DocumentsDate added
Research article:
Sanjay Chaudhary1,Neeraj Gour1,*, A. B. Mudey2,R.C. Chaudhary3,Dhiraj Srivastava4,
Munesh Kumar Sharma5,Rajesh Kumar Sambutwad6
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine,GGS Medical College, Faridkot,Punjab , India
2Professor, Department of Community Medicine,Datta Maghe Insitute of Medical Scinces,Wardha, India
3Professor,Department of Community Medicine,MGMCH, Jaipur, India
4Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine,RIMS & R, Safai,India
5Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine,GMCH, Chandigarh,India
6Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine,Datta Maghe Institute of Medical Sciences,Wardha, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Community Medicine,GGS Medical College, Faridkot,Punjab , India
Address reprint requests to
Dr. Neeraj Gour.
Flat No G-1, Sai Villa Apartment,
Rajni Gandha Colony, Gole Ka Mandir,
Gwalior (M.P.) India
J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):566-572.
Article citation:
Chaudhary S,Gour N,Mudey AB,Chaudhary RC,Srivastava D,Sharma MK,Sambutwad RK. A community based cross sectional study to assess smoking pattern in a rural area of Indian settings. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):566-572. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
According to the World health report 2002, chronic non-communicable diseases and injuries are the leading causes of death in all over the world, both in developed and developing countries affecting all sections of communities. These are linked by common risk factors related to lifestyle like tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, high blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels. This study was planned with the objective to assess the pattern of smoking in a rural community setting of Wardha district of Maharastra.
Material and method: Community based cross- sectional study with participants’ age between 15 to 64 years taking a sample size of 3500. Multistage sampling technique was adopted to collect the needed sample size.
Results:A total of 3500 individuals were studied by a home visit. Of these, 1920 (54.86%) were male and 1580 (45.14%) were female. Of 1920 men 420 (21.87%) were current smokers of whom 40 were non-daily smokers. A majority(78.12%) were nonsmokers currently. Only 20(1.26%) of the 1580 women were current smokers and all did it daily. 98.74% of women were nonsmokers.
Conclusion: There is need of planning of larger scale multicentre studies in a bid to provide more precise and applicable outcomes for planner and policy makers in regard to smoking.
KEYWORDS: Smoking pattern; rural setting; India
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Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Research article:
Anowi Chinedu Fredrick1,*, Obi Patrick Ebele2, Obi Chioma B,3 Utoh – Nedosa UA4
Affiliation:-
1Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
4Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
2.Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
3.Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
4.Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Address reprint requests to
Anowi Chinedu Fredrick
Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria or at cromwell_pharm@yahoo.com
J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):588-595.
Article citation:
Fredrick AC,Ebele OP,Chioma Obi,Utoh – Nedosa UA. Analgesic, phytochemical and toxicological investigations of ethanol extract of the leaves of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth (family Bignoniaceae)-Sausage Tree. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(07):588-595. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
The plant of Kigelia africana had been in use from time immemorial by the people of Ogidi in Idemili Local Government area of Anambra State, Nigeria to treat pyrexia, analgesia and infectious diseases. For example the decoction of the plant is used to treat wounds, running stomach (diarrhea), aches and pains as well as fever. This investigation was carried out to ascertain the truth of this claim.
The leaves of Kigelia africana was collected and dried at ambient temperature and pulverized. Exactly 200g of the powdered drug was extracted with 400ml of ethanol using the cold maceration technique for 24hours with occasional shaking. This was filtered and the procedure repeated with the marc. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure with rotary evaporator. The preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out using standard methods. The analgesic was conducted using hot plate method. The acute toxicity test of the extract was determined using the Lorke’s method.
The leaves of Kigelia africana exhibited analgesic property. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, proteins, steroids and carbohydrates were found. Toxicity test showed that the extract was safe at the dose of 1000mg/kg.
Preliminary studies support the claim that the leaves of Kigelia Africana possesses, analgesic properties.
KEYWORDS: Kigelia Africana; hot plate method; Lork’s method.
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Copyright © 2014 Fredrick AC,Ebele OP,Chioma Obi,Utoh – Nedosa UA. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Research article
Dr Nagi Idris*
Affiliation:-
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University Albayda, Libya
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University Albayda, Libya
Address reprint requests to
Dr Nagi Idris.
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Omar Al-Mukhtar University Albayda, Libya
Article citation:
Idris N. Clozapine but not Haloperidol Prevents and Reverses a Sub-chronic PCP-induced Cognitive Deficit in the Attentional Set-Shifting Task in the Rat. . J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):623-632. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is a pervasive feature of schizophrenia, and is a major determinant of the functional disability that is characteristic of the disorder. Administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in rodents has been proposed as an animal model of cognitive dysfunction in this disorder. Evidence from both animal models and human studies implicates a dysfunction of NMDA receptor function may attribute to pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of sub-chronic co-administration of clozapine and haloperidol to both prevent and attenuate the cognitive deficits induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP) in the attentional set-shifting task (ASST). Methods: In the first test, female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with saline, clozapine 5.0 mg/kg or haloperidol 0.05 mg/kg, 30 min
later followed by either saline or PCP 2.0mg/kg twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days drug free before tested in ASST task. For the second test, female Sprague-Dawley rats received either vehicle or PCP 2.0 mg/kg for 7 days followed by 7 days drug free. Then rats received clozapine 5.0 mg/kg, haloperidol 0.05 mg/kg or vehicle twice daily for 7 days and were tested 120 min following the last dose of antipsychotic in ASST task. Results: Sub-chronic PCP significantly (p<0.01) increased the number of trials to reach criterion in the EDS phase when compared to vehicle. Atypical antipsychotic, clozapine but not the classical agent, haloperidol, significantly prevented and improved the cognitive impairment induced by PCP in ASST task. Conclusions: These results suggest that antagonism of the consequences of reduced NMDA receptor function could contribute to the superior efficacy of atypical antipsychotic agents in improving cognition in schizophrenia. This cognitive deficit likely reflects clinically relevant and can be used to evaluate the antipsychotic potential of new compounds on cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
KEYWORDS: NMDA receptors; PCP-Phencyclidine; Clozapine; Haloperidol; Novel Object Recognition Task; Deficit; Rat; Schizophrenia.
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Copyright © 2014 Idris N. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Original Research article:
Chijioke A. Nsofor1, Ogbulie T.E1, Nsofor M Chibuzor2
Affiliation:-
1Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele, Nigeria
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
2. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele, Nigeria
Address reprint requests to
* Dr. Chijioke A. Nsofor,
Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology,Owerri, Nigeria
Article citation:
Nsofor CA, Ogbulie TE, Nsofor CM. Conjugation Efficiency of Human Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Different Regions of Nigeria. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(07):638-644. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Localization of antimicrobial resistance genes on mobile genetic elements such as broad-host range plasmids, transposons, and integrons facilitates the horizontal transfer of these genes among bacteria and provides a rapid means of dissemination at the molecular level. In this study, transfer of resistance plasmids from human antibiotic resistance Escherichia coli isolates to laboratory strain was carried out using conjugation experiments. Plasmid-free Rifampicin-resistant recipient (gene-hog DH10B) was used in all matings in order to have a selectable marker for selection against the donor. Resistance plasmids were extracted and separated by agarose gel electrophoresis for profiling. The conjugation efficiency of the isolates ranges from 1.0 x 10-6- 7.5 x 10-7 in isolates from the south-west region; 1.1 x 10-6- 9.2 x 10-7 in isolates from south-south region; 1.0 x 10-6- 8.2 x 10-7 in isolates from north-north region and 1.1 x 10-6- 7.9 x 10-7 in isolates from the southeast region of Nigeria. A total of 146 plasmids was detected with molecular sizes ranging from 1 to 120 KB. The conjugation procedure is efficient enough to obtain transconjugants with sufficient delivery plasmids and therefore provides a simple route for conducting gene disruptions in bacteria. The conjugation efficiency of the isolates showed a high rate of transfer of resistance plasmids from antibiotic resistance strains to susceptible strains which contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance traits in bacteria.
KEYWORDS: Conjugation Efficiency; Antibiotic Resistance; Escherichia coli.
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Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Copyright © 2014 Nsofor CA, Ogbulie TE, Nsofor CM. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article:
Archith Boloor MD1, Ashima Mutneja2, Jagadish Rao Padubidri MD, DNB3,*
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India [ Affiliated to Manipal University]
2Under- Graduate Traniee, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India [Affiliated to Manipal University]
3Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka,India [ Affiliated to Manipal University]
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India [Affiliated to Manipal University]
Address reprint requests to
*Dr Jagadish Rao Padubidri,
Associate Professor, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore-1, Karnataka, India. [Affiliated to Manipal University] or at ppjrao@gmail.com
J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):633-637.
Article citation:
Boloor A,Mutneja A,Padubidri JR. Correlation between spot urine protein creatinine ratio to 24-hour proteinuria in assessing diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(07):633-637. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease. Persistent albuminuria is the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy (>300 mg/24 hr or 200 mcg/min), with additional criteria of the presence of diabetic retinopathy. Early screening for nephropathy in diabetes, with measurement of urinary albumin excretion is a very useful tool in the prevention of progression to chronic kidney disease. The wide spread use of 24hour urine protein excretion measurement forced the researchers to find a simpler and quicker method to get the result. One of the simpler methods is the use of spot single voided urine protein/creatinine ratio as an alternative to 24 hours urine collection.
The aim of this study was to observe whether proteinuria measured, derived from a first morning void urine sample is same as a 24hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE) to diagnose micro albuminuria, and to know the PROTEIN: CREATININE RATIO in a first morning void urine sample and 24hour surine albumin excretion in type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 67 patients tested positive for micro albuminuria were included in the study after obtaining the informed consent for the same. From all these patients, two samples of urine were collected. (1) 24hour urine sample and (2) A first morning midstream urine sample.The utility of the spot morning urine as compared to the gold standard 24-hour proteinurea was inferred from: specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Correlation coefficient was computed to know the utility of the spot morning test and the 24hour proteinurea test. Regression analysis was calculated to predict the 24hour proteinurea.
Our observations concluded that the first morning void albumin creatinine ratio is as good as the 24 hour urine albumin excretion in diagnosing micro albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
KEYWORDS: Diabetic nephropathy; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; microalbuminuria; albumin creatinine ratio.
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Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Copyright © 2014 Boloor A,Mutneja A,Padubidri JR. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.