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Research article:
Archith Boloor MD1, Ashima Mutneja2, Jagadish Rao Padubidri MD, DNB3,*
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India [ Affiliated to Manipal University]
2Under- Graduate Traniee, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India [Affiliated to Manipal University]
3Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka,India [ Affiliated to Manipal University]
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India [Affiliated to Manipal University]
Address reprint requests to
*Dr Jagadish Rao Padubidri,
Associate Professor, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Light House Hill Road, Mangalore-1, Karnataka, India. [Affiliated to Manipal University] or at ppjrao@gmail.com
J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):633-637.
Article citation:
Boloor A,Mutneja A,Padubidri JR. Correlation between spot urine protein creatinine ratio to 24-hour proteinuria in assessing diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(07):633-637. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease. Persistent albuminuria is the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy (>300 mg/24 hr or 200 mcg/min), with additional criteria of the presence of diabetic retinopathy. Early screening for nephropathy in diabetes, with measurement of urinary albumin excretion is a very useful tool in the prevention of progression to chronic kidney disease. The wide spread use of 24hour urine protein excretion measurement forced the researchers to find a simpler and quicker method to get the result. One of the simpler methods is the use of spot single voided urine protein/creatinine ratio as an alternative to 24 hours urine collection.
The aim of this study was to observe whether proteinuria measured, derived from a first morning void urine sample is same as a 24hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE) to diagnose micro albuminuria, and to know the PROTEIN: CREATININE RATIO in a first morning void urine sample and 24hour surine albumin excretion in type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 67 patients tested positive for micro albuminuria were included in the study after obtaining the informed consent for the same. From all these patients, two samples of urine were collected. (1) 24hour urine sample and (2) A first morning midstream urine sample.The utility of the spot morning urine as compared to the gold standard 24-hour proteinurea was inferred from: specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Correlation coefficient was computed to know the utility of the spot morning test and the 24hour proteinurea test. Regression analysis was calculated to predict the 24hour proteinurea.
Our observations concluded that the first morning void albumin creatinine ratio is as good as the 24 hour urine albumin excretion in diagnosing micro albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
KEYWORDS: Diabetic nephropathy; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; microalbuminuria; albumin creatinine ratio.
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Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Copyright © 2014 Boloor A,Mutneja A,Padubidri JR. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
Dr Nagi Idris*
Affiliation:-
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University Albayda, Libya
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University Albayda, Libya
Address reprint requests to
Dr Nagi Idris.
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Omar Al-Mukhtar University Albayda, Libya
Article citation:
Idris N. Clozapine but not Haloperidol Prevents and Reverses a Sub-chronic PCP-induced Cognitive Deficit in the Attentional Set-Shifting Task in the Rat. . J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):623-632. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cognitive impairment is a pervasive feature of schizophrenia, and is a major determinant of the functional disability that is characteristic of the disorder. Administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in rodents has been proposed as an animal model of cognitive dysfunction in this disorder. Evidence from both animal models and human studies implicates a dysfunction of NMDA receptor function may attribute to pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of sub-chronic co-administration of clozapine and haloperidol to both prevent and attenuate the cognitive deficits induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP) in the attentional set-shifting task (ASST). Methods: In the first test, female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with saline, clozapine 5.0 mg/kg or haloperidol 0.05 mg/kg, 30 min
later followed by either saline or PCP 2.0mg/kg twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days drug free before tested in ASST task. For the second test, female Sprague-Dawley rats received either vehicle or PCP 2.0 mg/kg for 7 days followed by 7 days drug free. Then rats received clozapine 5.0 mg/kg, haloperidol 0.05 mg/kg or vehicle twice daily for 7 days and were tested 120 min following the last dose of antipsychotic in ASST task. Results: Sub-chronic PCP significantly (p<0.01) increased the number of trials to reach criterion in the EDS phase when compared to vehicle. Atypical antipsychotic, clozapine but not the classical agent, haloperidol, significantly prevented and improved the cognitive impairment induced by PCP in ASST task. Conclusions: These results suggest that antagonism of the consequences of reduced NMDA receptor function could contribute to the superior efficacy of atypical antipsychotic agents in improving cognition in schizophrenia. This cognitive deficit likely reflects clinically relevant and can be used to evaluate the antipsychotic potential of new compounds on cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
KEYWORDS: NMDA receptors; PCP-Phencyclidine; Clozapine; Haloperidol; Novel Object Recognition Task; Deficit; Rat; Schizophrenia.
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Copyright © 2014 Idris N. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Research Article:
Dafam D.G.*, Kagaru D.C, Yakubu P.T, Umar M, Ohemu TL and Udoji P.N.
Affiliation:-
Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Jos, Jos Nigeria
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
University of Jos, Jos Nigeria
Address reprint requests to
Dafam D.G.
University of Jos, Jos Nigeria, or at dalendafam@gmail.com
J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):619-622.
Article citation:
Dafam DG, Kagaru DC, Yakubu PT, Umar M, Ohemu TL, Udoji PN. Pharmacognostic studies of the leaves and root of the plant, Tephrosia Vogelii Hook F (Fabaceae). J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):619-622. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
The leaves and root bark of Tephrosia vogelii Hook (Fabaceae) is also known as fish poison. The macroscopical examination of the whole leaf revealed the following; the colour is green, venation is pinnate, margin entire, apex is Lanceolate, surface is hairy and texture papery. The microscopy of the leaf powder showed numerous unicellular covering trichomes with large lumen and long slits with tapering edges and broad base, abundant single fibres with two tapering edges and somewhat twist lumen. Fragment of the lamina in transverse view revealed the leaf as a dorsal ventral leaf, composed of double palisade. The upper epidermis is bigger and thicker than the lower epidermis with a parenchyma wall, spongy mesophyll, and spiral vessels. The histology of root powder revealed the presence of Cork cells, Calcium oxalate, Fibre, Parenchymatous wall, and simple Starch grains. The phytochemical test showed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, alkaloids, Saponins, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Chemoicroscopical test revealed the presence of lignin, tannin, starch grains, calcium oxalate, proteins and oil glands in the leaves. The ethanol extractive value of the leaf is 2.8% while its water extractive value is 1.76%, meaning the leaf is more soluble in ethanol than water.
KEYWORDS: Tephrosia vogelii; Phytochemistry; Chemomicroscopy; Pharmacognostic study.
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Copyright © 2014 Dafam DG., Kagaru DC, Yakubu PT, Umar M, Ohemu TL,Udoji PN.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Research article
Philip F. Builders1,*, Chukwuemaka C. Mbah 1, Ihuoma W. Iwu2,Modupe I. Builders3, Momoh M. Audu4
Affiliation:-
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Material Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Abuja Nigeria
2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Abuja Nigeria
3Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Health Sciences, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria
4Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Abuja Nigeria
2.Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Abuja Nigeria
3.Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics College of Health Sciences, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria
4.Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
Address reprint requests to
Philip F. Builders.
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Abuja Nigeria
J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):611-617.
Article citation:
Builders PF, Iwu IW, Mbah CC, Iwu IW, Builders MI, Audu MM. Moringa Oleifera Ethosomes a Potential Hair Growth Activator: Effect on Rats. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(07):611-618. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
The hair growth promoting activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract formulated as an ethosome (MOE) had been investigated. The skin irritation test evaluated in terms of erythema and edema. Five groups of five rats each evaluated for the hair growth activity: Groups 1 and 2 treated with minoxidil and placebo ethosome while groups 3, 4 and 5 treated with ethosome containing 1, 2 and 5 % w/v MO leaf extract respectively for 30 days. The effects of MO ethosome on hair length, growth pattern and growth phase characteristics were evaluated. No erythema or oedema appeared on the skin of the rats when MO ethosome was liberally applied. The hair growth activity of MO ethosome showed concentration dependent activity. The hair growth initiation time, hair length and hair growth completion time of MO ethosomes showed concentration dependent activity. The activities of the 5% MO ethosome were comparable to minoxidil solution and remarkably higher than that of the placebo ethosome. The group treated with 5% MO ethosome showed more follicles in the anagen phase than either the minoxidil or the placebo groups after 30 days of treatment. The MO ethosome thus, showed a safe, hair growth promotion activity.
KEYWORDS: Moringa oleifera; monoxidil; ethosomes; Moringa oleifera leaf extract; hair growth.
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Copyright © 2014 Builders PF,Iwu IW,Mbah CC,Iwu IW,Builders MI,Audu MM. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info
Review article:
Mukund Joshi1,*.,Msc, Kuldip Singh Sodhi2.,MD, Rajesh Pandey3.,MD, Jasbir Singh4.,MD, Subhash Goyal5., MS, Abhishek Dahal6., Msc
Affiliation:-
1,6Student(Msc Medical Biochenistry), Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
2,3,4Professor , Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, Ambala, Haryana, India
5Professor, Department of Surgery, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
Address reprint requests to
Mukund Joshi.
Student, Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, India
Article citation:
Joshi M,Sodhi KS,Pandey R,Singh J,Goyal S,Dahal A. Micro RNA: Biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(07):600-610. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, 22-25 nucleotides long, non-coding RNAs, which are conserved during evolution, and help to control gene expression in metazoan animals, plants, viruses, and bacteria primarily at post-transcriptional and transcriptional levels. miRNAs ultimately regulate target gene expression by degrading the corresponding mRNA and help in inhibiting their translations. miRNAs have shown a positive landmark in various cellular processes, such as apoptosis, differentiation and development. Current studies have shown that miRNAs are mis-expressed in human cancers where they can exert their effect as oncogenes (e.g. mir-17-92) or tumor suppressors (e.g. let-7). Several miRNAs are directly involved in human cancers, including lung, breast, brain, liver, colon cancer, and leukemia. However, more than 50% of miRNA genes are located in cancer-associated genomic regions or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs may play a more important role in the pathogenesis of a limited range of human cancers than previously thought. miRNA expression profiles may become useful biomarkers for cancer diagnostics. In addition, miRNA therapy could be a powerful tool for cancer prevention and therapeutics. Here, we review the potential for using miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and cancer therapies.
KEYWORDS: Micro RNA; biomarker; cancer; apoptosis.
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The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
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