumor necrosis factor. This study aimed to evaluate the benefit of adding pentoxifylline to dual therapy of MTX + etanercept in Iraqi patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods: Randomized single blind placebo controlled clinical trial was done over 6 months, patients with active RA disease who use MTX and etanercept were randomly allocated into 2 groups to receive either Pentoxifylline tablet 400mg twice daily or glucose capsule as placebo. Patients were clinically evaluated for tender joint count TJC, swelling joint count SJC, visual analogue scales VAS and evaluator global assessment EGA at start and after 8 weeks. Blood specimens were obtained to measure CRP, ESR and TNF at start and at the end of the study.
Results: Pentoxifylline significantly reduce CRP and TNF, but didn't achieve significant reduction in any clinical parameter or disease activity, Yet, it result in ACR20 in 60% of patients.
Conclusion: Pentoxifylline produce mild anti inflammatory effect through its action to reduce TNF, which may potentiate the effect of etanercept in active RA patients.
Key words: Rheumatoid arthritis; Pentoxifylline; Inflammation.
REFERENCES
1.Turesson C, Matterson EL. Management of extra-articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004;16(3):206–211.
2.Cojocaru M, Cojocaru IM, Silosi I, Vrabie CD,Tanasescu R. Extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Maedica (Buchar) 2010; 5:286-91.
3.John B. Wong, Dena R. Ramey, Gurkirpal Singh.Long-Term Morbidity, Mortality, and Economics of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM. 2001;44(12):2746–2749.
4.Young, G. Koduri, M. Batley, E. Kulinskaya, A.Gough,S. Norton,J.Dixey. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased in the early course of disease, in ischaemic heart disease and in pulmonary fibrosis. Rheumatology. 2007; 46 (2): 350-357.
5.Josef S Smolen, Daniel Aletaha, Johannes W J Bijlsma, etal. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:631-637 doi:10.1136/ard.2009.123919
6.Josef S Smolen, Robert Landewé, Ferdinand C Breedveld, etal. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jun;69(6):964-75. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.126532. Epub 2010 May 5.
7.O'Dell JR, Mikuls TR, Taylor TH, Ahluwalia V, Brophy M, Warren SR, Lew RA, Cannella AC, Kunkel G, Phibbs CS, Anis AH, Leatherman S, Keystone E; CSP 551 RACAT Investigators. Therapies for active rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate failure. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 25; 369(4):307-18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1303006. Epub 2013 Jun 11.
8.P L C M van Riel, A J Taggart, J Sany, M Gaubitz, H W Nab, R Pedersen, B Freundlich, and D MacPeek, Efficacy and safety of combination etanercept and methotrexate versus etanercept alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to methotrexate: the ADORE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 November; 65(11): 1478–1483.
9.P” Monographs; Pentoxifylline (Systemic). In: Group UDE, ed. USP DIR Drug Information for the Health Care Professional, 26th ed. Taunton, MA: Micromedex, 2006.
10.Bayat M, Chelcheraghi F, Piryaei A, Rakhshan M et al. The effect of 30-day pretreatment with Pentoxyphylline on the survival of a random skin flap in the rat: an ultrastructural and biomechanical evaluation. Med Sci Monit 6 (2006); 12(6): 201-207.
11.Raghdan Zeki Al-Saad, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain and Intesar Tariq Numan. Dose-response Relationship of the Anti-inflammatory activity of pentoxifylline. Pharmacologia, 2012;3: 39-45.
12.H. Matsuno, K. Yudoh, R. Katayama, F. Nakazawa, M. Uzuki, T. Sawai,T. Yonezawa, Y. Saeki, G. S. Panayi , C. Pitzalis, T. Kimura. The role of TNF‐α in the pathogenesis of inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): a study using a human RA/SCID mouse chimera. Rheumatology. 2002; 41 (3): 329-337.
13.Prevoo ML, van 't Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38:44-8.
14.J. S. Smolen, F. C. Breedveld 1 , M. H. Schiff, etal. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology. 2003; 42 (2): 244-257.
15.Cella D, Yount S, Rothrock N, Gershon R, et al. The patient reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): Progress of an NIH roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Medical Care. 2007; 45:S3-S11.
16.Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, Bombardier C,et al. American College of Rheumatology. Preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38(6):727-735.
17.Pincus T, Amara I, Koch GG. Continuous indices of core data set measures in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials: lower responses to placebo than seen with categorical responses with the American College of Rheumatology 20% criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Apr; 52(4):1031-6.
18.Fransen J, van Riel PL. The Disease Activity Score and the EULAR response criteria. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23:S93–9.
19.Jou JM, Lewis SM, Briggs C, Lee SH, De La Salle B, McFadden S; International Council for Standardization in Haematology. Review of the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Int J Lab Hematol 2011; 33:125-32.
20.Mitra B, Panja M. High sensitive C-reactive protein: a novel biochemical markers and its role in coronary artery disease, J Assoc physicians India. 2005 Jan; 53:25-32
21.So T, Lee SW, Croft M. Tumor necrosis factor/ tumor necrosis receptor family members that positively regulate immunity. Int J Hematol.2006; 83(1):1-11.
22.Maksymowych WP, Avina-Zubieta A, Luong MH, Russell AS. An open study of pentoxifylline in the treatment of severe refractory rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1995 Apr; 22(4):625-9.
23.Usha P R, Naidu M U R, Datla R. Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability Evaluation of Pentoxifylline in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Study. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2002; 22(5): 329-339.
24.Samer I. Mohammed, Faiq I. Gorial, Ibrahim A. Majeed. Pentoxifylline as Adjuvant Therapy to Etanercept in Patients with Moderately to Highly Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 1.4 2013: 61-66.
25.González-Espinoza L, Rojas-Campos E, Medina-Pérez M, et al. Pentoxifylline decreases serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 May; 27(5):2023-8.
26.Ramani M, Khechai F, Ollivier V,et al. Interleukin-10 and pentoxifylline inhibitC-reactive protein-induced tissue factor gene expression in peripheral human blood monocytes. FEBS Lett. 1994 Dec 12;356(1):86-88.
27.Ji Q, Liu J, Gong D. Could Pentoxifylline (PTX) be a promising agent to reduce the systemic inflammation in hemodialysis patients?.European Renal Association; 2012; 27(7):2997.
28. Maiti R, Agrawal NK, Dash D, Pandey BL. Effect of Pentoxifylline on inflammatory burden, oxidative stress and platelet aggregability in hypertensive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Vascul Pharmacol. 2007 Aug-Sep;47(2-3):118- 24.
29. Unkila-Kallio L, Kallio MJ, Eskola J, Peltola H. Serum C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of children. Pediatrics. 1994 Jan; 93(1):59-62.
Article citation:-
Mudher Mikhael Ehab,Imad Mohammad Samer,Isho Gorial Faiq,Adham Majeed Ibrahim. Pentoxifylline as adjuvant therapy to methotrexate and etanercept in Iraqi patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1927-1931. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Mudher Mikhael Ehab,Imad Mohammad Samer,Isho Gorial Faiq,Adham Majeed Ibrahim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article
Singh Mamta1,Singhal Udita2, Bhasin GK2, Panday Rajesh3 ,Aggarwal SK4,*
Affiliation:-
1Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
2Senior Lecturer, Department of Pathology, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
3Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
4Professor, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University, Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.), India
Author’s contributions: - All the authors contributed equally to this paper
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University, Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.),India
Corresponding author:-
Dr S.K. Aggarwal.
Professor, Department of Biochemistry,
M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University,Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.) India.
Contact no:- +91-9896871470
Abstract:
The biological fluid present in the oral cavity contains secretions from major and minor salivary glands, cellular material and food debris. The oral fluid is supplemented with several constituents that originate from blood, from intact or destroyed mucosal and immune cells, and from intact or destroyed oral microflora that result in a complex mixture of a variety of molecules. It is generally accepted that the fluid present in the oral cavity (whole saliva) is of paramount importance for the maintenance of oral health. Saliva is known to perform multiple functions due to the presence of large number of inorganic and organic components. The functions of the salivary components have been categorized as food and speech related, teeth related, protective and wound healing by growth factors. In addition to the above mentioned functions, saliva is known to play an important role in acquired pellicle formation on tooth surfaces, crystal growth homeostasis, bacterial adhesion, plaque formation and maintaining the mucosal integrity of oral and upper gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces. Moreover, it participates in physico-chemical and antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
Key words: Enzymes; Immunity; Mucin; Saliva and Teeth.
REFERENCES
1.Van Nieuw Amerongen AV, Veerman ECI. Saliva- the defender of the oral cavity. Oral Dis 2002; 8: 12-22.
2.Van Nieuw Amerongen AV, Bolscher JG, Veerman ECI. Salivary proteins: protective and diagnostic value in cariology? Caries Res 2004; 38: 247-53.
3.Lawrence HP. Salivary markers of systemic disease: non-invasive diagnosis of disease and monitoring of general health. J Can Dent Assoc 2002; 68(3):170-74.
4.Raymond G, Schipper A, Erika S, Monique H, Vinger H. Saliva as research material: biochemical, physiochemical, and practical aspects. Arch Oral Bio 2007; 52: 1114-35.
5.Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray’s Anatomy. 36th edition, 1980.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. pp. 1272-81.
6.Kaufman E, Lamster I B. The Diagnostic Applications of Saliva- A Review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002; 13(2):197-212.
7.Carranza M, Ferraris ME, Galizzi M. Structural and morpho-metrical study in glandular parenchyma from alcoholic sialosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34(6):374–9.
8.Washington N, Washington C, Wilson CG. Physiological Pharmaceutics: Barriers to Drug Absorption. London: CRC Press; 2000. Pp.178.
9.Edgar M, Dawes C, O’Mullane D. Saliva and oral health. 3rd ed. London: BDJ Books; 2004: 32-49.
10.Turner RJ, Sugiya H. Understanding salivary fluid and protein secretion. Oral Dis 2002; 8:3-11.
11.Tabak LA. A revolution in biomedical assessment: the development of salivary diagnostics. J Dent Educ. 2001; 65:1335-39.
12.Aps JKM, Martens LC. Review: the physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 150:119–31.
13.Chicharro JL, Lucia A, Perez M, Vaquero AF, Urena R. Saliva composition and exercise. Sports Med 1998; 26(1):17–27.
14.Walsh NP, Laing SJ, Oliver SJ, Montague JC, Walters R, Bilzon JLJ.Saliva parameters as potential indices of hydration status during acute dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004:1535–42.
15.Mandel ID: Sialochemistry in diseases and clinical situations affecting salivary glands. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1980, 12:321-66.
16.Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 1992; 172: 305-12.
17.Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001; 85: 162-169.
18.Twetman S, Fontana M. Patient caries risk assessment. In: Pitts NB, (editor). Detection, assessment, diagnosis and monitoring of caries. Monogr Oral Sci. Basel, Krager; 2009. p. 91-101.
19.Douglas CR. Tratado de fisiolo gia aplicada à saúde. 5thed. São Paulo: Robe Editorial; 2002. pp. 1073-86.
20.Edgar WM. Saliva and dental health. Clinical implications of saliva: report of a consensus meeting. Br Dent J.1990; 169: 96-98.
21.Nagler RM, Hershkovich O, Lischinsky S, Diamond E, Reznick AZ. Saliva analysis in the clinical setting: revisiting an underused diagnostic tool. J Investig Med 2002; 50(3):214 –25.
22.Messenger B, Clifford MN, Morgan LM. Glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide and insulin-like immune reactivity following sham-fed and swallowed meals. J Endocrinol 2003; 177:407-12.
23.Marini A, Cabassi E. La saliva: approccio complementare nella diagnostica clinica e nella ricerca biologica. Ann Fac Med Vet Parma 2002; 22: 295–311.
24.Burgen ASV, Emmelin NG. Physiology of the Salivary Glands. 1961. Edward Arnold LTD, London. pp. 140-194.
25.Buddecke E. Biochemische Grundlagen der Zahnmedizin. 1981. de Gruyter, Berlin. pp. 86-113, 124-138, 154-158.
26.Jensdottir T, Nauntofte B, Buchwald C, Bardow A. Effects of sucking acidic candy on whole-mouth saliva composition. Caries Res 2005; 39: 468-74.
27.Wilmarth PA, Riviere MA, Rustvold DL, Lauten JD, Madden TE, David LL. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of the human whole saliva proteome. J Proteome Res 2004; 3:1017-23.
28.Yao Y, Berg EA, Costello CE, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG. Identification of protein components in human acquired enamel pellicle and whole saliva using novel proteomics approaches. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 5300-08.
29.Yarat A, Akyuz S, Koc L, Erdem H, Emekli N. Salivary sialic acide, protein, salivary flow rate, pH, bufferning capacity and caries indices in subjects with Down.s syndrome. J. Dent. 1999; 27: 115-18.
30.Guan Y, Chu Q, Ye J. Determination of uric acid in human saliva by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection: potential application in fast diagnosis of gout. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 380: 913-17.
31.Diab-Ladki R, Pellat B, Chahine R. Decrease in the total antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontal diseases. Clin Oral Investig 2003; 7(2): 103-07.
32.Nagler RM, Hershkovich O, Lischinsky S, Diamond E, Reznick AZ. Saliva analysis in the clinical setting: revisiting an underused diagnostic tool. J Investig Med 2002; 50(3):214-25.
33.Lloyd JE, Broughton A, Selby C. Salivary creatinine assays as a potential screen for renal disease. Ann Clin Biochem 1996; 33(5):428-31.
34.Actis AB, Perovic NR, Defagò D, Beccacece C, Eynard AR. Fatty acid profile of human saliva: a possible indicator of dietary fat intake. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50(1):1-6.
35.Agha-Hosseini F, Dizgah IM, Amirkhani S.The composition of unstimulated whole saliva of healthy dental students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006; 7(2):104-11.
36.Coufal P, Zuska J, van de Goor T, Smith V, Gas B. Separation of twenty underivatized essential amino acids by capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2003; 24: 671-7.
37.Cooke M, Leeves N, White C. Time profile of putrescine, cadaverine, indole and scatole in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48: 323-7.
38.Larsson B, Olivecrona G, Ericsson T. Lipids in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol 1996; 41: 105-10.
39.Slomiany BL, Zdebska E, Murty VL, Slomiany A, Petropoulou K, Mandel ID.Lipid composition of human labial salivary gland secretions. Arch Oral Biol 1983; 28: 711-14.
40.Karjalainen S, Sewon L, Soderling E, Larsson B, Johansson I, Simel O, Lapinleimu H, Seppanen R. Salivary cholesterol of healthy adults in relation to serum cholesterol concentration and oral health. J Dent Res 1997; 76: 1637-43.
41.Chicharro JL, Lucia A, Perez M, Vaquero AF, Urena R. Saliva composition and exercise. Sports Med 1998; 26(1):17-27.
42.Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ. Oral anatomy, embryology and histology. Chicago: Mosby. 2002; 255-67.
43.Ten Cate AR. Oral histology: development, structure and function. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998.pp.81.
44.Stack KM, Papas AS. Xerostomia: etiology and clinical management. Nutr Clin Care 2001; 4:15-21.
45.Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 1992; 172: 305- 12.
46.Tenovuo J and Lagerlof F.: Saliva In: Textbook of clinical cariology edt. By Thylstrup A and Fejerskov O. 2nd ed. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark; 1996, pp:17-44.
47.Douglas CR. Tratado de fisiologia aplicada a saude. 5th ed. Sao Paulo: Robe Editorial, 2002, pp.1488.
48.Schenkels LC, Veerman EC, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Biochemical composition of human saliva in relation to other mucosal fluids. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995; 6:161-175.
49.Bardow A, Moe D, Nyvad B. The buffer capacity and buffer system of human whole saliva measured without loss of CO2. Arch Oral Biol 2000; 46:12.
50.Palomares F, Montagud JV, Sanchiz V, Herreros B. Unstimulated Salivary flow rate and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Rev Esp Enferm Did 2004; 96:773-83.
51.Denny PC, Denny PA, Klauser DK, Hong SH, Navazesh M, Tabak LA. Age-related changes in mucins from human whole saliva. J Dent Res 1991; 70: 1320 -27.
52.Fabian TK, Fejerdy P, Nguyen MT, Soti Cs, Csermely P. Potential immunological functions of the salivary chaperone, Hsp70 in the mucosal and periodontal defense mechanisms. (Review) Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2007; 55: 1-8.
53.Tenovuo J. Antimicrobial agents in saliva-Protection for the whole body. J Dent Res 2002; 81: 807-09.
54.Shugars DC, Wahl SM. The role of the oral environment in HIV-1 transmission. JADA 1998; 129: 851-58.
55.Wentworth P, McDunn JE, Wentworth AD, Takeuchi C, Nieva J, Jones T, Bautista C, Ruedy JM, Gutierrez A, Janda KD, Babior BM, Eschenmoser A, Lerner RA. Evidence for antibody-catalysed ozone formation in bacterial killing and inflammation. Science 2002; 298: 2195-99.
56.Nikawa H, Samaranayake LP, Tenovuo J, Pang KM, Hamada T. The fungicidal effect of human lactoferrin on Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Arch Oral Biol 1993; 38: 1057-63.
57.Blankenvoorde MF, Henskens YM, van’t Hof W, Veerman E C, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Inhibition of the growth and cysteine proteinase activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis by human salivary cystatins and chicken cystatin. Biol Chem 1996; 377: 847-50.
58.Mackay BJ, Denepiti ya L, Iacono VJ, Krost SB, Pollock JJ. Growth- inhibitory and bactericidal effects of human parotid salivary histidine-rich polypeptides on Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun1984; 44: 695-701.
59.Murakami Y, Tamagawa H, Shizukuishi S, Tsunemitsu A, Aimoto S. Biolo gical role of anginine residue present in a histidine-rich peptide which inhibits hemagglutination of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 77: 201-04.
60.Sugiyama K. Anti-lipopolysaccharide activity of histatins, peptides from human saliva. Experientia 1993; 49: 1095-97.
61.Xu T, Levitz SM, Diamond RD, Oppenheim FG. Anticandidal activity of major human salivary histatins. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 2549-54.
62.Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X. Saliva metabolomics opens door to biomarker discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22971835.
63.Zhang A, Sun H, Wang P, Han Y, Wang X. Recent and potential developments of biofluid analyses in metabolomics. J Proteomics 2012; 75(4):1079-88.
64.Barnes VM, Ciancio SG, Shibly O, Xu T, Devizio W, Trivedi HM, Guo L, Jonsson Metabolomics reveals elevated macromolecular degradation in periodontal disease. J Dent Res 2011; 90(11):1293-7.
65.Wei J, Xie G, Zhou Z, Shi P, Qiu Y, Zheng X, Chen T, Su M, Zhao A, Jia W. Salivary metabolite signatures of oral cancer and leukoplakia. Int J Cancer 2001; 129(9): 2207-17.
Article citation:-
Singh Mamta,Singhal Udita,Bhasin GK,Panday Rajesh,Aggarwal SK. Oral fluid: Biochemical composition and functions: A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1932-1941. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013. Singh Mamta,Singhal Udita,Panday Rajesh,Aggarwal SK. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Rajyalakshmi Gunti1,Usha Rani Anaparthy2,*,Durga Rani Arava1
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor,2Professor, Department of Microbiology,GGH campus, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada – 533008, Andhra Pradesh,India
Author’s contributions: - All the author contributed equally to this paper.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Microbiology, GGH campus, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada – 533008, Andhra Pradesh,India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr.Usha Rani Anaparthy, MD
Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada–533008,Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract:
Aims and Objectives: The Present study was conducted in Government General Hospital, Kakinada from April - May 2013 to know the prevalence of Biofilm production in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci and to compare the results of biofilm production by three different methods.
Material and Methods: A total Number of 50 Staphylococcus aureus and 50 coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from different clinical samples were screened by tissue culture plate (TCP) method, tube method (TM) and Congo red agar (CRA) method for biofilm production.
Results: Among 50 Staphylococus aureus isolates screened, biofilm production was detected in 38(76%) by TCP method, 30(60%) by tube method and 42(84%) by CRA method, where as in 50 Coagulase negative Staphylococci it was 34(68%), 20(40%) and 40(80%) by three methods respectively.
Conclusion: In our study it was found that Congo red agar method is more sensitive when compared with other two methods for detection of biofilm production. It is also simple, easy to perform and economical.
Key words: Biofilm; Congo red agar; Staphylococcus; Tissue culture plate; Tube method.
REFERENCES
1.Stewart PS, Costerton JW. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 2001; 358: 135-8.
2.Carsten Matz, Jeremy S. Webb, Peter J. Schupp, Shui Phang, Anahit Penesyan, Suhelen Egan, Peter D. Steinberg, Staffan Kjelleberg: Marine biofilm bacteria evade eukaryotic predation by targeted chemical defense. PLoS ONE published July 23, 2008, doi/ pone.0002744.
3.“ Research on Microbial Biofilms (PA-03-047)”. NIH, National Heart, Lung and Blood institute. 2012-12-20.
4.Rogers A H (2008). Molecular oral Microbiology. Caister academic press. pp 65-108. ISBN 97A-1-904455-24-0.
5.Imamura Y, Chandra J, Mukharjee PK, et al. Fusarium and Candida albicans biofilms on soft contact lenses: model development, influence of lens type and susceptibility to lens care solutions. Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 2008 Jan;52 (1): 171 – 82. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00387-07. PMC 2223913. PMID 17999966.
6.Lewis K. Riddle of Biofilm resistance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2001 April; 45 (4): 999-1007. Doi; 10.1128/AAC.45.4.999-1007.2001. PMC90417. PMID11257008.
7.Parsek MR, singh PK. Bacterial biofilms : an emerging link to disease pathogenesis. Annual review of Microbiology 2003;57: 677–701. Doi:10.1146/annurev. micro.57.030502.090720.PMID 14527295.
8.Chaudhary A, M Nagaraja and A.G Kumar. Potential of Biofilm formation by staphylococci on polymer surface and its correlation with methicillin susceptibility. Ind. J. Med. Microbiol 2009;27: 377-378.
9.Gerke C, Kraft A, Sussmuth R, Schweitzer O, Gotz F. Characterisation of N- acetylglucosaminyl transferase activity involved in the biosynthesis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis Polysaccharide intercellular adhesion. J Biol Chem 1998: 273: 18586 – 93.
10.Cramton SE, Gerke C, Schell NF, Nichol WW, Gotz F. The intercellular adhesion (ica) locus is present in Staphylococcus aureus and is required for biofilm formation. Infect Immun 1999;67:5427-33.
11.Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Bisno AL, Beachey EH. Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infect Immun 1982; 37: 318-26.
12.Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JA, Baddour LH, Barrett FF, Melton DM et al. Adherence of coagulase negative Staphylococci to Medical devices.
J clin Microbiol 1985; 22: 996- 1006.
13.Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT. New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative Staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 1989;42: 872-4.
14.Ludwicka A, switalski LM, Lundin A, pulverer G, wadstrom T. Bioluminescent assays for measurement of bacterial attachment to polyethylene. J Microbiol methods 1985; 4: 169-77.
15.Zufferey J, Rime B, Francioli P, Bille J. Simple method for rapid diagnosis of catheter associated infection by direct Acridine orange staining of catheter tips. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 26:175-7.
16.T Mathur, S Singhal , S kahn, DJ upadhyay, T Fatima, A Rattan. Detection of Biofilm formation among the clinical isolates of Staphylococci. An evaluation of three different methods. Ind Journal of Med Microbiol 2006;24(1): 25-9.
17.Bose S, M. Khodke, S. Basak and S. K. Mallik, 2009. Detection of Biofilm producing staphylococci: Need of the hour. J. Clin. Diagnostic Res 3: 1915-1920.
18.Fathima Khan, Indu Shukla, Meher Rizvi, Tariq Mansoor and S.C. Sharma, 2011. Detection of Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Does it have a role in Treatment of MRSA infections. Trends in Medical research, ISSN 1819-3587 / DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2011.
19.R Srinivasa Rao, R Uma Karthika, SP singh, P Shashikala, R Kanungo, S Jaya chandra, K Prasanth. Correlation between Biofilm production and multiple drug resistance in Imipenem resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter Baumanii. Ind Journal of Med Microbiol 2008; 26(4):333-7.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Rajyalakshmi Gunti,Usha Rani Anaparthy,Durga Rani Arava. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article citation:-
Rajyalakshmi Gunti,Usha Rani Anaparthy,Durga Rani Arava. Detection of biofilm production in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococci using three different methods. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1952-1956. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Case report and literature review
Ahmet Aslan1,*,Mehmet Nuri Konya1, Serdar Sargın2
Affiliation:-
1MD, Orthopaedics Surgeon; Afyonkarahisar State Hospital, Departmants of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Afyonkarahisar/TURKEY.
2MD, Orthopaedics Surgeon; Balıkesir Universty, Medicine Faculty, Departmants of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Balıkesir/TURKEY.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Afyonkarahisar State Hospital,
Departmants of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Afyonkarahisar/TURKEY.
*Corresponding author:-
Ahmet Aslan: MD,
Orthopaedics Surgeon; Afyonkarahisar State Hospital, Departmants of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Afyonkarahisar/TURKEY.
Tel:+905056462411
Abstract:
Percutaneous trigger finger releasing has been reported as a safe, effective and quick procedure, but most surgeons convert percutaneous releasing to an opened method because of residual triggering. In this article, we aimed to present an unusual case with trigger finger who underwent percutaneous releasing and afterwards opened revision surgery because of recurrence, in attribution to current literature. The patient was a 51 year-old diabetic female with pain in the middle finger of right hand and had trigger finger. Percutaneous releasing was performed by using the tip of a 18-gauge needle at the outpatient room under local anaesthesia. Theree months after percuteneous surgery, the patient reapplied to the hospital because of recurrent triggering of the finger. A secondary procedure by using opened releasing surgery method with A1 pulley was performed to fix the residual or recurrent triggering occured after the initial percutaneous surgical procedure. The patient recovered completely after the second surgery and turned back to her normal life. No complications were observed at 6 month- follow-up examinations. In patients with trigger finger, opened revision surgery is needed when the triggering relapse after percutaneous releasing. The ganglion involvement should always be kept in mind because the ganglion at the level of the metacarpal head of the flexor tendon under A1 pulley can be trapped and this is one of the very rare cause of trigger finger as it is in this case.
Key words: Trigger; Finger; Digits; Treatment; Surgical; Release; Percutaneous.
REFERENCES
1.Yalçınkaya M, Dogan A, Üzümcügil O, Yetiş M, Kabukçuoglu YS.[Our Results in Surgery Treatment ofTrigger Finger Disease]. [Article in Turkish] Istanbul Med J 2008; 9(1):1-5.
2.Ertem K, İnan M, Coşkun H, Bora A. [The Results of Treatment of Patients with Trigger Finger Released by Minimal Open Surgery]. [Article in Turkish] Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center 2003;10(1):11-13.
3.Dierks U, Hoffmann R, Meek MF.Open versus percutaneous release of the A1-pulley for stenosing tendovaginitis: a prospective randomized trial. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2008;12(3):183-7.
4.Ryzewicz M, Wolf JM. Trigger digits: principles, management, and complications. J Hand Surg Am. 2006;31(1):135-46.
5.Eastwood DM, Gupta KJ, Johnson D P. Percutaneous release of the trigger finger: an office procedure. J Hand Surg 1992; 17A: 114-17.
6.Ha KI, Park MJ, Ha CW. Percutaneous release of trigger digits. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001 ;83(1):75-7.
7.Kılıç BA, Kiter AE, Selçuk Y. The effect of percutaneous trigger finger release on normal anatomic structures and long-term results of the procedure. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2002;36(3):256-8.
8.Slesarenko YA, Mallo G, Hurst LC, Sampson SP, Serra-Hsu F. Percutaneous release of A1 pulley. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2006;10(1):54-6.
9.Fu YC, Huang PJ, Tien YC, Lu YM, Fu HH, Lin GT. Revision of incompletely released trigger fingers by percutaneous release: results and complications. J Hand Surg Am. 2006 ;31(8):1288-91.
10.Sato ES, Dos Santos JB, Belloti JC, Albertoni WM, Faloppa F. Percutaneous release of trigger fingers. Hand Clin. 2014;30(1):39-45.
11.Aslan A, Atay T, Baykal YB, Kırdemir V, Konya MN, Sofu H, Baydar ML. Giant ganglion cyst at the posterior thigh. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study 2013;2(3):36-40.
12.Pavlicný R. Percutaneous release in the treatment of trigger digits]. [Article in Czech] Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2010;77(1):46-51.
13.Dahabra IA, Sawaqed IS. Percutaneous trigger finger release with 18-gauge needle. Saudi Med J. 2007;28(7):1065-7.
14.Ragoowansi R, Acornley A, Khoo CT. Percutaneous trigger finger release: the 'lift-cut' technique. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58(6):817-21.
15.Gilberts EC, Beekman WH, Stevens HJ, Wereldsma JCProspective randomized trial of open versus percutaneous surgery for trigger digits. J Hand Surg Am. 2001;26(3):497-500.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Article citation:
Ahmet Aslan,Mehmet Nuri Konya,Serdar Sargın. Revision Surgery after percutaneous release of the A1 pulley for surgical treatment of trigger finger: An unusual case and brief review of literature. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1960-1963. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Ahmet Aslan,Mehmet Nuri Konya,Serdar Sargın. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Bhoomi B. Joshi, Megha G. Chaudhari and Kinnari N. Mistry*
Affiliation:-
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies in Biotechnology & Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), New Vallabh Vidhya Nagar – 388121, (Gujarat) India
Author’s contributions: - All the author contributed equally to this paper.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies in Biotechnology & Allied Sciences (ARIBAS).
*Corresponding author:-
Kinnari N. Mistry
Associate professor in biochemistry, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies in Biotechnology & Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), New Vallabh Vidhya Nagar – 388121, (Gujarat) India
Contact no:- +91-9825857880
Abstract:
The objective of present work was to evaluate the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity from methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform crude extract of Argyreia nervosa roots. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization and protein denaturation activity. The samples were studied for their effect on inhibition of glycosylation of haemoglobin, glucose transport across yeast cells and α- Amylase inhibition. From the results of the study, it is inferred that A.nervosa root possesses good anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity. Moreover the results also confirmed that the methanol proved to be superior type solvent in compare to ethanol and chloroform to carry out crude extraction procedure of A.nervosa root. This activity may be due to the strong occurance of phenolic compounds such as alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, steroids and phenols. However, these effects need to be confirmed using in vivo models and clinical trials for its effective utilization as therapeutic agents.
Key words: Argyreia nervosa, In-vitro Antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory assay, Metronidazole, Aspirin.
REFERENCES
1.Agarwal SR, Rastogi RP. Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Argyreia nervosa Burm. Indian J Pharmacol.1974, 35:118-119.
2.Ali, H., P.J.Houghton, and Soumyanath. Recent advance to evaluate antidainetic drugs. A. J. Ethnopharmacol.2006, 107: 449-455.
3.Fluickiger, R., and K. H. Winterhalter. Glycosylated hemoglobins. In Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Hemoglobin Abnormalities. W. S. Caughey, editor.Academic Press, Inc.1978,205-214.
4.B. Dinesh Kumar, A. Mitra and M. Manjunatha. Invitro and invivo studies of Antidiabetic Indian medicinal plants:A Review. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology. 2009, 3 (2), 9-14.
5.Syamsudin,S. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2010, 2. 430-435.
6.García-Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Villares A, Rostagno MA and Martínez JA. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm. Res. 2009, 58: 537-552.
7.Gonen, B., A. H. Rubenstein, H. Rochman, S. P. Tanega, and D. L. Horwitz,. Haemoglobin Al. An indication of the metabolic control of diabetic patients. 1977, 2(2) 734-737.
8.Prachayasittikul S, Buraparuangsang P, Worachartcheewan A, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V . Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bioreactive constituents from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack Molecular. 2008, 13: 904-921.
9.Rajiv Gandhi, G., and Sasikumar, P. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm.F. In Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2012, 2: 281-286.
10.Umapathy E, Ndebia EJ, Meeme A, Adam B, Menziwa P, Nkeh-Chungag BN, et al. An experimental evaluation of Albuca setosa aqueous extract on membrane stabilization, protein denaturation and white blood cell migration during acute inflammation. J Med Plants Res. 2011, 4: 789-795
11.Tanzer, M. L., R. Fairweather, and P. M. Gallop. Collagen crosslinks: isolation of reduced NEhexosyl- hydroxylysine from borohydride reduced calf skin insoluble collagen. Arch. Biochemn. Biophys. 1972, 151: 137- 141.
12.Arulmozhi S, Papiya MM, Purnima A and Sathiya N. In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R.Br. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008, 6: 191-196.
13.Sankari G, Mounnissamy VM, and Balu V, Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of ethanolic extracts of Diptheracanthus prostatus(Acanthaceae), Amala Research Bulletin. 2009, 29:188-89.
14.Zoccoli, M. A., S. A. Baldwin, and G. E. Lienhard. The monosaccharide transport system of the human erythrocyte.J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 253: 6923-6930
15.Sankari G, Mounnissamy VM, and Balu V. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of ethanolic extracts of Diptheracanthus prostatus(Acanthaceae), Amala Research Bulletin. 2009, 29:188-89.
16.VP Cirillo. Mechanism of Arabinose transport in Tetrahymena pyriformis.J Bacteriol.1962, 84, 485–491.
17.Gupta Daksha, Chandrashekar, Richard Lobo, Yogendra Gupta Nilesh. In-vitro Antidiabetic activity of stem bark of Buhinia purpuria Linn. 2012,4(2):614-619.
18.Conforti F, Statti G, Loizzo MR, Sacchetti G, Poli F, Menichini F.Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2005, 28 (6): 1098-1102.
19.Gabbay, K. H., J. M. Sosenko, G. A. Banuchi, M. J. Mininsohn, and R. Fliuckiger. Glycosylated hemoglobins: increased glycosylation of hemoglobin A in diabetic patients. 1976, 28: 337-340.
20.Horton, B. F., and T. H. J. Huisman. Studies on the heterogeneity of hemoglobin. VII minor haemoglobin components in haematological diseases. Br. J. Haematol. 1965, 11: 296-304.
21.Bunn, H. F., D. N. Haney, K. H. Gabbay, and P. M. Gallop. Further identification of the nature and linkage of the carbohydrate in hemoglobin Alc. Biocheml. Biophys. Res. Cornm) 7unt. 1975, 67: 103-109.
22.Cerami, A., R. Koenig, and C. M. Peterson. Haemoglobin A1, and diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Haeematol. 1978, 38: 1-4
23.S. Umadevi, G. P. Mohanta, V. Chelledurai, P. K. Manavalan. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Andrographis echiodes. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2003. 3(2):185-188
24.Govindappa M. , Naga Sravya S., Poojashri M. N., Sadananda T. S. and Chandrappa C. P. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and active phytochemical screening of Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2011, 3(3):43-51.
25.Cerami, A., R. Koenig, and C. M. Peterson. Haemoglobin A1, and diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Haeematol. 1978, 38: 1-4.
26.Chaitanya R, Sandhya S, David Banji, Vinod K.R and Murali.S HRBC Membrane Stabilizing Property of Root, Stem and Leaf of Glochidion velutinum International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2011, 2 (1): 2229-3701.
27.Turker AU, Usta C. Biological screening of some Turkish medicinal plants for antimicrobial and toxicity studies. Nat. Prod. 2008, 22: 136-146.
28.Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu, S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complementary Altern. Med., 2006, 6: 35-41.
29.G. Prakash Yoganandam1, K.Ilango, Sucharita De. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Membrane Stabilizing Properties of various extracts of Punica granatum L.(Lythraceae) International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN. 2010, 2(2): 1260-1263.
30.Williams L.A.D., O’Connar A., Latore L., Dennis O., Ringer S., Whittaker J.A., Conrad J., Vogler B., Rosner H., Kraus W. The in vitro anti-denaturation effects induced by natural products and non-steroidal compounds in heat treated (immunogenic) bovine serum albumin is proposed as a screening assay for the detection of anti-inflammatory compounds, without the use of animals, in the early stages of the drug discovery process. West Indian Med. J. 2008, 57: 327-331.
31.Mizushima Y, Kobayashi M. Interaction of anti ‐inflammatory drugs with serum proteins, especially with some biologically active proteins. J. Pharm. Pharm., 1968, 20: 169-173.
32.Manohara K.P., Raveendra Reddy P., Nandeesh R., Vijay kumar S. Evaluation of Anti- inflammatory activity of various extracts of Tagetes erecta Linn. Herbal Heritage., 2009, 1(2),58-63.
33.Bacchav AS, Gulache VS, Upasain CD. Analgesic and Anti Inflammatory activity of Argyreia nervosa Root. Indian J Phamacol., 2009, 41(4):158-161
34.Bailey, A. J., S. D. Robins, M. J. A. Tanner. Reducible components in the proteins of human erythrocyte membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2009, 434: 51-57.
35.Subramonium A, Madhavachandran V, Ravi K, Anuja VS. Aphrodisiac property of the Argyreia nervosa Elephant Creeper- J Endocrinol Report. 2007, 11(2):82-85.
36.Gokhle AB, Damre AS, Saraf MN. Investigation in to the Immunomodulatory activity of Argyreia speciosa- J Ethanopharmacol. 2003, 84(1):109-114.
37.Opie EL. On the relation of necrosis and inflammation to denaturation of proteins. J Exp Med. 1968, 115: 597-608.
38.VP Cirillo. Mechanism of Arabinose transport in Tetrahymena pyriformis.J Bacteriol.1962, 84, 485–491.
39.Sakat S, Juvekar AR, Gambhire MN. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. I. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 2(1): 146-155.
40.Shapiro, R., M. J. McManus, C. Zalut, and H. F. Bunn. Sites of non-enzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin A. J. Biol. Chemi.1980, 1(2) 165-178.
41.Shaw Cross WE. Recreational use of ergoline alkaloids from Argyreia nervosa. Journal Psychoactive drugs. 1983, 15(4): 251-259.
42.Koenig, R. J., C. M. Peterson, R. L. Jones, C. Saudek, M. Lehrman, and A. Cerami. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin A, in diabetes mellitus. N. Enigl. J. M11ed. 1976, 295: 417-420.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Article citation:-
Rajyalakshmi Gunti,Usha Rani Anaparthy,Durga Rani Arava. In vitro screening of anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity of root extract of Argyreia nervosa. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1964-1971. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Bhoomi B. Joshi, Megha G. Chaudhari,Kinnari N. Mistry. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.