DocumentsDate added
Original article
Olayode Olusina S1(MSc), Azubuike Chukwuemeka P1,* (PhD), Igwilo Cecilia I1 (PhD)
Affiliation:-
1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, P.M.B.12003, Lagos, Nigeria
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, P.M.B.12003, Lagos, Nigeria
*Corresponding author:-
Azubuike Chukwuemeka P.
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, P.M.B.12003, Lagos, Nigeria
Email: cazubuike@unilag.edu.ng Phone no: +234-8033618556+234-8033618556
Abstract:
The security and purity of low density polyethylene packaged water for human consumption during their shelf life was studied.
Assessment of protective ability of thin film polyethylene packaging material of twelve brands of sachet water randomly obtained in Mushin area of Lagos state was carried out by challenging the samples with Escherichia coli, methyl violet solution and dual purpose kerosene (DPK) respectively to estimate the extent it protects the content (water) from being contaminated by microorganisms, solute and vapour.
Five of the twelve brands (41.7%) were contaminated with microorganisms most likely during production. A brand was contaminated with Escherichia coli while another one with Schistosoma spp. Three other brands were contaminated with Shigella spp. Microbiological challenge test result indicated presence of challenge organism in one brand within two weeks and in three brands at fourth week. At third day of exposure to DPK, eight brands had smell and tastes of DPK, all the brands were permeated by DPK at seventh day of exposure. Only one brand was penetrated by dye (methyl violet) at first week of immersion and five other brands at fourth week of immersion.
The study shows the need for the improvement of the quality of the packaging materials for sachet water and the also the need to reduce its shelf life.
Keywords: Challenge test, Escherichia coli, Low Density Polyethylene and packaged water.
REFERENCES
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Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None.
Article citation:
Olayode Olusina S,Azubuike Chukwuemeka P,Igwilo Cecilia I.Assessment of the effects of low density polyethylene packaging materials on the content of sachet water marketed in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos, Nigeria. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(02):100-105. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014Olayode Olusina S,Azubuike Chukwuemeka P,Igwilo Cecilia I.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original Article
Thalquotra Mohit 1,*, Pandey Rajesh2, Singh Jasbir2, Agrawal B.K.3, Sodhi K.S.2
Affiliation:-
1P.G. student, Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
2Professor, Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
3Professor, Department of Medicine, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
2. Department of Medicine, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
*To whom it corresponds:-
Mohit Thalquotra.
P.G. student, Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana,India
Mobile:+91-8221033642+91-8221033642
Abstract
Context: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with an increasing incidence and prevalence. Abnormalities in the structure and function of the thyroid gland and in the metabolism and plasma concentration of thyroid hormones are common in patients with CKD.
Aims: In view of variability of thyroid function tests reported in patients with CKD in previous studies, a prospective study of thyroid profile was performed in patients with CKD.
Setting and design: Prospective cross sectional study in rural setting of Haryana.
Materials and Methods: Total number of 30 patients with CKD on conservative management who were admitted to Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala during the period January 2013-January 2014 were selected in this prospective study. There were two groups (30 patients and 30 controls). Serum T3, T4 and TSH were evaluated in the subjects of both the groups and compared.
Statistical analysis: By SPSS version 12 [SPSS v12 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL)].
Results: 23.33% of the uremic patients kept on conservative treatment or on regular hemodialysis showed significant reduction of serum T3 and T4 in comparison to the control group. However, the level of TSH did not show significant alterations.
Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction merits attention for the better management of CKD patients.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis, Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
REFERENCES
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4.Bargman JM,Skorecki K. Chronic kidney disease. In: Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Longo DL, Lascalzo J, Braunwald E, Hauser Sl, Jamson JL, editors. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th ed: vol. 2: McGraw Hill; London ;2008.pp.1761-1771.
5.Kaptein EM,Quion-Verde H, Chooljian CJ, Tang WW, Friedman PE, Rodriquez HJ, et al. The thyroid in end stage kidney disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988; 67: 187-97.
6.Bargman JM,SKorecki K. Chronic kidney disease. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, Vol. 2, 18th edn., 2011; McGraw Hill, London, pp. 2289-2313.
7.Weissel M,Stummvoll HK, Kolbe H, Höfer R. Basal and TRH stimulated thyroid and pituitary hormones in various degree of kidney insufficiency. Acta Endocrinol 1979; 90: 23-32.
8.Jain R, Isaac RM, Gottschalk ME. Transient central hypothyroidism as a cause of failure to thrive in newborns and infants. J Endocrinol Invest 1994; 17:631-637.
9.Webster D. Autozyme urea reagent set of determination of urea/blood urea nitrogen based on enzymatic method using urease. Clin Chem 1977; 23:663.
10.Bowers LD,Wong ET. Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and review. Clin Chem 1980; 26: 555–561.
11.Kaptein EM.Thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid diseases in chronic kidney failure. Endocr Rev 1996; 17: 45–63.
12.Czernichow P, Dauzet MC, Broyer M, Rappaport R. Abnormal TSH, PRL and GH response to TSH releasing factor in chronic kidney failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43: 630–637.
13.Spaulding SW, Gregerman RI. Free thyroxine in serum by equilibrium dialysis: Effects of dilution, specific ions and inhibitors of binding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972;34: 974–982.
14.Zoccali C, Tripepi G, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P, Mallamaci F. Low triiodothyronine: A new facet of inflammation in end-stage kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16: 2789–2795.
15.Carrero JJ, Qureshi AR, Axelsson J, Yilmaz MI, Rehnmark S, Witt MR et al. Clinical and biochemical implications of low thyroid hormone levels (total and free forms) in euthyroid patients with chronic kidney disease. J Intern Med 2007; 262: 690–701.
16.Wiederkehr MR, Kalogiros J, Krapf R. Correction of metabolic acidosis improves thyroid and growth hormone axes in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1190-1197.
17.Yilmaz MI, Sonmez A, Karaman M, Ay SA, Saglam M, Yaman H, et al. Low triiodothyronine alters flow-mediated vasodilatation in advanced nondiabetic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2011; 33: 25-32.
18.Zoccali C, Benedetto F, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P, et al. Low triiodothyronine and cardiomyopathy in patients with end-stage kidney disease. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 2039-2046.
19.Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P. Low triiodothyronine and survival in end-stage kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 523–528.
20.Song SH,Kwak S, Lee DW, Kang YH, Seong EY, Park JS et al . The prevalence of low triiodothyronine according to the stage of chronic kidney disease in subjects with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:1534–1538.
21.Avasthi G,Malhotra S, Narang APS, Sengupta S. Study of thyroid functions in patients of chronic kidney failure. Indian J Nephrol 2001; 11: 165-170.
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Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Article citation:
Thalquotra Mohit ,Pandey Rajesh, Singh Jasbir, Agrawal B. K., Sodhi K.S. Evaluation of thyroid profile in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 143-147. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Thalquotra Mohit, Pandey Rajesh, Singh Jasbir, Agrawal B. K., Sodhi K.S. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case Report
Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia1,*,Vinaykumar.S.Masamatti1,Veerendra.M.Uppin1,Lokesh D Kumar2
Affiliation:-
1Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
2Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author:-
Dr.Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia.
Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontic, KLE’S Dental College, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Abstract
With the increasing number of clinical reports of aberrant root canal morphological variations of root and root canal system, it is very important from clinician’s point of view to be aware of the variable anatomy present in a tooth. This case report describes endodontic management of four canalled and three rooted mandibular first molar.
Keywords: Anatomical variations; Radix entomolaris; three rooted mandibular molar; Endodontic treatment.
REFERENCES
1.Carabelli G. Systematisches Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde. 2nd ed. Vienna: Braumuller und Seidel, 1844:114.
2.Schumacher C. Endodontic treatment of a mandibular first moalr with radix entomolaris: a case report. ENDO(Lond Engl) 2008;2(4):301-304.
3.Calberson FL, Moor RJD, Deroose CA. The radix entomolaris and premolars: clinical approach in Endodntics. JOE 2007;33:58-63.
4.Curzon ME. Miscegenation and the prevalence of three rooted mandibular first molars in the Baffin eskimos.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1974;2:130-1.
5.Carlsen O, Alexandersen V. Radix entomolaris:identification and morphology. Scan J Res 1990;98:363-73.
6.De Moor RJ, Deroose CA, Calberson FL. The radix wntomolaris in mandibular first molars:an endodontic challenge. Int Endod J2004;37:789-99.
7.Rakesh Rajan R, Senthil Kumar, Mohan Kumar NS, Karunakaran JV. Elusive canals in Endodontics. J Indian Acad Dent Spec. 2011;2:37-42.
8.Gluskin AH, Peters CI, Ming Wong RD, Ruddle CJ. In: Ingle, Bakland, Baumgartner, editors. Ingle’s Endodontics. 6th ed. Netherlands: BC Decker Publishers; 2008. p. 1088-161.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Article citation: Vishwajit.Rampratap.Chaurasia, Vinaykumar.S.Masamatti, Veerendra.M.Uppin, Lokesh D Kumar. Radix enteromolaris: A case report on endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with three roots. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 133-136. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2014 Vishwajit Rampratap. Chaurasia, Vinaykumar S. Masamatti, Veerendra.M.Uppin, Lokesh D Kumar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:
Srinivas K1,*, Syamala2, Sunitha Tadi3, Sai Krishna P4, Viswa Teja Nallam5, Santhosh Kumar P6
Affiliation:-
1Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,India
3Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India
4,5,6 Yalamarty College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Medical College, KGH,Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India
3. Yalamarty College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors contribution: All the authors contributed equally to this paper.
*To whom it corresponds:-
Dr. K.Srinivas,
Department of Pharmacology,
Andhra Medical College, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Contact no:- +91-9912811005+91-9912811005
Abstract:
Aim: Despite the tremendous increase in health care and research, little awareness is available about self-medication in developing countries like India. This study mainly aims to determine the prevalence of self-medication practices among students of Pharmacy and Engineering colleges in Visakhapatnam district with reasons and some suggestions.
Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge, awareness and perception of self-medication practice with a view to observe the irrational usage of Non- Prescription drugs (OTC drugs) among the under graduate students.
Materials and methods: Data related to this study was collected by a pre-tested questionnaire prepared in English regarding self-medication. This was a descriptional study conducted by selecting students among students from pharmacy and engineering background. The prevalence of self-medication was reported in percentage.
Results: The prevalence of self-medication practice was found to be high among pharmacy students when compared to engineering students.
Conclusion: Over the years there has been an appreciable increase in the manufacture, sales and promotion of OTC products in India and on the other view irrational use of self-medication is also increasing among the public especially younger generation like students. Thus to prevent the adverse effects of self-medication it is essential to create awareness and educate the public about responsible self- medication and develop a nationalized list of OTC drugs.
Keywords: Over the counter drugs (OTC); prescription drugs; Self-medication.
REFERENCES
1.Responsible self-care and self-medication; A World-wide survey of consumers, 2006.
2.Mohmmad Salim T.K, Self-medication with OTC drug, Scholars Research Library. 2011; 3(1): 91-98.
3.Afolabi A.O., “Factors influencing pattern of self-medication in adult Nigerian population”, Anals of African medicine. 2008;7(3): 120-127.
4.Girma Belachew Gutema, “Self-medication practices among health science students: Case of Mekelle University” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences. Dec-2011, ISSN-22311-3354, www.japsonline.com.
5.David.E.Webber, PhD, Director of WSMI, 3rd WSMI/ILAR/ANDI Latin American Conference, Oct2009.
6.Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India, Business Monitor International 2010, www.Indianstat.com.
7.PHARMACEUTICALS, Indian Brand Equity Foundation, August 2013. www.ibef.org.
8.Supriya Guptha; “Emerging Indian OTC Markets” Apeejay Journal of Management Sciences and technology. 2013; 1(1):25-29.
9.Pran Gopal Sahah,; ‘Indian OTC Market Opportunities and Challenges” Global Research Analysis.2013; 2(10). ISSN2277-8160.
10.Sonam Jain, “Concept of Shelf Medication”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives. 2011;2(3);831-836, 10th June 2011.
11.Mary F Dallman, “Chronic stress and comfort foods; Self-medication and abdominal obesity”. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity.2005; (19): 275-280. 29th Jan, 2005.
12.Rohit K Verma, Lalit Mohan, Manisha Pandey. Evaluation of self medication among professional students in North India: proper statutory drug control must be implemented. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2010; 3 (1): 60-64.
13.Pankaj Jain. Statistical Study on self-medication pattern in Haryana, India. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 2(1); 21-35.
14.Suleiman Ibrahim Sharif. Evaluation of self-medication among Pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2012;7(4):135-140.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: None
Article citation:
Srinivas K,Syamala, Sunitha Tadi, Sai Krishna P, Viswa Teja Nallam, Santhosh Kumar P. Self-medication practices among students of engineering and pharmacy colleges in visakhapatnam district,Andra Pradesh,India. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 127-132. Available at www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2014 Srinivas K,Syamala, Sunitha Tadi, Sai Krishna P, Viswa Teja Nallam, Santhosh Kumar P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:
Debasis Das1,Sougata Kumar Burman2,*,Prasanta Kumar Das3,Debjyoti Santra4,
Mousumi Basu5,Arnab Kumar Mondal6
Affiliation:-
1Debasis Das, Associate Professor, Community Medicine, Malda Medical College, Malda, West Bengal, India.
2Sougata Kumar Burman, Clinical Tutor, Gynae & Obstetrics, College of Medicine & J.N.M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia, India.
3Prasanta Kumar Das, Associate Professor, Psychiatry Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata, India.
4Debjyoti Santra, Associate Professor, Gynae & Obstetrics, B.S. Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
5Mousumi Basu, Associate Professor, Community Medicine, I.P.G.M.E & R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
6Arnab Kumar Mondal, Assistant Professor, Microbiology, Malda Medical College, West Bengal, India.
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. Community Medicine, Malda Medical College, Malda, West Bengal, India.
2. Gynae & Obstetrics, College of Medicine & J.N.M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia, India.
3. Psychiatry Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata, India.
4. Gynae & Obstetrics, B.S. Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
5. Community Medicine, I.P.G.M.E& R, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
*To whom it corresponds:-
Dr Sougata Kumar Burman.
Clinical Tutor,Dept of Obs & Gynae, College of Medicine & J N M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia.
Address: - Shivam, 4 no P L Chatterjee Lane, Krishnagar, Nadia, India.
Mobile no -91-9475943811
Abstract
Though item examination has immense importance in undergraduate medical curriculum, often the objectives, basis of giving marks are poorly understood by the students. Moreover, the students may have preferences regarding methodology of the examinations. The current study is being planned to assess perception on item examination amongst undergraduate medical students. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional descriptive, observational study, conducted among 6th semester batch of M.B.B.S students of the session 2011-1012 at Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata. All the 75 students attended in a routine lecture class were filled up a pre-designed, pre-tested anonymous questionnaire. Analysis was done in Excel workbook of Microsoft Office software package in computer. Result: Among 75 (75.76%) participant of 6th Semester students 24(32%) have idea about how teachers put marks in the item examinations. 63(84%) students know that marks of item examinations are added to the final university examinations. 59(78.67%) wanted items to be held in teacher’s chamber, more no. wanted on Monday (43(57.33%)) & Friday (19(25.33%)), 43(57.33%) prefer afternoon & 32(42.67%) favour forenoon, expected duration of holding 14.4±20.34minutes, 47(62.67%) wanted item one by one & 28(37.33%) in groups. Students also gave opinion about attempt in item examination, displaying marks, contribution of marks to university examination and perceived benefit.
Conclusion: Item examination should be planned based on perception and opinion of student to get maximum benefit.
Keywords: Item examination; Perception; M.B.B.S students; Kolkata.
REFERENCES
1.Rules & Regulations of MBBS Examination, available at www.thewbuhs.org: last assessed on 12.12.2013.
2.Thomas P, Hoon O P. Perception of Students towards the Examination Questions at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sarawak. Education for Health. 2008; 21(1):1-3.
3.Mohammad J et al. A Survey of Medical Students’ Perceptions of the Quality of their Medical Education upon Graduation. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore. 2008; 37(12):1012-8.
Article citation:
Debasis Das,Sougata Kumar Burman,Prasanta Kumar Das,Debjyoti Santra,Mousumi Basu et al. A study of perception of 6th semester M.B.B.S. students of institute of post graduate medical education & research, Kolkata about item examinations. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(02): 122-126. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Debasis Das,Sougata Kumar Burman,Prasanta Kumar Das,Debjyoti Santra,Mousumi Basu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.