DocumentsDate added
Research article
Sougata Kumar Burman1,*, Arnab Kumar Mandal2, Debasis Das3, Jayati Das4
Affiliation:-
1Clinical tutot, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, College of Medicine & J N M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, West Bengal,India.
2Assistant Professor, Microbiology, Malda Medical College & Hospital, Malda, West Bengal, India.
3Associate Professor, Community Medicine, Microbiology, Malda Medical College & Hospital, Malda, West Bengal,India.
4Assistant Professor, Physiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology,
College of Medicine & J N M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia, India.
*Corresponding author:-
Dr. Sougata Kumar Burman
Clinical tutor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, College of Medicine & J N M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia,India.
Contact number: +91-9475943811
Abstract:
Introduction: The cases of mucocutaneous candidiasis have increased dramatically in past twenty years, especially associated with incremental incidences of immunocompromised patients. It is necessary to evaluate the existing anti-fungal susceptibility pattern due to emergence of resistant strains. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the fungal pathogens from cases of mucocutaneous candidiasis and to establish the anti-fungal susceptibility pattern of the isolated species. Materials & methods: A total of 120 clinically suspected cases of mucocutaneous candidiasis identified from patients attending in different out patient departments and indoor wards of a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India, over one year. Different candida species were isolated by microscopy, culture & biochemical reactions. Anti-fungal susceptibility testing of isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using anti-fungal drugs Fluconazole, Itraconazole & Voriconazole.
Results: Candida albicans were isolated in 92 (76.6%) cases, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis were isolated in 14 (11.7%), 8(6.7%) and 6(5%) cases respectively. Anti-fungal susceptibility pattern showed Fluconazole was sensitive against 84(91.30%) isolated strains of Candida albicans, 8(57.14%) strains of Candida tropicalis, 50% strains of Candida parapsilosis & resistant against all strains of Candida krusei but Voriconazole & Itraconazole were sensitive against all isolated Candida species.
Conclusions: Study showed the emergence of Fluconazole resistant pathogenic Candida species. Voriconazole & Itraconazole were very effective against all isolated candida strains including Fluconazole resistant ones.
Key words: Mucocuteneous Candidiasis; Causative species; anti-fungal susceptibility; Tertiary Care Hospital; India.
REFERENCES
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2.Ali, H., P.J.Houghton, and Soumyanath. Recent advance to evaluate antidainetic drugs. A. J. Ethnopharmacol.2006, 107: 449-455.
3.Fluickiger, R., and K. H. Winterhalter. Glycosylated hemoglobins. In Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Hemoglobin Abnormalities. W. S. Caughey, editor.Academic Press, Inc.1978,205-214.
4.B. Dinesh Kumar, A. Mitra and M. Manjunatha. Invitro and invivo studies of Antidiabetic Indian medicinal plants:A Review. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology. 2009, 3 (2), 9-14.
5.Syamsudin,S. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2010, 2. 430-435.
6.García-Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Villares A, Rostagno MA and Martínez JA. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm. Res. 2009, 58: 537-552.
7.Gonen, B., A. H. Rubenstein, H. Rochman, S. P. Tanega, and D. L. Horwitz,. Haemoglobin Al. An indication of the metabolic control of diabetic patients. 1977, 2(2) 734-737.
8.Prachayasittikul S, Buraparuangsang P, Worachartcheewan A, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V . Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bioreactive constituents from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack Molecular. 2008, 13: 904-921.
9.Rajiv Gandhi, G., and Sasikumar, P. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm.F. In Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2012, 2: 281-286.
10.Umapathy E, Ndebia EJ, Meeme A, Adam B, Menziwa P, Nkeh-Chungag BN, et al. An experimental evaluation of Albuca setosa aqueous extract on membrane stabilization, protein denaturation and white blood cell migration during acute inflammation. J Med Plants Res. 2011, 4: 789-795
11.Tanzer, M. L., R. Fairweather, and P. M. Gallop. Collagen crosslinks: isolation of reduced NEhexosyl- hydroxylysine from borohydride reduced calf skin insoluble collagen. Arch. Biochemn. Biophys. 1972, 151: 137- 141.
12.Arulmozhi S, Papiya MM, Purnima A and Sathiya N. In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R.Br. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008, 6: 191-196.
13.Sankari G, Mounnissamy VM, and Balu V, Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of ethanolic extracts of Diptheracanthus prostatus(Acanthaceae), Amala Research Bulletin. 2009, 29:188-89.
14.Zoccoli, M. A., S. A. Baldwin, and G. E. Lienhard. The monosaccharide transport system of the human erythrocyte.J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 253: 6923-6930
15.Sankari G, Mounnissamy VM, and Balu V. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of ethanolic extracts of Diptheracanthus prostatus(Acanthaceae), Amala Research Bulletin. 2009, 29:188-89.
16.VP Cirillo. Mechanism of Arabinose transport in Tetrahymena pyriformis.J Bacteriol.1962, 84, 485–491.
17.Gupta Daksha, Chandrashekar, Richard Lobo, Yogendra Gupta Nilesh. In-vitro Antidiabetic activity of stem bark of Buhinia purpuria Linn. 2012,4(2):614-619.
18.Conforti F, Statti G, Loizzo MR, Sacchetti G, Poli F, Menichini F.Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2005, 28 (6): 1098-1102.
19.Gabbay, K. H., J. M. Sosenko, G. A. Banuchi, M. J. Mininsohn, and R. Fliuckiger. Glycosylated hemoglobins: increased glycosylation of hemoglobin A in diabetic patients. 1976, 28: 337-340.
20.Horton, B. F., and T. H. J. Huisman. Studies on the heterogeneity of hemoglobin. VII minor haemoglobin components in haematological diseases. Br. J. Haematol. 1965, 11: 296-304.
21.Bunn, H. F., D. N. Haney, K. H. Gabbay, and P. M. Gallop. Further identification of the nature and linkage of the carbohydrate in hemoglobin Alc. Biocheml. Biophys. Res. Cornm) 7unt. 1975, 67: 103-109.
22.Cerami, A., R. Koenig, and C. M. Peterson. Haemoglobin A1, and diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Haeematol. 1978, 38: 1-4
23.S. Umadevi, G. P. Mohanta, V. Chelledurai, P. K. Manavalan. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Andrographis echiodes. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2003. 3(2):185-188
24.Govindappa M. , Naga Sravya S., Poojashri M. N., Sadananda T. S. and Chandrappa C. P. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and active phytochemical screening of Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2011, 3(3):43-51.
25.Cerami, A., R. Koenig, and C. M. Peterson. Haemoglobin A1, and diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Haeematol. 1978, 38: 1-4.
26.Chaitanya R, Sandhya S, David Banji, Vinod K.R and Murali.S HRBC Membrane Stabilizing Property of Root, Stem and Leaf of Glochidion velutinum International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2011, 2 (1): 2229-3701.
27.Turker AU, Usta C. Biological screening of some Turkish medicinal plants for antimicrobial and toxicity studies. Nat. Prod. 2008, 22: 136-146.
28.Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu, S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complementary Altern. Med., 2006, 6: 35-41.
29.G. Prakash Yoganandam1, K.Ilango, Sucharita De. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Membrane Stabilizing Properties of various extracts of Punica granatum L.(Lythraceae) International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN. 2010, 2(2): 1260-1263.
30.Williams L.A.D., O’Connar A., Latore L., Dennis O., Ringer S., Whittaker J.A., Conrad J., Vogler B., Rosner H., Kraus W. The in vitro anti-denaturation effects induced by natural products and non-steroidal compounds in heat treated (immunogenic) bovine serum albumin is proposed as a screening assay for the detection of anti-inflammatory compounds, without the use of animals, in the early stages of the drug discovery process. West Indian Med. J. 2008, 57: 327-331.
31.Mizushima Y, Kobayashi M. Interaction of anti ‐inflammatory drugs with serum proteins, especially with some biologically active proteins. J. Pharm. Pharm., 1968, 20: 169-173.
32.Manohara K.P., Raveendra Reddy P., Nandeesh R., Vijay kumar S. Evaluation of Anti- inflammatory activity of various extracts of Tagetes erecta Linn. Herbal Heritage., 2009, 1(2),58-63.
33.Bacchav AS, Gulache VS, Upasain CD. Analgesic and Anti Inflammatory activity of Argyreia nervosa Root. Indian J Phamacol., 2009, 41(4):158-161
34.Bailey, A. J., S. D. Robins, M. J. A. Tanner. Reducible components in the proteins of human erythrocyte membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2009, 434: 51-57.
35.Subramonium A, Madhavachandran V, Ravi K, Anuja VS. Aphrodisiac property of the Argyreia nervosa Elephant Creeper- J Endocrinol Report. 2007, 11(2):82-85.
36.Gokhle AB, Damre AS, Saraf MN. Investigation in to the Immunomodulatory activity of Argyreia speciosa- J Ethanopharmacol. 2003, 84(1):109-114.
37.Opie EL. On the relation of necrosis and inflammation to denaturation of proteins. J Exp Med. 1968, 115: 597-608.
38.VP Cirillo. Mechanism of Arabinose transport in Tetrahymena pyriformis.J Bacteriol.1962, 84, 485–491.
39.Sakat S, Juvekar AR, Gambhire MN. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. I. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 2(1): 146-155.
40.Shapiro, R., M. J. McManus, C. Zalut, and H. F. Bunn. Sites of non-enzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin A. J. Biol. Chemi.1980, 1(2) 165-178.
41.Shaw Cross WE. Recreational use of ergoline alkaloids from Argyreia nervosa. Journal Psychoactive drugs. 1983, 15(4): 251-259.
42.Koenig, R. J., C. M. Peterson, R. L. Jones, C. Saudek, M. Lehrman, and A. Cerami. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin A, in diabetes mellitus. N. Enigl. J. M11ed. 1976, 295: 417-420.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Bhoomi B. Joshi, Megha G. Chaudhari,Kinnari N. Mistry. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Bhoomi B. Joshi, Megha G. Chaudhari and Kinnari N. Mistry*
Affiliation:-
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies in Biotechnology & Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), New Vallabh Vidhya Nagar – 388121, (Gujarat) India
Author’s contributions: - All the author contributed equally to this paper.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies in Biotechnology & Allied Sciences (ARIBAS).
*Corresponding author:-
Kinnari N. Mistry
Associate professor in biochemistry, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies in Biotechnology & Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), New Vallabh Vidhya Nagar – 388121, (Gujarat) India
Contact no:- +91-9825857880
Abstract:
The objective of present work was to evaluate the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity from methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform crude extract of Argyreia nervosa roots. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization and protein denaturation activity. The samples were studied for their effect on inhibition of glycosylation of haemoglobin, glucose transport across yeast cells and α- Amylase inhibition. From the results of the study, it is inferred that A.nervosa root possesses good anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity. Moreover the results also confirmed that the methanol proved to be superior type solvent in compare to ethanol and chloroform to carry out crude extraction procedure of A.nervosa root. This activity may be due to the strong occurance of phenolic compounds such as alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, steroids and phenols. However, these effects need to be confirmed using in vivo models and clinical trials for its effective utilization as therapeutic agents.
Key words: Argyreia nervosa, In-vitro Antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory assay, Metronidazole, Aspirin.
REFERENCES
1.Agarwal SR, Rastogi RP. Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Argyreia nervosa Burm. Indian J Pharmacol.1974, 35:118-119.
2.Ali, H., P.J.Houghton, and Soumyanath. Recent advance to evaluate antidainetic drugs. A. J. Ethnopharmacol.2006, 107: 449-455.
3.Fluickiger, R., and K. H. Winterhalter. Glycosylated hemoglobins. In Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Hemoglobin Abnormalities. W. S. Caughey, editor.Academic Press, Inc.1978,205-214.
4.B. Dinesh Kumar, A. Mitra and M. Manjunatha. Invitro and invivo studies of Antidiabetic Indian medicinal plants:A Review. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology. 2009, 3 (2), 9-14.
5.Syamsudin,S. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2010, 2. 430-435.
6.García-Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Villares A, Rostagno MA and Martínez JA. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm. Res. 2009, 58: 537-552.
7.Gonen, B., A. H. Rubenstein, H. Rochman, S. P. Tanega, and D. L. Horwitz,. Haemoglobin Al. An indication of the metabolic control of diabetic patients. 1977, 2(2) 734-737.
8.Prachayasittikul S, Buraparuangsang P, Worachartcheewan A, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V . Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bioreactive constituents from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack Molecular. 2008, 13: 904-921.
9.Rajiv Gandhi, G., and Sasikumar, P. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm.F. In Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2012, 2: 281-286.
10.Umapathy E, Ndebia EJ, Meeme A, Adam B, Menziwa P, Nkeh-Chungag BN, et al. An experimental evaluation of Albuca setosa aqueous extract on membrane stabilization, protein denaturation and white blood cell migration during acute inflammation. J Med Plants Res. 2011, 4: 789-795
11.Tanzer, M. L., R. Fairweather, and P. M. Gallop. Collagen crosslinks: isolation of reduced NEhexosyl- hydroxylysine from borohydride reduced calf skin insoluble collagen. Arch. Biochemn. Biophys. 1972, 151: 137- 141.
12.Arulmozhi S, Papiya MM, Purnima A and Sathiya N. In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R.Br. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008, 6: 191-196.
13.Sankari G, Mounnissamy VM, and Balu V, Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of ethanolic extracts of Diptheracanthus prostatus(Acanthaceae), Amala Research Bulletin. 2009, 29:188-89.
14.Zoccoli, M. A., S. A. Baldwin, and G. E. Lienhard. The monosaccharide transport system of the human erythrocyte.J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 253: 6923-6930
15.Sankari G, Mounnissamy VM, and Balu V. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of ethanolic extracts of Diptheracanthus prostatus(Acanthaceae), Amala Research Bulletin. 2009, 29:188-89.
16.VP Cirillo. Mechanism of Arabinose transport in Tetrahymena pyriformis.J Bacteriol.1962, 84, 485–491.
17.Gupta Daksha, Chandrashekar, Richard Lobo, Yogendra Gupta Nilesh. In-vitro Antidiabetic activity of stem bark of Buhinia purpuria Linn. 2012,4(2):614-619.
18.Conforti F, Statti G, Loizzo MR, Sacchetti G, Poli F, Menichini F.Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2005, 28 (6): 1098-1102.
19.Gabbay, K. H., J. M. Sosenko, G. A. Banuchi, M. J. Mininsohn, and R. Fliuckiger. Glycosylated hemoglobins: increased glycosylation of hemoglobin A in diabetic patients. 1976, 28: 337-340.
20.Horton, B. F., and T. H. J. Huisman. Studies on the heterogeneity of hemoglobin. VII minor haemoglobin components in haematological diseases. Br. J. Haematol. 1965, 11: 296-304.
21.Bunn, H. F., D. N. Haney, K. H. Gabbay, and P. M. Gallop. Further identification of the nature and linkage of the carbohydrate in hemoglobin Alc. Biocheml. Biophys. Res. Cornm) 7unt. 1975, 67: 103-109.
22.Cerami, A., R. Koenig, and C. M. Peterson. Haemoglobin A1, and diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Haeematol. 1978, 38: 1-4
23.S. Umadevi, G. P. Mohanta, V. Chelledurai, P. K. Manavalan. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Andrographis echiodes. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2003. 3(2):185-188
24.Govindappa M. , Naga Sravya S., Poojashri M. N., Sadananda T. S. and Chandrappa C. P. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and active phytochemical screening of Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2011, 3(3):43-51.
25.Cerami, A., R. Koenig, and C. M. Peterson. Haemoglobin A1, and diabetes mellitus. Br. J. Haeematol. 1978, 38: 1-4.
26.Chaitanya R, Sandhya S, David Banji, Vinod K.R and Murali.S HRBC Membrane Stabilizing Property of Root, Stem and Leaf of Glochidion velutinum International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2011, 2 (1): 2229-3701.
27.Turker AU, Usta C. Biological screening of some Turkish medicinal plants for antimicrobial and toxicity studies. Nat. Prod. 2008, 22: 136-146.
28.Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu, S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complementary Altern. Med., 2006, 6: 35-41.
29.G. Prakash Yoganandam1, K.Ilango, Sucharita De. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Membrane Stabilizing Properties of various extracts of Punica granatum L.(Lythraceae) International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN. 2010, 2(2): 1260-1263.
30.Williams L.A.D., O’Connar A., Latore L., Dennis O., Ringer S., Whittaker J.A., Conrad J., Vogler B., Rosner H., Kraus W. The in vitro anti-denaturation effects induced by natural products and non-steroidal compounds in heat treated (immunogenic) bovine serum albumin is proposed as a screening assay for the detection of anti-inflammatory compounds, without the use of animals, in the early stages of the drug discovery process. West Indian Med. J. 2008, 57: 327-331.
31.Mizushima Y, Kobayashi M. Interaction of anti ‐inflammatory drugs with serum proteins, especially with some biologically active proteins. J. Pharm. Pharm., 1968, 20: 169-173.
32.Manohara K.P., Raveendra Reddy P., Nandeesh R., Vijay kumar S. Evaluation of Anti- inflammatory activity of various extracts of Tagetes erecta Linn. Herbal Heritage., 2009, 1(2),58-63.
33.Bacchav AS, Gulache VS, Upasain CD. Analgesic and Anti Inflammatory activity of Argyreia nervosa Root. Indian J Phamacol., 2009, 41(4):158-161
34.Bailey, A. J., S. D. Robins, M. J. A. Tanner. Reducible components in the proteins of human erythrocyte membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2009, 434: 51-57.
35.Subramonium A, Madhavachandran V, Ravi K, Anuja VS. Aphrodisiac property of the Argyreia nervosa Elephant Creeper- J Endocrinol Report. 2007, 11(2):82-85.
36.Gokhle AB, Damre AS, Saraf MN. Investigation in to the Immunomodulatory activity of Argyreia speciosa- J Ethanopharmacol. 2003, 84(1):109-114.
37.Opie EL. On the relation of necrosis and inflammation to denaturation of proteins. J Exp Med. 1968, 115: 597-608.
38.VP Cirillo. Mechanism of Arabinose transport in Tetrahymena pyriformis.J Bacteriol.1962, 84, 485–491.
39.Sakat S, Juvekar AR, Gambhire MN. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. I. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 2(1): 146-155.
40.Shapiro, R., M. J. McManus, C. Zalut, and H. F. Bunn. Sites of non-enzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin A. J. Biol. Chemi.1980, 1(2) 165-178.
41.Shaw Cross WE. Recreational use of ergoline alkaloids from Argyreia nervosa. Journal Psychoactive drugs. 1983, 15(4): 251-259.
42.Koenig, R. J., C. M. Peterson, R. L. Jones, C. Saudek, M. Lehrman, and A. Cerami. Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin A, in diabetes mellitus. N. Enigl. J. M11ed. 1976, 295: 417-420.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Article citation:-
Rajyalakshmi Gunti,Usha Rani Anaparthy,Durga Rani Arava. In vitro screening of anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity of root extract of Argyreia nervosa. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1964-1971. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Bhoomi B. Joshi, Megha G. Chaudhari,Kinnari N. Mistry. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article
Singh Mamta1,Singhal Udita2, Bhasin GK2, Panday Rajesh3 ,Aggarwal SK4,*
Affiliation:-
1Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
2Senior Lecturer, Department of Pathology, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
3Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
4Professor, Department of Biochemistry, M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University, Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.), India
Author’s contributions: - All the authors contributed equally to this paper
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh (Haryana), India
M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University, Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.),India
Corresponding author:-
Dr S.K. Aggarwal.
Professor, Department of Biochemistry,
M. M. Medical College and Hospital, M. M. University,Kumarhatti, Solan (H.P.) India.
Contact no:- +91-9896871470
Abstract:
The biological fluid present in the oral cavity contains secretions from major and minor salivary glands, cellular material and food debris. The oral fluid is supplemented with several constituents that originate from blood, from intact or destroyed mucosal and immune cells, and from intact or destroyed oral microflora that result in a complex mixture of a variety of molecules. It is generally accepted that the fluid present in the oral cavity (whole saliva) is of paramount importance for the maintenance of oral health. Saliva is known to perform multiple functions due to the presence of large number of inorganic and organic components. The functions of the salivary components have been categorized as food and speech related, teeth related, protective and wound healing by growth factors. In addition to the above mentioned functions, saliva is known to play an important role in acquired pellicle formation on tooth surfaces, crystal growth homeostasis, bacterial adhesion, plaque formation and maintaining the mucosal integrity of oral and upper gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces. Moreover, it participates in physico-chemical and antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
Key words: Enzymes; Immunity; Mucin; Saliva and Teeth.
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Article citation:-
Singh Mamta,Singhal Udita,Bhasin GK,Panday Rajesh,Aggarwal SK. Oral fluid: Biochemical composition and functions: A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1932-1941. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013. Singh Mamta,Singhal Udita,Panday Rajesh,Aggarwal SK. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Mudher Mikhael Ehab1,*,Imad Mohammad Samer1,Isho Gorial Faiq2,Adham Majeed Ibrahim1
Affiliation:-
1Clinical pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
2Medicine Department, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
Author’s contributions:- Author 1 contributed towards concepts, design, literature survey, data acquisition, manuscript editing and preparation.
Author 2 contributed in Design, literature search, clinical studies, data acquisition and analysis.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
University of Baghdad, Bab Almuatham, Baghdad, Iraq
Core idea:
Pentoxifylline when used as adjuvant therapy to the combination of methotrexate and etanercept results in a significant decrease in inflammation as shown by reduction in CRP, which ultimately mean reduction in not only rheumatoid arthritis disease activity but also reduction in the additional cardiovascular risk in those patients
Corresponding author:-
EHab Mudher Mikhael.
Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Baghdad University, Iraq
Abstract:
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic inflammatory disease that associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Combination of methotrexate and etanercept is effective to control disease activity and to decrease mortality and morbidity of RA. Pentoxifylline is a hemorheologic agent with ability to reduce tumor necrosis factor. This study aimed to evaluate the benefit of adding pentoxifylline to dual therapy of MTX + etanercept in Iraqi patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods: Randomized single blind placebo controlled clinical trial was done over 6 months, patients with active RA disease who use MTX and etanercept were randomly allocated into 2 groups to receive either Pentoxifylline tablet 400mg twice daily or glucose capsule as placebo. Patients were clinically evaluated for tender joint count TJC, swelling joint count SJC, visual analogue scales VAS and evaluator global assessment EGA at start and after 8 weeks. Blood specimens were obtained to measure CRP, ESR and TNF at start and at the end of the study.
Results: Pentoxifylline significantly reduce CRP and TNF, but didn't achieve significant reduction in any clinical parameter or disease activity, Yet, it result in ACR20 in 60% of patients.
Conclusion: Pentoxifylline produce mild anti inflammatory effect through its action to reduce TNF, which may potentiate the effect of etanercept in active RA patients.
Key words: Rheumatoid arthritis; Pentoxifylline; Inflammation.
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Article citation:-
Mudher Mikhael Ehab,Imad Mohammad Samer,Isho Gorial Faiq,Adham Majeed Ibrahim. Pentoxifylline as adjuvant therapy to methotrexate and etanercept in Iraqi patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1927-1931. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Mudher Mikhael Ehab,Imad Mohammad Samer,Isho Gorial Faiq,Adham Majeed Ibrahim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Glenn L. Sia Su1,*, Peter Daniel M. David1, Luigi Aimes U. Tan1, Maria Lilibeth L. Sia Su2, Mary Ann C. Sison3,Elena M. Ragragio1,Erna C. Arollado4, and Teressita De Guzman3
Affiliation:-
1Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila
2College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila
3Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila
4Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Institute of Health, University of the Philippines Manila
Author’s contributions: - Author 1 contributed towards concepts, design, literature survey, data acquisition, manuscript editing and preparation.
Author 2 & 3 contributed towards concepts, design, literature survey, data acquisition,
Author 4, 5 & 6 contributed in design, data acquisition and analysis.
Author 7 & 8 contributed towards literature survey, data acquisition and analysis
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
University of the Philippines Manila
Corresponding author:-
Glenn L. Sia Su, Ph.D.,
Biology Department, University of the Philippines Manila;
Email: glss76@yahoo.com
siasug@gmail.com
Abstract:
The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic fruit extracts of Capsicum frutescens Linn. were assessed against four species of microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Alternaria alternate) using the disc diffusion assay. Results showed that the crude ethanolic fruit extracts of Capsicum frutescens Linn. contain glycosides, reducing substances, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Likewise, the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus fumigatus were susceptible to the crude fruit extract, particularly at increasing concentrations. These results show that the crude fruit extract of the Capsicum frutescens Linn. may prove useful in inhibiting bacteria and fungi.
Key words: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Medicinal plants; Phytochemical.
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Article citation:-
Glenn L. Sia Su,Peter Daniel M. David, Luigi Aimes U. Tan, Maria Lilibeth L. Sia Su, Mary Ann C. Sison,Elena M. Ragragio et al. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Capsicum frutescens Linn. crude fruit extract on selected microorganisms. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 December 37(37): 1922-1926. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Copyright © 2013 Glenn L. Sia Su,Peter Daniel M. David, Luigi Aimes U. Tan, Maria Lilibeth L. Sia Su, Mary Ann C. Sison,Elena M. Ragragio et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.