DocumentsDate added
Research article
HG Hamza1,*, A I Saleh1, Z K Mohammed1, H A Ngadda2
Affiliation:-
1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri. PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria
2Department of Histopathology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri. PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
University of Maiduguri. PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria
*Corresponding author:
Dr HG Hamza.
Department of Biochemistry. Faculty of Science University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069 Nigeria
Abstract:
The present study aims at investigating the chemopreventive potentials of water extract of traditional medicinal plant, Detarium microcarpum against mycotoxin induced hepatic and renal damage in rats. The result of the study revealed that the mycotoxin ingested animal showed drastic weight loss, induced liver and kidney damage through elevating marker enzymes and serological variables. However, administration of 750 mg/kg body weight of the water extract of Detarium microcarpum effectively ameliorated the deviation caused by liver and kidney damage in response to mycotoxin ingestion. Pathological examination of the liver and kidney tissues also supported the biochemical findings. From the current investigation it can be concluded that supplementation of plant extract was beneficial in modulating the alteration induced in liver, kidney and serum variables of rats under the effect of mycotoxin.
Keywords: Mycotoxins; Deterium microcarpum; Chemopreventive potentials.
HG Hamza, A I Saleh, Z K Mohammed, H A Ngadda. Effect of aqueous extract of detarium microcarpum (Guill&Sperr) on mycotoxin- induced tissue damage in albino rats. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 92-99. Available at www.jpbms.info.
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13.Hamza-Idris, H., Buratai, L.T., Geidam,M.A. , Magaji, M.A., Saleh,S.A., Kunaba, A. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Detarium Microcarpum (Guill andsperr) Stem Bark on Benzidine Induced Liver Damage in Albino Rats. Nig J. Exp and Appl. Biol. 2012;13(1)61-64.
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Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None
Copyright © 2014 HG Hamza, A I Saleh, Z K Mohammed, H A Ngadda. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Singla K 1,*, Sodhi KS 2, Pandey R 2, Singh J 2, Sharma P3
Affiliation:-
1 Post graduate student, Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India.
2Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India.
2Professor and Head of Department, Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India.
3Ph.D student, Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India.
Authors contribution: All the authors contributed equally to this paper.
*Corresponding author:-
Dr. Kusum Singla,
Post Graduate Student,
Department of Biochemistry,
Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India.
Email address: dockusumairan@gmail.com
Phone number: +91-9034933995.
Abstract:
Aim: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of cystatin C as an early biomarker of renal impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) before the onset of microalbuminuria.
Materials and methods: For the present hospital based cross-sectional study, a total number of 30 normoalbuminuric, T2DM patients for more than 5 years of duration in the age group of 30 years and above were selected. Serum and urine cystatin C estimation along with calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKDEPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations was performed.
Results: There was no statistical difference in the mean serum and urine cystatin C levels among males and females (p>0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of eGFR calculated using MDRD and CKDEPI showed the overall accuracy of 63% with sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 60% respectively. ROC analysis of urine cystatin C predicted sensitivity and specificity of 50% each.
Conclusion: Serum cystatin C estimation is a useful approach for early detection of renal impairment in T2DM. This would help in reducing the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) related morbidity and mortality.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Cystatin C, diabetes mellitus, normoalbuminuria.
Singla K ,Sodhi KS, Pandey R,Singh J,Sharma P. The utility of serum cystatin C in the diagnosis of early diabetic nephropathy. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 84-87. Available at www.jpbms.info.
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2.Dabla PK. Renal function in Diabetic nephropathy. World J Diabetes 2010; 1(2): 48-56.
3.Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW et al. National Kidney Foundation Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 137-147.
4.Wu I, Parikh CR. Screening for Kidney Diseases: Older Measures versus Novel Biomarkers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1895-1901.
5.Cystatin C is emerging as a biomarker superior to serum creatinine for estimating GFR and cardiovascular events [online]. Diabetes 2007; 56. Available from: http://www.diazyme.com/product/pdf/Cystatin.
6.Zahran A, El-Husseini A, Shoker A. Can cystatin C replace creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate? A literature review. Am J Nephrol. 2007; 27 (2): 197–205.
7.King AJ, Levey AS. Dietary protein and renal function. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol 1993; 3 (11): 1723–37.
8.JeonYK, KimMR, HuhJE, Mok JY, Song SH, Kim SS et al. Cystatin C as an Early Biomarker of Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26: 258-263.
9.Hojs R, Beve S, Ekart R, Gorenjak M, Puklavee L. Serum cystatin C as an endogenous marker of renal function in patients with mild to moderate impairment of kidney function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 1855-1862.
10.Grubb A, Nyman U, Bjork J, Lindstrom V, Rippe B, Sterner G, Christensson A. Simple cystatin C-based prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate compared with the modification of diet in renal disease prediction equation for adults and the Schwartz and the Counahan-Barratt prediction equations for children. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 1420-1431.
11.Uzun H, OzmenKeles M, Ataman R, Aydin S, Kalender B, Uslu E et al. Serum Cystatin C level as a potentially good marker for impaired kidney function. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 792-798.
12.Westhuyzen J. Cystatin C: A Promising Marker and Predictor of Impaired Renal Function. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2006; 36(4): 387-394.
13.Villa P, Jimenez M, Soriano MC, Manzanares J, Casasnovas P. Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Critical Care 2005; 9: 139-145.
14.Lambe E, Newman DJ, Price PJ. Kidney Function Tests. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, editor. TEITZ Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic. 4thed. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2006. p. 797-835.
15.Villa P, Jimenez M, Soriano MC, Manzanares J, Casasnovas P. Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Critical Care 2005; 9: 139-145.
16.Vishwanathan V, Snehalatha C, Nair MB, Ramachandran. Comparative assessment of cystatin c and creatinine for determining renal function. Indian J Nephrol 2005; 15: 91-94.
17.Schück O, Teplan V, SibováJ, Stollová M. Predicting the glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine, serum cystatin C and the Cockcroft and Gault formula with regard to drug dosage adjustment. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 42 (2): 93–7.
18.Uchida K, Gotoh A. Measurement of cystatin C and creatinine in urine. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 323: 121-128.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Financial grant from Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.
Copyright © 2014 Singla K ,Sodhi KS,Pandey R,Singh J,Sharma P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:
Srinivas K1,*, Syamala2, Sunitha Tadi3, Sai Krishna P4, Viswa Teja Nallam5, Santhosh Kumar P6
Affiliation:-
1Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,India
3Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India
4,5,6 Yalamarty College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India
3. Yalamarty College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors contribution: All the authors contributed equally to this paper.
*To whom it corresponds:-
Dr. K.Srinivas,
Department of Pharmacology,
Andhra Medical College, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Contact no:- +91-9912811005+91-9912811005
Abstract:
Aim: Despite the tremendous increase in health care and research, little awareness is available about self-medication in developing countries like India. This study mainly aims to determine the prevalence of self-medication practices among students of Pharmacy and Engineering colleges in Visakhapatnam district with reasons and some suggestions.
Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge, awareness and perception of self-medication practice with a view to observe the irrational usage of Non- Prescription drugs (OTC drugs) among the under graduate students.
Materials and methods: Data related to this study was collected by a pre-tested questionnaire prepared in English regarding self-medication. This was a descriptional study conducted by selecting students among students from pharmacy and engineering background. The prevalence of self-medication was reported in percentage.
Results: The prevalence of self-medication practice was found to be high among pharmacy students when compared to engineering students.
Conclusion: Over the years there has been an appreciable increase in the manufacture, sales and promotion of OTC products in India and on the other view irrational use of self-medication is also increasing among the public especially younger generation like students. Thus to prevent the adverse effects of self-medication it is essential to create awareness and educate the public about responsible self- medication and develop a nationalized list of OTC drugs.
Keywords: Over the counter drugs (OTC); prescription drugs; Self-medication.
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1.Responsible self-care and self-medication; A World-wide survey of consumers, 2006.
2.Mohmmad Salim T.K, Self-medication with OTC drug, Scholars Research Library. 2011; 3(1): 91-98.
3.Afolabi A.O., “Factors influencing pattern of self-medication in adult Nigerian population”, Anals of African medicine. 2008;7(3): 120-127.
4.Girma Belachew Gutema, “Self-medication practices among health science students: Case of Mekelle University” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences. Dec-2011, ISSN-22311-3354, www.japsonline.com.
5.David.E.Webber, PhD, Director of WSMI, 3rd WSMI/ILAR/ANDI Latin American Conference, Oct2009.
6.Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India, Business Monitor International 2010, www.Indianstat.com.
7.PHARMACEUTICALS, Indian Brand Equity Foundation, August 2013. www.ibef.org.
8.Supriya Guptha; “Emerging Indian OTC Markets” Apeejay Journal of Management Sciences and technology. 2013; 1(1):25-29.
9.Pran Gopal Sahah,; ‘Indian OTC Market Opportunities and Challenges” Global Research Analysis.2013; 2(10). ISSN2277-8160.
10.Sonam Jain, “Concept of Shelf Medication”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives. 2011;2(3);831-836, 10th June 2011.
11.Mary F Dallman, “Chronic stress and comfort foods; Self-medication and abdominal obesity”. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity.2005; (19): 275-280. 29th Jan, 2005.
12.Rohit K Verma, Lalit Mohan, Manisha Pandey. Evaluation of self medication among professional students in North India: proper statutory drug control must be implemented. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2010; 3 (1): 60-64.
13.Pankaj Jain. Statistical Study on self-medication pattern in Haryana, India. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 2(1); 21-35.
14.Suleiman Ibrahim Sharif. Evaluation of self-medication among Pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2012;7(4):135-140.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None
Article citation:
Srinivas K,Syamala, Sunitha Tadi, Sai Krishna P, Viswa Teja Nallam, Santhosh Kumar P. Self-medication practices among students of engineering and pharmacy colleges in visakhapatnam district,Andra Pradesh,India. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 127-132. Available at www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2014 Srinivas K,Syamala, Sunitha Tadi, Sai Krishna P, Viswa Teja Nallam, Santhosh Kumar P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
Nisha Bindu Murali *, Murugadoss, R.Vidhya, S.Karthik, Sateesh
Affiliation:-
Department of Anaesthesia, Chennai Medical College and Research Center,IRUNGALUR, TRICHY-621105 Tamilnadu,India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Trichy-621105 Tamilnadu, India
*To whom it corresponds:-
Dr.Nisha Bindu Mural.
Senior resident,
Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Irungalur, Trichy-621105 Tamilnadu, India
Core idea: The main purpose of this study was to find the effect of systemic hypertension in blood-brain-barrier and indirectly csf-albumin levels. And its contribution as a predictor of Stroke in the future which mostly occurs due to disruption of BBB .
Abstract:
Aim: To compare the Cerebrospinal fluid Albumin levels in normal patients and patients with systemic hypertension and hence to analyse the effect of systemic hypertension in the blood-brain-barrier. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Irungalur, Trichy from May to June 2013. Hospital ethical committee approval was attained and informed written consent was also obtained from all patients participating in the study. All patients fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Both hypertensive and normal patients undergoing sub-umbilical surgeries under subarachnoid block were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. 49 patients in each group, Group A included patients with systemic hypertension on treatment and Group B were normal patients without any co-morbid conditions. Under strict aseptic precautions lumbar puncture was done using 25 G Quincky needle and 0.5ml of CSF was collected in a sterile container and send for biochemical analysis. Patients who had traumatic tap were excluded from the study. CSF -albumin levels were calculated by immunodensitometric method and then were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test and Students–t Test.
Results: Demographic data was analyzed using Chi-Square test and found that there was not any statistical significance. While, CSF albumin levels in normal group was 137.25 ± 28.77 while it was 289.41 ± 54.05 in hypertensive group .This difference was statistically significant.
Discussion: The albumin in the blood reaches CSF through the process of diffusion1. This restricted exchange of materials between blood and perivascular and extravascular fluid is done through the blood-brain barrier in the central nervous system. Disruption of tight junctions in the BBB is the hallmark of not only many CNS pathology but also systemic diseases7. One such diseases is systemic hypertension which brings about inflammatory changes in the body including neuro-inflammation. This not only causes disruption of BBB but also increases the Para cellular permeability i.e. bends without breaking them.
This cellular change in the BBB due to hypertension may increase its permeability to albumin which in turn increases the CSF albumin levels. In our study, CSF albumin level was higher in hypertensive group compared to normal patients. This difference was statistically significant. This difference signifies the changes occurring in the BBB in hypertensive individuals which could lead to stroke in the future. Weather CSF albumin levels could be used as a predictor of stroke and its relation to years of hypertensive state are to be analyzed in our next study.
Key words: CSF Albumin levels; Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB); Diffusion.
REFERENCES
1.W. A. Bonadio, L. Stanco, R. Bruce, D. Barry, and D. Smith,“Reference values of normal cerebrospinal Fuid composition in infants ages 0 to 8 weeks,”Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1992;11(7):589–591, .
2.C. E. Johanson, J. A. Duncan, P. M. Klinge, T. Brinker, E. G.Stopa, and G. D. Silverberg, “Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: new challenges in health and disease,” Cerebrospinal Fluid Research 2008;(5): 10.
3.E. M. Carmona-Calero, H. Perez-Gonzalez, I. Martinez-Pena y Valenzuela et al., “Effect of the arterial hypertension and captopril treatment on the angiotensin II content in the subfornical organ. A study in SHR rats,” Histology and Histopathology.2005: 20(1): 135–138.
4.E. M. Carmona-Calero, I. Gonzalez-Marrero, M. Castaneyra-Martin et al., “Hypertension effects on p73 expression in the rat circumventricular organs and cerebrospinal fluid,” World Journal of Neuroscience, 2012; 2(2);68–73.
5.I. Gonzalez-Marrero, E. M. Carmona-Calero, P. Fernandez-Rodriguez et al., “Expression of certain proteins in the subfornical organ and cerebrospinal fluid of spontaneously hypertensive rats,” Histology and Histopathology.2007; 22(12):1371–1378.
6.M. R. Del Bigio, “Hydrocephalus-induced changes in the composition of cerebrospinal fluid,” Neurosurgery. 1989;25(3):416–423.
7.H. Al-Sarraf, F. Ghaaedi, and Z. Redzic, “Time course of hyperosmolar opening of the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers in spontaneously hypertensive rats,” Journal of Vascular Research,vol. 2007;44(2): 99–109.
8.Habgood MD, Sedgwick JE, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR A developmentally regulated blood-cerebrospinal fluid transfer mechanism for albumin in immature rats. J Physiol.1992; Oct 456:181-92.
9.Ibrahim Gonzalez-Marrero,Leandro Castaneyra-Ruiz ,Juan M. GonzalezToledo, “ High Blood Pressure Effects on the Blood to Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Composition:A Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Study in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats” International Journal of Hypertension, Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 164653,2013.
10.I. Gonzalez-Marrero, L. Castaneyra-Ruiz, J. M. Gonzalez-Toledo et al., “High blood pressure effects on the brain barriers and choroid plexus secretion,” Neuroscience & Medicine.2012;3(1);60–64.
11.Huber JD, Egleton RD, Davis TP Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier. Trends Neurosci . 2001; 24(12):719-25.
12.D. Carnevale, G. Mascio, M. A. Ajmone-Cat et al., “Role of neuroinflammation in hypertension-induced brain amyloid pathology,” Neurobiology of Aging. 2012;33(1):205.e19–205.e29.
13.I. Gonzalez-Marrero, L. Castaneyra-Ruiz, J. M. Gonzalez-Toledo et al., “High blood pressure effects on the brain barriers and choroid plexus secretion,” Neuroscience & Medicine. 2012; 3(1):60–64.
Article citation:
Nisha Bindu Murali, Murugadoss, R.Vidhya, S.Karthik, Sateesh. A comparative study of the cerebrospinal fluid -albumin levels in normal patients and in patients with systemic hypertension. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 118-121. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Nisha Bindu Murali, Murugadoss, R.Vidhya, S.Karthik, Sateesh . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case Report
Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia1,*,Vinaykumar.S.Masamatti1,Veerendra.M.Uppin1,Lokesh D Kumar2
Affiliation:-
1Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
2Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr.Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia.
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Abstract
With the increasing number of clinical reports of aberrant root canal morphological variations of root and root canal system, it is very important from clinician’s point of view to be aware of the variable anatomy present in a tooth. This case report describes endodontic management of four canalled and three rooted mandibular first molar.
Keywords: Anatomical variations; Radix entomolaris; three rooted mandibular molar; Endodontic treatment.
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1.Carabelli G. Systematisches Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde. 2nd ed. Vienna: Braumuller und Seidel, 1844:114.
2.Schumacher C. Endodontic treatment of a mandibular first moalr with radix entomolaris: a case report. ENDO(Lond Engl) 2008;2(4):301-304.
3.Calberson FL, Moor RJD, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and premolars: clinical approach in Endodntics. JOE 2007;33:58-63.
4.Curzon ME. Miscegenation and the prevalence of three rooted mandibular first molars in the Baffin eskimos.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1974;2:130-1.
5.Carlsen O, Alexandersen V. Radix entomolaris:identification and morphology. Scan J Res 1990;98:363-73.
6.De Moor RJ, Deroose CA, Calberson FL. The radix wntomolaris in mandibular first molars:an endodontic challenge. Int Endod J2004;37:789-99.
7.Rakesh Rajan R, Senthil Kumar, Mohan Kumar NS, Karunakaran JV. Elusive canals in Endodontics. J Indian Acad Dent Spec. 2011;2:37-42.
8.Gluskin AH, Peters CI, Ming Wong RD, Ruddle CJ. In: Ingle, Bakland, Baumgartner, editors. Ingle’s Endodontics. 6th ed. Netherlands: BC Decker Publishers; 2008. p. 1088-161.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Article citation: Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia, Vinaykumar.S.Masamatti, Veerendra.M.Uppin, Lokesh D Kumar. Radix enteromolaris: A case report on endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with three roots. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 133-136. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Vishwajit Rampratap. Chaurasia, Vinaykumar S. Masamatti, Veerendra.M.Uppin, Lokesh D Kumar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.