DocumentsDate added
Original research article
Yash Paul Dev Sharma1,*,Preetinder Singh2,Rohit Vaid4,Sumit Kaushal3,Shivani Rathore4.
Affiliation:-
1Professor & Head,2Associate Professor,3Assistant Prof,4PG Student, (Periodontology and Oral Implantology) SDD Hospital and Dental College, Barwala (Haryana) India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Periodontology and Oral Implantology, SDD Hospital and Dental College, Barwala (Haryana) India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr. Yash Paul Dev Sharma MDS.
Prof. & Head (Periodontology and Oral Implantology) SDD Hospital and Dental College, Barwala (Haryana) India
Core idea: Esthetics has become a prime aspects of dentistry and clinicians are often faced challenge of achieving acceptable gingival esthetics as well as addressing biological and functional problems in day to day practice. Gingival depigmentation is a periodental plastic surgical procedure whereby the gingival hyperpigmentation is removed or reduced by various techniques such as scalped surgery, bur surgery and CO2 laser etc. The present case series describes successful management of cases with three depigmentation techniques -Scalpel blade surgery, bur surgery and diode laser surgery and the results were evaluated. Despite delayed wound healing the application of diode laser appears to be a safe and effective alternative procedure for the treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation because of less post-operative pain and discomfort when compared to scalpel blade or bur abrasion.
Abstract:
Esthetics has become a significant aspect of dentistry and clinicians are faced with achieving acceptable gingival esthetics as well as addressing biological and functional problems. The gingiva is the most commonly affected intraoral tissue that is responsible for a displeasing appearance. Melanin pigmentation often occurs in the gingiva as a result of an abnormal deposition of melanin, due to which the gums may appear black, but the principles, techniques, and management of the problems associated with gingival melanin pigmentation are still not fully established. Depigmentation procedures such as scalpel surgery, gingivectomy with free gingival autografting, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, abrasion with diamond bur, Nd:YAG laser, semiconductor diode laser, and CO2 laser have been employed for removal of melanin pigmentation.The following series describes three different surgical depigmentation techniques: scalpel blade surgery, abrasion with diamond bur, and semiconductor diode laser. The diode laser is a solid-state semiconductor laser that typically uses a combination of Gallium (Ga), Arsenide (Ar), and other elements, such as aluminium (Al) and indium (In) to change electrical energy into light energy. Better results were achieved with semiconductor diode laser than conventional scalpel blade and abrasion with bur.
Keywords: Diode laser; Hyperpigmentation, repigmentation.
REFERENCES
1.Kikani A, Parikh H, Sheth T, Nayak K. Aesthetic Management of Gingival Hyperpigmentation by Electrocautery with Review of Literature - A Case Report. Journal of Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital; 2(2), Sept. 2011 - Feb. 2012.
2.Tal H, Oegiesser D, Tal M. Gingival Depigmentation by Erbium: YAG laser: Clinical Obervations and patient responses. J Periodontol 2003; 74; 1660-1667.
3.Dummett Co. Oral Pigmentation. First Symposium on oral pigmentation. J Periodontol 1960; 31: 356-360.
4.Goldzieher JA, Roberts JS, Rawls WB. Chemical analysis of the intact skin by reflectance spectrophotometry. Arch Dermatol Syph 1951; 64: 533-537.
5.Tat H. Landsberg J and Koztovsky A: Cryosurgical depigmentation of the gingival - A case report. J. Clin Periodontol 1987; 14: 614-617.
6.Atsawasuwan P, Greethong K, Nimmanon V. Treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation for esthetic purposes by Nd:YAG laser: report of 4 cases. J Periodontol 2000;71:315-321.
7.Dummett CO. Oral pigmentation. First symposium on oral pigmentation. J Periodontol 1960;31:356-360.
8.Tamizi M, Taheri M. Treatment of severe physiologic gingival pigmentation with free gingival autograft. Quintessence Int 1996;27: 555-558.
9.Gorsky M, Buchner A, Fundoianu-Dayan D, et. al. Physiologic pigmentation of the gingiva in Israeli Jews of different ethnic origin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984 Oct;58(4):506-9.
10.Patsakas A, Demetriou N, Angelopoulos A. Melanin pigmentation and inflammation in human gingiva. J Periodontol. 1981 Nov;52(11):701-4.
11.Kasagani SK, Nutalapati R, Mutthineni RB. Esthetic Depigmentation of Anterior Gingiva. The New York State Dental Journal 2012; 26-31.
12.Ishi S, Aoki A, Kawashima Y, Watanabe H, Ishikawa I. Application of an Er:YAG laser to remove gingival melanin hyperpigmentation: Treatment procedure and clinical evaluation. J Jpn Soc Laser Dent 2002;13:89-96.
13.Roshna T, Nandakumar K. Anterior esthetic gingival depigmentation and crown lengthening: report of a case. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;{6)3:139-147.
14.Almas K, Sadiq W. Surgical treatment of melanin-pigmented gingiva: an esthetic approach. IJDR April-June 2D02;13(2).
15.Mokeem SA. Management of gingival hyperpigmentation by surgical abrasion: report of three cases. Saudi Dent J Sept-Dec 2006;18(3):162-166.
16.Lagdivea S, Doshib Y, Marawar PP. Management of Gingival Hyperpigmentation Using Surgical Blade and Diode Laser Therapy: A Comparative Study. J Oral Laser Applications 2009; 9: 41-47.
17.Mani A, Mani S, Shah S, Thorat V. Management of Gingival Hyperpigmentation Using Surgical Blade, Diamond Bur and Diode Laser Therapy: A Case Report. J Oral Laser Applications 2009; 9: 227-232.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None
Article citation:-
Yash Paul Dev Sharma,Preetinder Singh,Rohit Vaid,Sumit Kaushal,Shivani Rathore. Treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation for esthetic purposes by three different approaches: A split mouth study. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(01): 14-21. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Yash Paul Dev Sharma,Preetinder Singh,Rohit Vaid,Sumit Kaushal,Shivani Rathore. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Submit Your Manuscript Today!
editorjpbms@gmail.com or editors@jpbms.info
Original article
Manan Shah1,*,Hitesh K Agrawal2,Mariam N Mansuri3,Purvi R Bhagat4
Deepak C Mehta5,Nirav Modi6
Affiliation:-
1 3rd resident, 2 2nd resident, 3Professor,4Associate Professor,5Director,6Assistant Professor, M& J Institute of Ophthalmology, Civil hospital, Ahmedabad-380016,India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
M& J Institute of Ophthalmology, Civil hospital, Ahmedabad-380016, India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr. Manan shah.
M& J Institute Of Ophthalmology, civil hospital
Ahmedabad-380016, Gujarat, India
09924301158
Abstract:
Aim: To study pattern and management of rise of intraocular pressure(IOP) after intravitreal triacinolone acetonide (IVTA) in patients of branch retinal vein occlusion BRVO.
Method: In this prospective study, 50 patients having BRVO were enrolled. After examining for best corrected visual acuity, IOP, slit lamp biomicroscopy with +78D, gonioscopy with Zeiss four mirror lens, fundus examination with direct & indirect ophthalmoscope, patients received IVTA 4mg/0.1 ml. Patients were followed up on day 1, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months. Patients who had IOP more than 21 mm of Hg were started on topical pressure reducing medication. If pressure was not controlled with topical medications, patients underwent Trabeculectomy.
Results: Out of total 50 patients, 29 had increased IOP. Most of the patients had increased IOP during 1 week to 3 months postoperative. Mean baseline IOP was 16.38 ± 2.11mm of Hg preoperatively that increased to 22.08 ± 5.81 mm of Hg after 1 week. Out of 29 patients, in 12 patients IOP was controlled with Timolol 0.5% eye drop only. In 6 patients, IOP was controlled with Timolol 0.5% + Dorzolamide 2%.In 4 patients, IOP was controlled with Timolol 0.5% + Dorzolamide 2% + Brimonidine 0.2%; rest 7 patients required anti glaucoma surgery. All the patients had controlled pressure after 6 months.
Conclusion: IVTA is an important mode of intervention in patients of BRVO for reducing macular oedema. Increased IOP is most common complication of IVTA. Most of the patients can be treated with topical medication.
Keywords: Macular oedema; BRVO; Trimcinolone acetonide; Steroid induced glaucoma.
REFERENCES
1.Hayreh S.S.: Retinal vein occlusion, Indian J Ophthalmology 1994, 42:109-132.
2.Hayreh S.S.: Classification of Retinal vein occlusion,1983;90:458-474.
3.The Central retinal vein occlusion study group: Natural history and clinical management of central retinal vein occlusion. Arch ophthalmol 1997;115:486-491.
4.Esrick E, Subramanium L.,Heire J, et al. Multiple laser treatments for macular edema attributable to branch retinal vein occlusion.Am J Ophthalmol 2005:139;653-657.
6.Smithen LM, Ober MD, Maranan L, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:740-743.
5.Bashshur ZF, Ma'luf RN, Allam S, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the management of macular edema due to nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmsol. 2004;122:1137-1140.
6.Park CH, Glenn JJ, Fekrat S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion.Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:419-425.
7.Mccarty GR, Schwartz B. Increased concentration of glucocorticoid receptors in rabbit iris-ciliary body compared to rabbit liver. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1982;23:525.
8.Spaeth GL, Rodrigues MM, Weinreb S. Steroid-induced glaucoma: A. Persistent elevation of intraocular pressure. B. Histopathologic aspects.Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1977;75:353-381.
9.Johnson DH, Bradley JMB, Accott TS. The effect of dexamethasone on glycosoaminoglycans of human trabecular meshwork in perfusion organ culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31:2568.
10..Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring R. Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:24–7.
11.Massin P, Audren F, Haouchine B, Erginay A, Bergmann JF, Benosman R, Caulin C, Gaudric A Ophthalmology. 2004 Feb; 111(2):218-24; discussion 224-5.
12.Smithen LM, Ober MD, Maranan L, Spaide RF Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Nov; 138(5):740-3.
13.Jonas JB, Degenring RF, Kreissig I, Akkoyun I, Kamppeter BA Ophthalmology. 2005 Apr; 112(4):593-8.
14. Gillies MC, Sutter FK, Simpson JM, Larsson J, Ali H, Zhu MOphthalmology. 2006 Sep; 113(9):1533-8.
Article citation:-
Manan Shah,Hitesh K Agrawal,Mariam N Mansuri,Purvi R Bhagat,Deepak C Mehta, et al. Study of rise of intraocular pressure in patients of branch retinal vein occlusion after receiving intravitreal trimcinolone acetonide and its management. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(01): 25-28. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None
Over view
Vedam Vaishnavi V.K. 1,*, Sivadas.G2, Jagadish Rao Padubidri3
Affiliation:-
1Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,India
2Senior Lecturer, Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu,India
3Associate Professor and District Medicolegal Consultant, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore[ Constituent College of Manipal University], Karnataka,India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,India.
*Corresponding author:
Dr.V.K.Vaishnavi Vedam.
Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology
SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,India
Ph No: +917401414820
Abstract:
Forensic Odontologist play a major role in identification of abuse cases in the court of law. Among all the death remains in mass disasters particularly, presence of hard tissues like teeth remains a source of identification of suspect in recognition of abuse among persons of all ages in criminal or civil proceedings, all in the interest of justice. However, the lack of awareness among the dental fraternity regarding the knowledge about accurate interpretation is increasing in rate of human abuse. Thus, this article basically highlights the role of forensic odontologist in solving issues related to human abuse and domestic violence, and their associated medico legal issues, thereby reducing the mortality and morbidity in Indian scenario.
Keywords: Forensic Odontology; Human Abuse; Child Abuse.
REFERENCES
1.Dr. Carl KK Leung. Forensic odontology. Dental bulletin November2008; 13(11):16-20.
2.Sylvie Louise Avon. Forensic Odontology:The Roles and Responsibilities of the Dentist. J Can Dent Assoc 2004; 70(7):453–8.
3.K. Swaelen, g. Willems. Reporting child abuse in Belgium. The journal of forensic odonto-stomatology june 2004: 22(1):13-17.
4.Photodocumentation inthe Investigationof Child Abuse. U.S. Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.[online]. Available from: URL:https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/160939.pdf.
5.Liza Mazarakis. Dental aspects of child abuse - A New Zealand perspective. Oral Health Service, Dental Department – PoriruaHospital Capital& Coast District Health Board. [online]. Available from: URL:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228537338.
6.Marsha A. Voelker. Forensic Dentistry. Crest Oral-B- dentalcare.com Continuing Education Course, September 7, 2012.
7.American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry - Clinical Guidelines. Guideline on Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect. Reference manual 35(6) 13/14: 163-166.
8.Dr. Suhail Hani Al-AmadForensic Odontology. Smile Dental Journal 2009; 4(1): 22-24.
9.Martin J. Gorbien, Amy R. Eisenstein. Elder Abuse and Neglect: An Overview. ClinGeriatr Med 21 (2005) 279– 292.
10.Roman HolowatyAnd Frank M. Stechey. Dentistry’s Responsibility to Child Abuse. Pediatrics oral health January 2002; 15-25.
11.Joint statement of the American academy of pediatrics and the American academy of pediatric dentistry. Oral and Dental aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect. Pediatrics 1999;104(2);348.
12.British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Procedures to be adopted (scotland) by the dental professional who suspects child abuse.[online]. Available from: URL: www.scottishdental.org/index.aspx?o=2634.
13.JoAnn Wells, School Age Oral Health Education Coordinator.ChildAbuse.Pediatric Working Dentistry group.[online].Available from: Url:www.jmu.edu/.../Child%20Abuse-Health%20&%20PE%20Institute.ppt.
14.ShivaniMathur and Rahul chopra. Combating child abuse: The role of a dentist. Oral Health Prev Dent 2013;11: 243-250.
15.Lisa McCulloch. Chadwick Center for Children and Families Rady Children’s Hospital. The California Child Abuse & Neglect Reporting Law. 1-52.
16.Ch. Stavrianos, D. Stavrianou, I. Stavrianou, P. Kafas. Child Neglect: a review. The Internet Journal of Forensic Science 2012; 4(1):1-7.
17.Use of Experts in Child Abuse Case. Children’s Law Center. School of Law. University of SouthCarolina.[[Online]Availablefrom:URL:www.childlaw.sc.edu/frmPublications/Prosecution%20Manual%202012.pdf.
18.Ch. Stavrianos, I. Stavrianou, P. Kafas, D. Mastagas. The Responsibility of Dentists in Identifying and Reporting Child Abuse. The Internet Journal of Law, Healthcare and Ethics 2007;5(1):1-5.
19.Savin Carmen, Balan Adriana, Petcu Ana. Child physical abuse from the perspective of pediatric dentistry. Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2010; 2(3): 17-20
20.Nancy D.Kellogg. The medical evaluation of suspected child and Adolescent sexual abuse. Texas Pediatric society: Committee on child abuse and neglect.[online]. Available from:URL:www.pediatrics.uthscsa.edu/CAP/faculty.asp.
21.Michael N. Sobel. Forensic Odontology. Chapter 70. [online].Available from:URL: www.ablminc.org/Model...7th.../Ch70-Forensic%20Odontology.pdf.
22.Sunit Kumar Jurel. Role of Dentist in Forensic Investigations. J Forensic Res 2012; 3(5): 1-5.
23.Srinivasa Prasad, G Sujatha, G Sivakumar, J Muruganandhan. Forensic Dentistry-what a dentist should know – review article. Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry, February-April 2012; 2(2): 443-447.
24.Ricardo Henrique Alves Silva, Jamilly de Oliveira Musse, Rodolfo Francisco H. Melani. Human bite mark identification and DNA technology in forensic dentistry. Braz J Oral Sci. October-December 2006; 5(19): 1193-1197.
25.Iain A Pretty. Forensic Dentistry: 2. Bitemarks and Bite Injuries. Dent Update 2008; 35: 48-61.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None.
Vedam Vaishnavi V.K., Sivadas. G., Jagadish Rao Padubidri. Role of forensic odontologist in human abuse cases – An overview. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(01): 48-54. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Vedam Vaishnavi V.K, Sivadas.G, Jagadish Rao Padubidri. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original research
Preetinder Singh1,Yash Paul Dev2,Shivani Rathore3,*,Nitin Khuller1,Sumit Kaushal4
Affiliation:-
1,Associate Professor, 2Professor & Head, 3PG Student,4Assistant Professor (Periodontology and Oral Implantology),SDD Hospital and Dental College, Barwala (Haryana) India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Periodontology and Oral Implantology, SDD Hospital and Dental College, Barwala (Haryana) India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr. Shivani Rathore,
PG Student (MDS),
(Periodontology and Oral Implantology) SDD Hospital and Dental College, Barwala (Haryana) India
Abstract:
Twenty chronic periodontitis patients, aged 35-60 years, were taken in a randomized double blind study. Aims and Objectives: To assess the effect of preoperative ibuprofen administration on the post operative periodontal surgical pain. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of ten chronic periodontitis, indicated for full mouth surgery. In each patient, two quadrants (mandibular) were considered for periodontal surgery after thorough scaling and root planing. The patients were given ibuprofen before 3rd quadrant surgery and placebo before the surgery for 4th quadrant. All patients gave verbal informed consent to participate in the study before anesthesia and surgery. The VAS score were recorded for each patient immediately after and 2 hours post operatively. Statistical analysis: data were analyzed using the student t test. Results: Results indicated that preoperative treatment with ibuprofen significantly reduced initial pain intensity of operative and post operative pain as compared with placebo. No adverse reactions related to preoperative medication were observed. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that 400 mg ibuprofen administered immediately before periodontal surgery was effective for alleviating the operative and post operative painful sequelae.
Keywords: Ibuprofen; operative pain; pain/prevention and control; periodontal surgery.
REFERENCES
1.Pihlstrom BL, Hargreaves KM, Bouwsma OJ, Myers WR, Goodale MB, Doyle MJ. Pain after periodontal scaling and root planing. J Am Dent Assoc 1999; 130: 801-807.
2.Curtis JW Jr., McLain JB, Hutchinson RA. The incidence of complications and pain following periodontal surgery. J Periodontol 1985; 56:597-601.
3.Scott DS, Hirschman R. Psychological aspects of dental anxiety in adults. J Am Dent Assoc 1982; 104:27-31.
4.Seymour RA. Efficacy of paracetamol in reducing postoperative pain after periodontal surgery. J Clin Periodontol 1983; 10:311-6.
5.Curtis JW, McClain JB, Hutchinson RA. The incidence and severity of complications and pain following periodontal surgery. J Periodontol 1985; 56:597-601.
6.Crossley HL, Wynn RL, Bergman SA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in relieving dental pain: A review. J Am Dent Assoc 1983; 106:61-4.
7.Cooper S. Five studies on ibuprofen for postsurgical dental pain.Am J Med 1984; 70:70-7.
8.Pallasch TJ, Kunitake LM. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammat o ry analgesics. Compen Contin Ed 1985; 6:47-53.
9.Adams SS, McCullough KF, Nicholson JS. The pharmacological properties of ibuprofen, an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1969; 178:115-29.
10.Gallardo F, Rossi E. Double blind evaluation of naproxen and ibuprofen in periodontal surgery. Pharmacol Ther Dent 1980; 5:69-72.
11.Gallardo F, Rossi E, Ciscutti V. Analgesic efficacy of ketoprofen on postoperative pain following periodontal surgery. IRCS J Med Sci 1982; 10:1036-7.
12.Cornaro G. A new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of inflammation due to periodontal surgery. Curr Ther Res 1983; 33:982-9.
13.Gallardo F, Rossi E. Analgesic efficacy of flurbiprofen as compared to acetominophen and placebo after periodontal surgery. J Periodontol 1990; 61:224-7.
14.Vogel RI, Desjardins PJ, Major KV. Comparison of presurgical and immediate postsurgical ibuprofen on postoperative periodontal pain. J Periodontol 1992; 63:914-8.
15.Insel P. Analgesic antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A, eds. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: Pergamon, 1993; 638-81.
16.Dionne R, Cooper S. Evaluation of preoperative ibuprofen for postoperative pain after removal of third molars. J Oral Surg 1978; 45:851-6.
17.Hill C, Carroll M, Giles A, Pickvance N. Ibuprofen given pre and post-operatively for the relief of pain. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987; 16:420-4.
18.Wong DL, Hackenberry-Eaton M, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML, Schwartz P: Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 6/e, St. Louis, 2001, P. 1301.
19.Pearlman et al .The analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen in periodontal surgery: A multicentre study Australian Dental Journal 1997; 42:328-34.
20.Hungund S, Thakkar R. Effect of pretreatment with ketorolac tromethamine on operative pain during periodontal surgery: A case-control study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 15:55-8.
21.Jackson DL, Moore PA, Hargreaves KM. Preoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication for the prevention of postoperative dental pain. J Am Dent Assoc 1989; 119:641-7.
Preetinder Singh,Yash Paul Dev,Shivani Rathore,Nitin Khuller,Sumit Kaushal. Preoperative ibuprofen administration for the treatment of post operative periodontal surgical pain: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(01): 41-44. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None
Copyright © 2014 Preetinder Singh,Yash Paul Dev,Shivani Rathore,Nitin Khuller,Sumit Kaushal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.