DocumentsDate added
Review article
Singh Mamta1,Singhal Udita2, Bhasin GK2, Panday Rajesh3 ,Aggarwal SK4,*
Affiliation:-
1Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
2Senior Lecturer, Department of Pathology, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
3Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
4Professor, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University, Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.), India
Author’s contributions: - All the authors contributed equally to this paper
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University, Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.),India
Corresponding author:-
Dr S.K. Aggarwal.
Professor, Department of Biochemistry,
M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University,Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.) India.
Contact no:- +91-9896871470
Abstract:
The biological fluid present in the oral cavity contains secretions from major and minor salivary glands, cellular material and food debris. The oral fluid is supplemented with several constituents that originate from blood, from intact or destroyed mucosal and immune cells, and from intact or destroyed oral microflora that result in a complex mixture of a variety of molecules. It is generally accepted that the fluid present in the oral cavity (whole saliva) is of paramount importance for the maintenance of oral health. Saliva is known to perform multiple functions due to the presence of large number of inorganic and organic components. The functions of the salivary components have been categorized as food and speech related, teeth related, protective and wound healing by growth factors. In addition to the above mentioned functions, saliva is known to play an important role in acquired pellicle formation on tooth surfaces, crystal growth homeostasis, bacterial adhesion, plaque formation and maintaining the mucosal integrity of oral and upper gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces. Moreover, it participates in physico-chemical and antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
Key words: Enzymes; Immunity; Mucin; Saliva and Teeth.
REFERENCES
1.Van Nieuw Amerongen AV, Veerman ECI. Saliva- the defender of the oral cavity. Oral Dis 2002; 8: 12-22.
2.Van Nieuw Amerongen AV, Bolscher JG, Veerman ECI. Salivary proteins: protective and diagnostic value in cariology? Caries Res 2004; 38: 247-53.
3.Lawrence HP. Salivary markers of systemic disease: non-invasive diagnosis of disease and monitoring of general health. J Can Dent Assoc 2002; 68(3):170-74.
4.Raymond G, Schipper A, Erika S, Monique H, Vinger H. Saliva as research material: biochemical, physiochemical, and practical aspects. Arch Oral Bio 2007; 52: 1114-35.
5.Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray’s Anatomy. 36th edition, 1980.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. pp. 1272-81.
6.Kaufman E, Lamster I B. The Diagnostic Applications of Saliva- A Review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002; 13(2):197-212.
7.Carranza M, Ferraris ME, Galizzi M. Structural and morpho-metrical study in glandular parenchyma from alcoholic sialosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34(6):374–9.
8.Washington N, Washington C, Wilson CG. Physiological Pharmaceutics: Barriers to Drug Absorption. London: CRC Press; 2000. Pp.178.
9.Edgar M, Dawes C, O’Mullane D. Saliva and oral health. 3rd ed. London: BDJ Books; 2004: 32-49.
10.Turner RJ, Sugiya H. Understanding salivary fluid and protein secretion. Oral Dis 2002; 8:3-11.
11.Tabak LA. A revolution in biomedical assessment: the development of salivary diagnostics. J Dent Educ. 2001; 65:1335-39.
12.Aps JKM, Martens LC. Review: the physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 150:119–31.
13.Chicharro JL, Lucia A, Perez M, Vaquero AF, Urena R. Saliva composition and exercise. Sports Med 1998; 26(1):17–27.
14.Walsh NP, Laing SJ, Oliver SJ, Montague JC, Walters R, Bilzon JLJ.Saliva parameters as potential indices of hydration status during acute dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004:1535–42.
15.Mandel ID: Sialochemistry in diseases and clinical situations affecting salivary glands. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1980, 12:321-66.
16.Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 1992; 172: 305-12.
17.Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent. 2001; 85: 162-169.
18.Twetman S, Fontana M. Patient caries risk assessment. In: Pitts NB, (editor). Detection, assessment, diagnosis and monitoring of caries. Monogr Oral Sci. Basel, Krager; 2009. p. 91-101.
19.Douglas CR. Tratado de fisiolo gia aplicada à saúde. 5thed. São Paulo: Robe Editorial; 2002. pp. 1073-86.
20.Edgar WM. Saliva and dental health. Clinical implications of saliva: report of a consensus meeting. Br Dent J.1990; 169: 96-98.
21.Nagler RM, Hershkovich O, Lischinsky S, Diamond E, Reznick AZ. Saliva analysis in the clinical setting: revisiting an underused diagnostic tool. J Investig Med 2002; 50(3):214 –25.
22.Messenger B, Clifford MN, Morgan LM. Glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide and insulin-like immune reactivity following sham-fed and swallowed meals. J Endocrinol 2003; 177:407-12.
23.Marini A, Cabassi E. La saliva: approccio complementare nella diagnostica clinica e nella ricerca biologica. Ann Fac Med Vet Parma 2002; 22: 295–311.
24.Burgen ASV, Emmelin NG. Physiology of the Salivary Glands. 1961. Edward Arnold LTD, London. pp. 140-194.
25.Buddecke E. Biochemische Grundlagen der Zahnmedizin. 1981. de Gruyter, Berlin. pp. 86-113, 124-138, 154-158.
26.Jensdottir T, Nauntofte B, Buchwald C, Bardow A. Effects of sucking acidic candy on whole-mouth saliva composition. Caries Res 2005; 39: 468-74.
27.Wilmarth PA, Riviere MA, Rustvold DL, Lauten JD, Madden TE, David LL. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of the human whole saliva proteome. J Proteome Res 2004; 3:1017-23.
28.Yao Y, Berg EA, Costello CE, Troxler RF, Oppenheim FG. Identification of protein components in human acquired enamel pellicle and whole saliva using novel proteomics approaches. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 5300-08.
29.Yarat A, Akyuz S, Koc L, Erdem H, Emekli N. Salivary sialic acide, protein, salivary flow rate, pH, bufferning capacity and caries indices in subjects with Down.s syndrome. J. Dent. 1999; 27: 115-18.
30.Guan Y, Chu Q, Ye J. Determination of uric acid in human saliva by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection: potential application in fast diagnosis of gout. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 380: 913-17.
31.Diab-Ladki R, Pellat B, Chahine R. Decrease in the total antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontal diseases. Clin Oral Investig 2003; 7(2): 103-07.
32.Nagler RM, Hershkovich O, Lischinsky S, Diamond E, Reznick AZ. Saliva analysis in the clinical setting: revisiting an underused diagnostic tool. J Investig Med 2002; 50(3):214-25.
33.Lloyd JE, Broughton A, Selby C. Salivary creatinine assays as a potential screen for renal disease. Ann Clin Biochem 1996; 33(5):428-31.
34.Actis AB, Perovic NR, Defagò D, Beccacece C, Eynard AR. Fatty acid profile of human saliva: a possible indicator of dietary fat intake. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50(1):1-6.
35.Agha-Hosseini F, Dizgah IM, Amirkhani S.The composition of unstimulated whole saliva of healthy dental students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006; 7(2):104-11.
36.Coufal P, Zuska J, van de Goor T, Smith V, Gas B. Separation of twenty underivatized essential amino acids by capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2003; 24: 671-7.
37.Cooke M, Leeves N, White C. Time profile of putrescine, cadaverine, indole and scatole in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48: 323-7.
38.Larsson B, Olivecrona G, Ericsson T. Lipids in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol 1996; 41: 105-10.
39.Slomiany BL, Zdebska E, Murty VL, Slomiany A, Petropoulou K, Mandel ID.Lipid composition of human labial salivary gland secretions. Arch Oral Biol 1983; 28: 711-14.
40.Karjalainen S, Sewon L, Soderling E, Larsson B, Johansson I, Simel O, Lapinleimu H, Seppanen R. Salivary cholesterol of healthy adults in relation to serum cholesterol concentration and oral health. J Dent Res 1997; 76: 1637-43.
41.Chicharro JL, Lucia A, Perez M, Vaquero AF, Urena R. Saliva composition and exercise. Sports Med 1998; 26(1):17-27.
42.Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ. Oral anatomy, embryology and histology. Chicago: Mosby. 2002; 255-67.
43.Ten Cate AR. Oral histology: development, structure and function. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998.pp.81.
44.Stack KM, Papas AS. Xerostomia: etiology and clinical management. Nutr Clin Care 2001; 4:15-21.
45.Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 1992; 172: 305- 12.
46.Tenovuo J and Lagerlof F.: Saliva In: Textbook of clinical cariology edt. By Thylstrup A and Fejerskov O. 2nd ed. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark; 1996, pp:17-44.
47.Douglas CR. Tratado de fisiologia aplicada a saude. 5th ed. Sao Paulo: Robe Editorial, 2002, pp.1488.
48.Schenkels LC, Veerman EC, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Biochemical composition of human saliva in relation to other mucosal fluids. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995; 6:161-175.
49.Bardow A, Moe D, Nyvad B. The buffer capacity and buffer system of human whole saliva measured without loss of CO2. Arch Oral Biol 2000; 46:12.
50.Palomares F, Montagud JV, Sanchiz V, Herreros B. Unstimulated Salivary flow rate and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Rev Esp Enferm Did 2004; 96:773-83.
51.Denny PC, Denny PA, Klauser DK, Hong SH, Navazesh M, Tabak LA. Age-related changes in mucins from human whole saliva. J Dent Res 1991; 70: 1320 -27.
52.Fabian TK, Fejerdy P, Nguyen MT, Soti Cs, Csermely P. Potential immunological functions of the salivary chaperone, Hsp70 in the mucosal and periodontal defense mechanisms. (Review) Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2007; 55: 1-8.
53.Tenovuo J. Antimicrobial agents in saliva-Protection for the whole body. J Dent Res 2002; 81: 807-09.
54.Shugars DC, Wahl SM. The role of the oral environment in HIV-1 transmission. JADA 1998; 129: 851-58.
55.Wentworth P, McDunn JE, Wentworth AD, Takeuchi C, Nieva J, Jones T, Bautista C, Ruedy JM, Gutierrez A, Janda KD, Babior BM, Eschenmoser A, Lerner RA. Evidence for antibody-catalysed ozone formation in bacterial killing and inflammation. Science 2002; 298: 2195-99.
56.Nikawa H, Samaranayake LP, Tenovuo J, Pang KM, Hamada T. The fungicidal effect of human lactoferrin on Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Arch Oral Biol 1993; 38: 1057-63.
57.Blankenvoorde MF, Henskens YM, van’t Hof W, Veerman E C, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Inhibition of the growth and cysteine proteinase activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis by human salivary cystatins and chicken cystatin. Biol Chem 1996; 377: 847-50.
58.Mackay BJ, Denepiti ya L, Iacono VJ, Krost SB, Pollock JJ. Growth- inhibitory and bactericidal effects of human parotid salivary histidine-rich polypeptides on Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun1984; 44: 695-701.
59.Murakami Y, Tamagawa H, Shizukuishi S, Tsunemitsu A, Aimoto S. Biolo gical role of anginine residue present in a histidine-rich peptide which inhibits hemagglutination of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 77: 201-04.
60.Sugiyama K. Anti-lipopolysaccharide activity of histatins, peptides from human saliva. Experientia 1993; 49: 1095-97.
61.Xu T, Levitz SM, Diamond RD, Oppenheim FG. Anticandidal activity of major human salivary histatins. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 2549-54.
62.Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X. Saliva metabolomics opens door to biomarker discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22971835.
63.Zhang A, Sun H, Wang P, Han Y, Wang X. Recent and potential developments of biofluid analyses in metabolomics. J Proteomics 2012; 75(4):1079-88.
64.Barnes VM, Ciancio SG, Shibly O, Xu T, Devizio W, Trivedi HM, Guo L, Jonsson Metabolomics reveals elevated macromolecular degradation in periodontal disease. J Dent Res 2011; 90(11):1293-7.
65.Wei J, Xie G, Zhou Z, Shi P, Qiu Y, Zheng X, Chen T, Su M, Zhao A, Jia W. Salivary metabolite signatures of oral cancer and leukoplakia. Int J Cancer 2001; 129(9): 2207-17.
Article citation:-
Singh Mamta,Singhal Udita,Bhasin GK,Panday Rajesh,Aggarwal SK. Oral fluid: Biochemical composition and functions: A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1932-1941. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013. Singh Mamta,Singhal Udita,Panday Rajesh,Aggarwal SK. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Mudher Mikhael Ehab1,*,Imad Mohammad Samer1,Isho Gorial Faiq2,Adham Majeed Ibrahim1
Affiliation:-
1Clinical pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
2Medicine Department, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
Author’s contributions:- Author 1 contributed towards concepts, design, literature survey, data acquisition, manuscript editing and preparation.
Author 2 contributed in Design, literature search, clinical studies, data acquisition and analysis.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
Core idea:
Pentoxifylline when used as adjuvant therapy to the combination of methotrexate and etanercept results in a significant decrease in inflammation as shown by reduction in CRP, which ultimately mean reduction in not only rheumatoid arthritis disease activity but also reduction in the additional cardiovascular risk in those patients
Corresponding author:-
EHab Mudher Mikhael.
Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad University, Iraq
Abstract:
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic inflammatory disease that associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Combination of methotrexate and etanercept is effective to control disease activity and to decrease mortality and morbidity of RA. Pentoxifylline is a hemorheologic agent with ability to reduce tumor necrosis factor. This study aimed to evaluate the benefit of adding pentoxifylline to dual therapy of MTX + etanercept in Iraqi patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods: Randomized single blind placebo controlled clinical trial was done over 6 months, patients with active RA disease who use MTX and etanercept were randomly allocated into 2 groups to receive either Pentoxifylline tablet 400mg twice daily or glucose capsule as placebo. Patients were clinically evaluated for tender joint count TJC, swelling joint count SJC, visual analogue scales VAS and evaluator global assessment EGA at start and after 8 weeks. Blood specimens were obtained to measure CRP, ESR and TNF at start and at the end of the study.
Results: Pentoxifylline significantly reduce CRP and TNF, but didn't achieve significant reduction in any clinical parameter or disease activity, Yet, it result in ACR20 in 60% of patients.
Conclusion: Pentoxifylline produce mild anti inflammatory effect through its action to reduce TNF, which may potentiate the effect of etanercept in active RA patients.
Key words: Rheumatoid arthritis; Pentoxifylline; Inflammation.
REFERENCES
1.Turesson C, Matterson EL. Management of extra-articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004;16(3):206–211.
2.Cojocaru M, Cojocaru IM, Silosi I, Vrabie CD,Tanasescu R. Extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Maedica (Buchar) 2010; 5:286-91.
3.John B. Wong, Dena R. Ramey, Gurkirpal Singh.Long-Term Morbidity, Mortality, and Economics of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM. 2001;44(12):2746–2749.
4.Young, G. Koduri, M. Batley, E. Kulinskaya, A.Gough,S. Norton,J.Dixey. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased in the early course of disease, in ischaemic heart disease and in pulmonary fibrosis. Rheumatology. 2007; 46 (2): 350-357.
5.Josef S Smolen, Daniel Aletaha, Johannes W J Bijlsma, etal. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:631-637 doi:10.1136/ard.2009.123919
6.Josef S Smolen, Robert Landewé, Ferdinand C Breedveld, etal. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jun;69(6):964-75. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.126532. Epub 2010 May 5.
7.O'Dell JR, Mikuls TR, Taylor TH, Ahluwalia V, Brophy M, Warren SR, Lew RA, Cannella AC, Kunkel G, Phibbs CS, Anis AH, Leatherman S, Keystone E; CSP 551 RACAT Investigators. Therapies for active rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate failure. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 25; 369(4):307-18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1303006. Epub 2013 Jun 11.
8.P L C M van Riel, A J Taggart, J Sany, M Gaubitz, H W Nab, R Pedersen, B Freundlich, and D MacPeek, Efficacy and safety of combination etanercept and methotrexate versus etanercept alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to methotrexate: the ADORE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 November; 65(11): 1478–1483.
9.P” Monographs; Pentoxifylline (Systemic). In: Group UDE, ed. USP DIR Drug Information for the Health Care Professional, 26th ed. Taunton, MA: Micromedex, 2006.
10.Bayat M, Chelcheraghi F, Piryaei A, Rakhshan M et al. The effect of 30-day pretreatment with Pentoxyphylline on the survival of a random skin flap in the rat: an ultrastructural and biomechanical evaluation. Med Sci Monit 6 (2006); 12(6): 201-207.
11.Raghdan Zeki Al-Saad, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain and Intesar Tariq Numan. Dose-response Relationship of the Anti-inflammatory activity of pentoxifylline. Pharmacologia, 2012;3: 39-45.
12.H. Matsuno, K. Yudoh, R. Katayama, F. Nakazawa, M. Uzuki, T. Sawai,T. Yonezawa, Y. Saeki, G. S. Panayi , C. Pitzalis, T. Kimura. The role of TNF‐α in the pathogenesis of inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): a study using a human RA/SCID mouse chimera. Rheumatology. 2002; 41 (3): 329-337.
13.Prevoo ML, van 't Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38:44-8.
14.J. S. Smolen, F. C. Breedveld 1 , M. H. Schiff, etal. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology. 2003; 42 (2): 244-257.
15.Cella D, Yount S, Rothrock N, Gershon R, et al. The patient reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): Progress of an NIH roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Medical Care. 2007; 45:S3-S11.
16.Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, Bombardier C,et al. American College of Rheumatology. Preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38(6):727-735.
17.Pincus T, Amara I, Koch GG. Continuous indices of core data set measures in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials: lower responses to placebo than seen with categorical responses with the American College of Rheumatology 20% criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Apr; 52(4):1031-6.
18.Fransen J, van Riel PL. The Disease Activity Score and the EULAR response criteria. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23:S93–9.
19.Jou JM, Lewis SM, Briggs C, Lee SH, De La Salle B, McFadden S; International Council for Standardization in Haematology. Review of the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Int J Lab Hematol 2011; 33:125-32.
20.Mitra B, Panja M. High sensitive C-reactive protein: a novel biochemical markers and its role in coronary artery disease, J Assoc physicians India. 2005 Jan; 53:25-32
21.So T, Lee SW, Croft M. Tumor necrosis factor/ tumor necrosis receptor family members that positively regulate immunity. Int J Hematol.2006; 83(1):1-11.
22.Maksymowych WP, Avina-Zubieta A, Luong MH, Russell AS. An open study of pentoxifylline in the treatment of severe refractory rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1995 Apr; 22(4):625-9.
23.Usha P R, Naidu M U R, Datla R. Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability Evaluation of Pentoxifylline in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Study. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2002; 22(5): 329-339.
24.Samer I. Mohammed, Faiq I. Gorial, Ibrahim A. Majeed. Pentoxifylline as Adjuvant Therapy to Etanercept in Patients with Moderately to Highly Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 1.4 2013: 61-66.
25.González-Espinoza L, Rojas-Campos E, Medina-Pérez M, et al. Pentoxifylline decreases serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 May; 27(5):2023-8.
26.Ramani M, Khechai F, Ollivier V,et al. Interleukin-10 and pentoxifylline inhibitC-reactive protein-induced tissue factor gene expression in peripheral human blood monocytes. FEBS Lett. 1994 Dec 12;356(1):86-88.
27.Ji Q, Liu J, Gong D. Could Pentoxifylline (PTX) be a promising agent to reduce the systemic inflammation in hemodialysis patients?.European Renal Association; 2012; 27(7):2997.
28. Maiti R, Agrawal NK, Dash D, Pandey BL. Effect of Pentoxifylline on inflammatory burden, oxidative stress and platelet aggregability in hypertensive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Vascul Pharmacol. 2007 Aug-Sep;47(2-3):118- 24.
29. Unkila-Kallio L, Kallio MJ, Eskola J, Peltola H. Serum C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of children. Pediatrics. 1994 Jan; 93(1):59-62.
Article citation:-
Mudher Mikhael Ehab,Imad Mohammad Samer,Isho Gorial Faiq,Adham Majeed Ibrahim. Pentoxifylline as adjuvant therapy to methotrexate and etanercept in Iraqi patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1927-1931. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Mudher Mikhael Ehab,Imad Mohammad Samer,Isho Gorial Faiq,Adham Majeed Ibrahim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Glenn L. Sia Su1,*, Peter Daniel M. David1, Luigi Aimes U. Tan1, Maria Lilibeth L. Sia Su2, Mary Ann C. Sison3,Elena M. Ragragio1,Erna C. Arollado4, and Teressita De Guzman3
Affiliation:-
1Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila
2College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila
3Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila
4Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Institute of Health, University of the Philippines Manila
Author’s contributions: - Author 1 contributed towards concepts, design, literature survey, data acquisition, manuscript editing and preparation.
Author 2 & 3 contributed towards concepts, design, literature survey, data acquisition,
Author 4, 5 & 6 contributed in design, data acquisition and analysis.
Author 7 & 8 contributed towards literature survey, data acquisition and analysis
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
University of the Philippines Manila
Corresponding author:-
Glenn L. Sia Su, Ph.D.,
Biology Department, University of the Philippines Manila;
Email: glss76@yahoo.com
siasug@gmail.com
Abstract:
The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic fruit extracts of Capsicum frutescens Linn. were assessed against four species of microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Alternaria alternate) using the disc diffusion assay. Results showed that the crude ethanolic fruit extracts of Capsicum frutescens Linn. contain glycosides, reducing substances, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Likewise, the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus fumigatus were susceptible to the crude fruit extract, particularly at increasing concentrations. These results show that the crude fruit extract of the Capsicum frutescens Linn. may prove useful in inhibiting bacteria and fungi.
Key words: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Medicinal plants; Phytochemical.
REFERENCES
1.Andersen B, Kreger E, Roberts RG. Chemical and morphological segregation of Alternaria alternata, A. gaisen and A. longipes. Mycol Res. 2000; 105(3):291-299.
2.Shah SMM, Khan FA, Shah SMH, Chishti KA, Pirzada SMSS, Khan MA, et al. Evaluation of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of white and blue capitulum and whole plant of Silybum marianum. World Appl Sci J. 2011; 12(8):1139-1144.
3.Shelef LA. Antimicrobial effect of spices. J Food Safety. 1983; 6:29-44.
4.Alam MT, Karim MM, Khan SN. Antibacterial activity of different organic extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Cassia alata. J Sci Res. 2009; 1(2):393-398.
5.Cutter CN. Antimicrobial effect of herb extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium associated with beef. J Food Prot. 2000; 63(5):601-607.
6.World Health Organization. Traditional medicine. 2010[cited 2013 June 5]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/
7.Soumya SL, BR Nair. Antifungal efficacy of Capsicum frutescens L. extracts against some prevalent fungal strains associated with groundnut storage. J Agric Technol. 2012; 8(2):739-750.
8.De Lucca AJ, Boue S, Palmgren MS, Maskos K, Cleveland TE. Fungicidal properties of two saponins from Capsicum frutescens and the relationship of structure. Can J Microbiol. 2006; 52(4):336-342.
9.Huang JW, Chung WC. Management of vegetable crops diseases with plant extracts. Adv Plant Dis Manage. 2003; 37:153-163.
10.Zimmer AR, Leonardi B, Miron D, Schapoval E, Oliveira JR, Gosmann G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Capsicum baccatum: from traditional use to scientific approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 139(1):228-233.
11.Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kahkonen M, Kujala T, et al. Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000; 56(1):3-12.
12.Harbone JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000; 55:481-504.
13.Sutcliffe IC. A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture. Trends Microbiol. 2010; 18(1):464-470.
Article citation:-
Glenn L. Sia Su,Peter Daniel M. David, Luigi Aimes U. Tan, Maria Lilibeth L. Sia Su, Mary Ann C. Sison,Elena M. Ragragio et al. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Capsicum frutescens Linn. crude fruit extract on selected microorganisms. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1922-1926. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Glenn L. Sia Su,Peter Daniel M. David, Luigi Aimes U. Tan, Maria Lilibeth L. Sia Su, Mary Ann C. Sison,Elena M. Ragragio et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report
Manisa Sahu1,*, Arun Bal2, Pallavi Bhalekar3, Dipty Kenny4
Affiliation:-
1Consultant Microbiologist,2Consultant Diabetic surgeon, 3Technical Supervisor, 4Technologist, S L Raheja Hospital (A Fortis Associate), Mahim (W), Mumbai-400016,India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Microbiology and Department of Diabetic Foot Surgery: S L Raheja Hospital (A Fortis Associate), Mahim (W), Mumbai-400016,India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr. Manisa Sahu. MD, DNB (Micro);
Consultant Microbiologist, S L Raheja Hospital (A Fortis Associate), Mahim (W), Mumbai-400016,India
Abstract:
Diabetic foot infections are usually polymicrobial, including fungal pathogens. We Report a case of DFI in a 53 year old female patient due to Fusarium species. Fusarium species, a hyaline mold, was isolated on two successive occasions. No systemic dissemination was noted and patient was managed by extensive debridement of the ulcer.
Key words: DFI; Diabetic foot infections; Fusarium species.
REFERENCES
1.Shalbha Tiwari, Daliparthy D. Pratyush, Awanindra Dwivedi, Sanjiv K. Gupta2,Madhukar Rai, Surya K. Singh.Microbiological and clinical characteristics of diabetic foot infections in northern India. J Infect Dev Ctries 2012; 6(4):329-332.
2.Seema Nair, Sam Peter, Abhilash Sasidharan, Sujatha Sistla and Ayalur Kodakara Kochugovindan Unni. Incidence of mycotic infections in diabetic foot tissue. journal of culture collections 2006-2007;5:85-89
3.Sagar M. Miscellaneous fungi. In Gorbach S L, Bartlet JG, Blacklow N R, editors. Infectious diseases. Chapter 276, 3rd ed. 2004.p2270-5.
4.Nucci M, Anaissie E. Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007; 20:695–704
5.Viswanathan Epidemiology of diabetic foot and management of foot problems in India. International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds.2010;9:122-126.
6.Ekta Bansal, Ashish Garg, Sanjeev Bhatia , A K Attri, Jagdish Chander. Spectrum of Microbial Flora in Daibetic foot ulcers. IJPM 2008; 51(2):204-8.
7.Dipali A Chincholikar (Nee Kothari), Ramprasad B Pal. Study of Fungal and Bacterial infections of the diabetic foot. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2002;45(1):15-22.
8.Chellan G, Shivaprakash S, Karimassery Ramaiyar S, Varma AK, Varma N, Thekkeparambil Sukumaran M, et al. Spectrum and prevalence of fungi infecting deep tissues of lower-limb wounds in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2097–102.
9.Ramakrishna Pai, Rekha Boloor, Shreevidya K, Divakar Shenoy. Fusarium solani: An emerging fungus in chronic diabetic ulcer. Journal of laboratory physicians 2010;2(1):37-9.
10.Pinaki Dutta, A Premkumar, Arunaloke Chakrabarti, Viral N Shah, Arnanshu Behera, Depankar De et al. Fusarium falciforme Infection of Foot in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mycopathologia 2013:DOI10.1007/s11046-013-9646-z
11.Mustafa Özyurt, Nurittin Ardıç, Kadir Turan, Şenol Yıldız, Oğuz Özyaral,Uğur Demirpek et al.The isolation of Fusarium sporotrichioides from a diabetic foot wound sample and identification. Marmara Medical Journal 2008;21(1);068-072
12.Saad J. Taj-Aldeen, Josepa Gene, Issam Al Bozom, Walter Buzina, Jose´ Francisco Cano & Josep Guarro. Gangrenous necrosis of the diabetic foot caused by Fusarium acutatum. Medical Mycology 2006; 44:547-52
13.Jagdish Chander.Textbook of Medical Mycology, New Delhi, Mehta Publishers, 2009;425-7.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Sahu Manisa,Bal Arun,Bhalekar Pallavi,Keny Dipti. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article citation:-
Sahu Manisa,Bal Arun,Bhalekar Pallavi,Keny Dipti. Fusarium species: An emerging fungal pathogen in diabetic foot infections. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1957-1959. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Original article
Debasis Das1, Sougata Kumar Burman2,*,Goutam Dhar3,Devjyoti Santra4,Prasantha Kumar Das5, Projjwal Sengupta6
Affiliation:-
1Associate Professor, Deaprtment of PSM , Malda Medical College, Malda, West bengal,India
2Clinical Tutor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, College of Medicine & J N M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia, India
3Associate Professor, Community Medicine, ADME, Swasthya Bhavan, Kolkata,India
4Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, B S Medical College, Bankura,West Bengal,India
5Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry medicine,Medical college,Kolkata,India
6Assistant Professor, Community mediciane,NRS medical college,Kolkata,India
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Deaprtment of PSM, Malda Medical College, Malda, West bengal, India
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, College of Medicine & J N M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia, India
B S Medical College,Bankura,West Bengal,India
ADME, Swasthya Bhavan, Kolkata,India
NRS medical college,Kolkata,India
*Correspondence to:
Dr Sougata Kumar Burman.
Clinical Tutor,
Obstetrics & Gynaecology. College of Medicine & J N M Hospital,WBUHS. Kalyni, West Bengal,India.
Mobile: 09475943811
Abstract:
Background: Team concept and leadership capacity probably played the most important role in functioning of any organization. It is also true for modern health care organization. Very few studies assessed leadership behaviour of doctors. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional, behaviour assessment study, conducted between February – July 2009 involving 50% doctors selected by stratified random sampling technique of N.R.S.Medical College and K.P.C.Medical College, Kolkata. Leadership behaviour assessed following Managerial Grid Model of Robert Blake and Jane Mouton.
Results: 122 doctors in N.R.S Medical College and 53 doctors in K.P.C Medical College were included in the study. In both the institutions ‘team’ type leaders dominate (71.7% in K.P.C Medical College and 62.6% in N.R.S Medical College). Statistically no significant relationship between leadership behaviour and age, gender, duration of experience, academic qualification, management qualification, hierarchical position, and work experience in different organization and experiences of holding administrative post by the doctors were found in either institution & significant relationship between leadership behaviour and discipline was found in N.R.S. Medical College. Conclusion: A dispersed leadership pattern was found where most desirable leadership type i.e., ‘Team’ type of leaders were mostly prevalent in both the Institutions. Considerable scope for improvement was there in each of Task & Relationship domain of leadership behaviour.
Key words: Leadership behavior; Teacher-doctor; Government & Private Medical College; India.
Article citation:-
Das Debasis et al. How doctors lead? – A comparative study on leadership behaviour in a Government & a Private Hospital of Kolkata, India. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December; 37(37): 1948-1951. Available at http: //www.jpbms.info.
REFERENCES
1.Chaudry J, Jain A, McKenzie S, Schwartz WR. Physician Leadership: The Competencies of Change. Journal of Surgical Research. 2008;148(1): 49-59.
2.Crofts L. Leadership programme for critical care. Radiography. 2006; 12(4): 305-313.
3.Morgeson P, Frederick,DeRue D, Scott. Event criticality, urgency and duration: Understanding how events disrupt teams and influence team leader intervention. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. 2008; 22(4): 220-227.
4.Reeleder D, Goel V, Singer A, Peter & Douglas K, Martin. Leadership and priority setting: The perspective of hospital CEOs. Journal of Surgical Education. 2008; 65(3): 213-220.
5.Wiley W, Souba. The Inward Journey of Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 2006; 17(3): 271-287.
6.www.leadership-and-motivation-training.com; visited on 03/06/2013.
7.www.gridinternational.com; visited on 03/06/2013.
8.Yielder J. Leadership and power in medical imaging. Health Policy. 2006; 79(1): 24-34.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Das Debasis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.