DocumentsDate added
Review article:
Kumar Ashok1, Ahlawat Babita2,*, Chaudhary Navdha2
Affiliation:-
1 Assistant Professor, Department of ENT, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India.
2Senior Resident, Department of Dentistry, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India
2Postgraduate Student, Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BRS Dental College & Hospital, Sultanpur, Panchkula, Haryana, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.Department of Dentistry, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India
2.Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, BRS Dental College & Hospital, Sultanpur, Panchkula, Haryana, India
*To whom it corresponds:-
Dr Babita Ahlawat,
Senior Resident, Department of Dentistry, SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India
Address:- W/o Dr Ashok Kumar, Flat no. 103, C-1 Block, Doctor’s residential complex, SHKM Government Medical College, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India
Contact numbers- 9728651161, 8199915555
Abstract
Mouth breathing in humans is an unnatural act of necessity to get air into the lungs when the primary airway is blocked by nasal or nasopharyngeal obstruction. It may be continuous or intermittent. It is a habit in which the lower jaw is dropped. The lips are parted and the tongue is depressed from its normal position. Mouth breathing has been stated to have serious effects on the development of the facial skeleton and occlusion of teeth on account of the displacement of normal lateral, buccal, and lingual muscular forces. In mouth breathing the air is received directly into the lungs without being cleansed, warmed, and moistened and it tends to lift the palate high. Mouth Breathing should be treated during the mixed dentition period to prevent or correct its ill effects on occlusion. Treatment should be aimed at elimination of the cause, Interception of the habit and Correction of the malocclusion.
Keywords: Mouth breathing; Airway interference syndrome.
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13.Graber T M, Rakosi T, Petrovic A G. Dentofacial Orthopedics with Functional appliance. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Article citation:
Kumar Ashok,Ahlawat Babita,Chaudhary Navdha. Mouth Breathing. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 137-142. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Kumar Ashok,Ahlawat Babita,Chaudhary Navdha. . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article:
Zohreh Badiyepeyma1, Mohsen Hojjat2, Nehle Parandavar3, Somaye Ramezanli4, Leili Mosalanejad5,*
Affiliation:-
1M.Sc. in Nursing, Nursing Department , School of Nursing, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
2Nursing Phd Students, Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
3M.Sc. in maternity, Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
4M.Sc. in nursing, lecturer, Nursing Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
5Assistant professor in mental health, Mental Health Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
*To whom it corresponds:-
Leili mosalanejad.
Mental Health Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Motahari Street, Jahrom, Iran. Postal code-74148, Jahrom, Iran
Contact number: 09177920813.
Abstract
Introduction: In spite of the major role of nursing profession in improvement of the society’s health status, this profession is not sufficiently attractive. Thus, a large number of nursing students quit their profession while studying or after graduation
Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 118 senior nursing students in Shiraz and Jahrom universities in 2011-2012. The study data were collected using a questionnaire which consisted of demographic information, nurse self-concept questionnaire, and nurse retention inventory.
Results: The nursing students’ professional self-concept and job retention scores were 5.25+1.21 and 4.76+1.49, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between the professional self-concept as well as its dimensions and the students’ decision for job retention.
Conclusion: Education specialists and programmers should pay special attention to the factors increasing the professional self-concept, increase the efficiency of the consultation system, and perform educational programs while education in order to increase the students’ professional self-concept and encourage them to retain their profession.
Keywords: Nursing students’; job retention.
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3.Altun İ. The perceived problem solving ability and values of student nurses and midwives. Nurse Education Today. 2003;23(8):575-84.
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7.Cowin LS, Johnson M, Craven RG, Marsh HW. Causal modeling of self-concept, job satisfaction, and retention of nurses. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008; 45(10):1449-59.
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10.Cowin LS, Hengstberger-Sims C. New graduate nurse self-concept and retention: A longitudinal survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43(1):59-70.
11.Hensel D, Stoelting-Gettelfinger W. Changes in stress and nurse self-concept among baccalaureate nursing students. The Journal of nursing education. 2011; 50(5):290.
12.Leddy S, Pepper JM. Conceptual basis of professional nursing. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1993. 10,62,3,5,6,7 p.
13.Last L, Fulbrook P. Why do student nurses leave? Suggestions from a Delphi study. Nurse Education Today. 2003;23(6):449-58.
14.Reid C, Hurst C, Anderson D. Examination of socio-demographics and job satisfaction in Australian registered nurses. Collegian: Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia. 2012.
15.Jeffreys MR. Tracking students through program entry, progression, graduation, and licensure: Assessing undergraduate nursing student retention and success. Nurse Education Today. 2007; 27(5):406-19.
16.McCarthy G, Tyrrell MP, Lehane E. Intention to’leave’or’stay’in nursing. Journal of Nursing Management. 2007;15(3):248-55.
17.Price M. Job satisfaction of registered nurses working in an acute hospital. British journal of nursing. 2002;11(4):275-80.
18.Li J, Fu H, Hu Y, Shang L, Wu Y, Kristensen TS, et al. Psychosocial work environment and intention to leave the nursing profession: Results from the longitudinal Chinese NEXT study. Scandinavian journal of public health. 2010;38(3 suppl):69-80.
19.De Milt DG, Fitzpatrick JJ, McNulty SR. Nurse practitioners’ job satisfaction and intent to leave current positions, the nursing profession, and the nurse practitioner role as a direct care provider. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2011; 23(1):42-50.
20.Fagermoen MS. Professional identity: values embedded in meaningful nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1997;25(3):434-41.
21.Secrest JA, Norwood BR, Keatley VM. " I Was Actually a Nurse": The Meaning of Professionalism for Baccalaureate Nursing Students. Journal of Nursing Education. 2003;42(2):77-82.
22.Wray J, Barrett D, Aspland J, Gardiner E. “Staying the course”: factors influencing pre-registration nursing student progression into Year 2. The University of Hull, Hull. 2010.
23.FRAHER E, BELSKY DW, GAUL K, CARPENTER J. Factors affecting attrition from associate degree nursing programs in North Carolina. Cahiers de sociologie et de démographie médicales. 2010; 50(2):213-46.
24.Gibbons C. Stress, coping and burn-out in nursing students. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(10):1299-309.
25.Magnussen L, Amundson MJ. Undergraduate nursing student experience. Nursing & health sciences. 2003;5(4):261-7.
26.Brodie DA, Andrews GJ, Andrews JP, Thomas GB, Wong J, Rixon L. Perceptions of nursing: confirmation, change and the student experience. Int J Nurs Stud. 2004;41(7):721-33.
27.Ratanasiripong P, Wang C-CD. Psychological well-being of Thai nursing students. Nurse Education Today. 2011;31(4):412-6.
28.Harerian HR, Aghajanloo A, Jabare R. Zanjan Nursing students' viewpoints about the nursing profession and the reasons for leaving. Journal of development of Medical Education. 2009;2(2):1-8.
29.Palmer SP. Nurse retention and satisfaction in Ecuador: implications for nursing administration. Journal of Nursing Management. 2013.
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31.Saberian M, Haghe Aghajane S. Job Future of Semnan Nursing School Graduates. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2003;9:52-7.
32.Valizadeh S, Abedi HA, Zamanzadeh V, Fathe azar S. The challenges of nursing students:a qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2007;7(2):397-407.
33.Kiel JM. An Analysis of Restructuring Orientation to Enhance Nurse Retention. The health care manager. 2012;31(4):302-7.
34.Cowin LS, Craven RG, Johnson M, Marsh HW. A longitudinal study of student and experienced nurses' self-concept. Collegian: Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia. 2006;13(3):25-31.
35.Mortazavi S, Rajabipour meibode AR. Effect on job satisfaction of nurses leaving the profession through individual and organizational behavior and unconventional work. Ghazvin University of Medical Science. 2013;17(1):56-60.
36.Borkowski N, Amann R, Song S-H, Weiss C. Nurses' intent to leave the profession: issues related to gender, ethnicity, and educational level. Health Care Management Review. 2007; 32(2):160-7.
37.Pryjmachuk S, Easton K, Littlewood A. Nurse education: factors associated with attrition. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009;65(1):149-60.
38.Atashzadeh Shorideh F, Ashktorab T, Yaghmaei F, Alavimajd H. Association of ICU nurses’ demographic characteristics and moral distress. Iranian Journal of Ethics and Medical History. 2013;5(7):66-77.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Article citation:
Zohreh Badiyepeyma, Mohsen Hojjat, Nehle Parandavar, Somaye Ramezanli, Leili Mosalanejad. The relationship between professional self-concept and nursing students’ decision for job retention. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 156-161. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Bahar Zohreh Badiyepeyma, Mohsen Hojjat, Nehle Parandavar, Somaye Ramezanli, Leili Mosalanejad. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case Report
Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia1,*,Vinaykumar.S.Masamatti1,Veerendra.M.Uppin1,Lokesh D Kumar2
Affiliation:-
1Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
2Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr.Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia.
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Abstract
With the increasing number of clinical reports of aberrant root canal morphological variations of root and root canal system, it is very important from clinician’s point of view to be aware of the variable anatomy present in a tooth. This case report describes endodontic management of four canalled and three rooted mandibular first molar.
Keywords: Anatomical variations; Radix entomolaris; three rooted mandibular molar; Endodontic treatment.
REFERENCES
1.Carabelli G. Systematisches Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde. 2nd ed. Vienna: Braumuller und Seidel, 1844:114.
2.Schumacher C. Endodontic treatment of a mandibular first moalr with radix entomolaris: a case report. ENDO(Lond Engl) 2008;2(4):301-304.
3.Calberson FL, Moor RJD, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and premolars: clinical approach in Endodntics. JOE 2007;33:58-63.
4.Curzon ME. Miscegenation and the prevalence of three rooted mandibular first molars in the Baffin eskimos.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1974;2:130-1.
5.Carlsen O, Alexandersen V. Radix entomolaris:identification and morphology. Scan J Res 1990;98:363-73.
6.De Moor RJ, Deroose CA, Calberson FL. The radix wntomolaris in mandibular first molars:an endodontic challenge. Int Endod J2004;37:789-99.
7.Rakesh Rajan R, Senthil Kumar, Mohan Kumar NS, Karunakaran JV. Elusive canals in Endodontics. J Indian Acad Dent Spec. 2011;2:37-42.
8.Gluskin AH, Peters CI, Ming Wong RD, Ruddle CJ. In: Ingle, Bakland, Baumgartner, editors. Ingle’s Endodontics. 6th ed. Netherlands: BC Decker Publishers; 2008. p. 1088-161.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Article citation: Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia, Vinaykumar.S.Masamatti, Veerendra.M.Uppin, Lokesh D Kumar. Radix enteromolaris: A case report on endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with three roots. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 133-136. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Vishwajit Rampratap. Chaurasia, Vinaykumar S. Masamatti, Veerendra.M.Uppin, Lokesh D Kumar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
Nisha Bindu Murali *, Murugadoss, R.Vidhya, S.Karthik, Sateesh
Affiliation:-
Department of Anaesthesia, Chennai Medical College and Research Center,IRUNGALUR, TRICHY-621105 Tamilnadu,India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Trichy-621105 Tamilnadu, India
*To whom it corresponds:-
Dr.Nisha Bindu Mural.
Senior resident,
Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Trichy-621105 Tamilnadu, India
Core idea: The main purpose of this study was to find the effect of systemic hypertension in blood-brain-barrier and indirectly csf-albumin levels. And its contribution as a predictor of Stroke in the future which mostly occurs due to disruption of BBB .
Abstract:
Aim: To compare the Cerebrospinal fluid Albumin levels in normal patients and patients with systemic hypertension and hence to analyse the effect of systemic hypertension in the blood-brain-barrier. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Irungalur, Trichy from May to June 2013. Hospital ethical committee approval was attained and informed written consent was also obtained from all patients participating in the study. All patients fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Both hypertensive and normal patients undergoing sub-umbilical surgeries under subarachnoid block were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. 49 patients in each group, Group A included patients with systemic hypertension on treatment and Group B were normal patients without any co-morbid conditions. Under strict aseptic precautions lumbar puncture was done using 25 G Quincky needle and 0.5ml of CSF was collected in a sterile container and send for biochemical analysis. Patients who had traumatic tap were excluded from the study. CSF -albumin levels were calculated by immunodensitometric method and then were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test and Students–t Test.
Results: Demographic data was analyzed using Chi-Square test and found that there was not any statistical significance. While, CSF albumin levels in normal group was 137.25 ± 28.77 while it was 289.41 ± 54.05 in hypertensive group .This difference was statistically significant.
Discussion: The albumin in the blood reaches CSF through the process of diffusion1. This restricted exchange of materials between blood and perivascular and extravascular fluid is done through the blood-brain barrier in the central nervous system. Disruption of tight junctions in the BBB is the hallmark of not only many CNS pathology but also systemic diseases7. One such diseases is systemic hypertension which brings about inflammatory changes in the body including neuro-inflammation. This not only causes disruption of BBB but also increases the Para cellular permeability i.e. bends without breaking them.
This cellular change in the BBB due to hypertension may increase its permeability to albumin which in turn increases the CSF albumin levels. In our study, CSF albumin level was higher in hypertensive group compared to normal patients. This difference was statistically significant. This difference signifies the changes occurring in the BBB in hypertensive individuals which could lead to stroke in the future. Weather CSF albumin levels could be used as a predictor of stroke and its relation to years of hypertensive state are to be analyzed in our next study.
Key words: CSF Albumin levels; Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB); Diffusion.
REFERENCES
1.W. A. Bonadio, L. Stanco, R. Bruce, D. Barry, and D. Smith,“Reference values of normal cerebrospinal Fuid composition in infants ages 0 to 8 weeks,”Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1992;11(7):589–591, .
2.C. E. Johanson, J. A. Duncan, P. M. Klinge, T. Brinker, E. G.Stopa, and G. D. Silverberg, “Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: new challenges in health and disease,” Cerebrospinal Fluid Research 2008;(5): 10.
3.E. M. Carmona-Calero, H. Perez-Gonzalez, I. Martinez-Pena y Valenzuela et al., “Effect of the arterial hypertension and captopril treatment on the angiotensin II content in the subfornical organ. A study in SHR rats,” Histology and Histopathology.2005: 20(1): 135–138.
4.E. M. Carmona-Calero, I. Gonzalez-Marrero, M. Castaneyra-Martin et al., “Hypertension effects on p73 expression in the rat circumventricular organs and cerebrospinal fluid,” World Journal of Neuroscience, 2012; 2(2);68–73.
5.I. Gonzalez-Marrero, E. M. Carmona-Calero, P. Fernandez-Rodriguez et al., “Expression of certain proteins in the subfornical organ and cerebrospinal fluid of spontaneously hypertensive rats,” Histology and Histopathology.2007; 22(12):1371–1378.
6.M. R. Del Bigio, “Hydrocephalus-induced changes in the composition of cerebrospinal fluid,” Neurosurgery. 1989;25(3):416–423.
7.H. Al-Sarraf, F. Ghaaedi, and Z. Redzic, “Time course of hyperosmolar opening of the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers in spontaneously hypertensive rats,” Journal of Vascular Research,vol. 2007;44(2): 99–109.
8.Habgood MD, Sedgwick JE, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR A developmentally regulated blood-cerebrospinal fluid transfer mechanism for albumin in immature rats. J Physiol.1992; Oct 456:181-92.
9.Ibrahim Gonzalez-Marrero,Leandro Castaneyra-Ruiz ,Juan M. GonzalezToledo, “ High Blood Pressure Effects on the Blood to Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Composition:A Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Study in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats” International Journal of Hypertension, Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 164653,2013.
10.I. Gonzalez-Marrero, L. Castaneyra-Ruiz, J. M. Gonzalez-Toledo et al., “High blood pressure effects on the brain barriers and choroid plexus secretion,” Neuroscience & Medicine.2012;3(1);60–64.
11.Huber JD, Egleton RD, Davis TP Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier. Trends Neurosci . 2001; 24(12):719-25.
12.D. Carnevale, G. Mascio, M. A. Ajmone-Cat et al., “Role of neuroinflammation in hypertension-induced brain amyloid pathology,” Neurobiology of Aging. 2012;33(1):205.e19–205.e29.
13.I. Gonzalez-Marrero, L. Castaneyra-Ruiz, J. M. Gonzalez-Toledo et al., “High blood pressure effects on the brain barriers and choroid plexus secretion,” Neuroscience & Medicine. 2012; 3(1):60–64.
Article citation:
Nisha Bindu Murali, Murugadoss, R.Vidhya, S.Karthik, Sateesh. A comparative study of the cerebrospinal fluid -albumin levels in normal patients and in patients with systemic hypertension. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 118-121. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Nisha Bindu Murali, Murugadoss, R.Vidhya, S.Karthik, Sateesh . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:
Srinivas K1,*, Syamala2, Sunitha Tadi3, Sai Krishna P4, Viswa Teja Nallam5, Santhosh Kumar P6
Affiliation:-
1Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,India
3Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India
4,5,6 Yalamarty College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India
3. Yalamarty College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors contribution: All the authors contributed equally to this paper.
*To whom it corresponds:-
Dr. K.Srinivas,
Department of Pharmacology,
Andhra Medical College, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Contact no:- +91-9912811005+91-9912811005
Abstract:
Aim: Despite the tremendous increase in health care and research, little awareness is available about self-medication in developing countries like India. This study mainly aims to determine the prevalence of self-medication practices among students of Pharmacy and Engineering colleges in Visakhapatnam district with reasons and some suggestions.
Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge, awareness and perception of self-medication practice with a view to observe the irrational usage of Non- Prescription drugs (OTC drugs) among the under graduate students.
Materials and methods: Data related to this study was collected by a pre-tested questionnaire prepared in English regarding self-medication. This was a descriptional study conducted by selecting students among students from pharmacy and engineering background. The prevalence of self-medication was reported in percentage.
Results: The prevalence of self-medication practice was found to be high among pharmacy students when compared to engineering students.
Conclusion: Over the years there has been an appreciable increase in the manufacture, sales and promotion of OTC products in India and on the other view irrational use of self-medication is also increasing among the public especially younger generation like students. Thus to prevent the adverse effects of self-medication it is essential to create awareness and educate the public about responsible self- medication and develop a nationalized list of OTC drugs.
Keywords: Over the counter drugs (OTC); prescription drugs; Self-medication.
REFERENCES
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2.Mohmmad Salim T.K, Self-medication with OTC drug, Scholars Research Library. 2011; 3(1): 91-98.
3.Afolabi A.O., “Factors influencing pattern of self-medication in adult Nigerian population”, Anals of African medicine. 2008;7(3): 120-127.
4.Girma Belachew Gutema, “Self-medication practices among health science students: Case of Mekelle University” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences. Dec-2011, ISSN-22311-3354, www.japsonline.com.
5.David.E.Webber, PhD, Director of WSMI, 3rd WSMI/ILAR/ANDI Latin American Conference, Oct2009.
6.Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India, Business Monitor International 2010, www.Indianstat.com.
7.PHARMACEUTICALS, Indian Brand Equity Foundation, August 2013. www.ibef.org.
8.Supriya Guptha; “Emerging Indian OTC Markets” Apeejay Journal of Management Sciences and technology. 2013; 1(1):25-29.
9.Pran Gopal Sahah,; ‘Indian OTC Market Opportunities and Challenges” Global Research Analysis.2013; 2(10). ISSN2277-8160.
10.Sonam Jain, “Concept of Shelf Medication”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives. 2011;2(3);831-836, 10th June 2011.
11.Mary F Dallman, “Chronic stress and comfort foods; Self-medication and abdominal obesity”. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity.2005; (19): 275-280. 29th Jan, 2005.
12.Rohit K Verma, Lalit Mohan, Manisha Pandey. Evaluation of self medication among professional students in North India: proper statutory drug control must be implemented. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2010; 3 (1): 60-64.
13.Pankaj Jain. Statistical Study on self-medication pattern in Haryana, India. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 2(1); 21-35.
14.Suleiman Ibrahim Sharif. Evaluation of self-medication among Pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2012;7(4):135-140.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None
Article citation:
Srinivas K,Syamala, Sunitha Tadi, Sai Krishna P, Viswa Teja Nallam, Santhosh Kumar P. Self-medication practices among students of engineering and pharmacy colleges in visakhapatnam district,Andra Pradesh,India. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 127-132. Available at www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2014 Srinivas K,Syamala, Sunitha Tadi, Sai Krishna P, Viswa Teja Nallam, Santhosh Kumar P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.