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Research article
Surinder Kumar1, Baljinder Singh2,*, Varsha A singh3, Ovais Karnain Wadoo4, Yogesh5
Affiliation:-
1Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, BPS GMC for women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India 2Associate Professor, Department Physiology, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
3Professor, Department of Microbiology, M.M.Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India
4Resident, Department of Physiology, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
5Demonstrator,Department Of Physiology, BPS GMC for women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.Department of Microbiology, BPS GMC for women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India
2.Department Physiology,M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
3.Department Of Physiology, BPS GMC for women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India
Address reprint requests to
Dr Baljinder Singh.
Department Physiology, M.M.Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India - 133207
Article citation:
Kumar S, Singh B, Singh VA, Wadoo OK, Yogesh. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in rural tertiary care hospital in Haryana. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014;04(11):946-949. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
An intestinal parasitic infestation is a major public health problem. Prospective study was carried out to know the prevalence of Giardia lamblia in patients of gastrointestinal symptoms at MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Mullana, Ambala. A total of 656 stool samples of HIV negative patients with gastrointestinal symptoms from OPD and wards were included in this study. Samples were examined for parasites by saline wet mount, Iodine mount and after concentration. Out of 656 stool specimens Giardia lamblia isolated in 6.7% cases. The Giardia lamblia was more prevalent in younger age group with statistically significant in < 15 years of age (p<0.05). Prevalence was also more in males as compared to females but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The seasonal variation of Giardia was also seen with more prevalence in hot and moist season being water borne disease .Hence; there is need of awareness among the people for taking safe drinking water.
KEYWORDS: Giardia; Gastrointestinal; water borne disease
Source of support: None
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Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Kumar S, Singh B, Singh VA, Wadoo OK, Yogesh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Hamza Abdalla Mohammed*, Isam M Elkhidir
Affiliation:-
AL Neelain University, Faculty of Post Graduate, Khartoum, Sudan
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
AL Neelain University, Faculty of Post Graduate, Khartoum, Sudan
Address reprint requests to
Dr.HG Hamza
AL Neelain University, Faculty of Post Graduate, Khartoum, Sudan
Article citation:
Mohammed HA, Elkhidir IM. Estimating incidence of HIV among adults visiting a Voluntary counseling and testing centers at Khartoum state, Sudan. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(11):950-956. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Background: Accurate and reliable laboratory methods are needed for the estimation of HIV-1 incidence to identify the high-risk populations and target and monitor prevention efforts. BED-EIA HIV-1 Incidence Test (BED-CEIA) and limiting Ag avidity has been described as a tool to discriminate recent (RS) from long-term seroconversion (LTS) of HIV-1 infection, contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic over time. This study determined the, estimation of HIV incidence infection among individuals seeking testing in Voluntary Counselling and Testing centers (VCTs) in Khartoum STATE –Sudan.
Methods: The detection of recent infections was performed on confirmed HIV-positive samples, using the BED capture enzyme immunoassay for 376 individuals, were under inclusion criteria of research according to the age (15-25 years) tested positive among 5862 with the defined algorithm and verified by determining rapid test and then confirmed with fourth generation ELISA and Determine by Combo rapid test. Those identified as HIV positive were further assessed for recent infection. Volunteers screened from November/2011 to October /2012 in VCTs located in Khartoum, Sudan. BED-CEIA and avidity protocol was performed to identify RS. 10 samples from RS were selected for genomic sequencing.
The results: Overall HIV-1 prevalence of recent infection was 6.4%(376/55862). Eighty four of 376 seropositive individuals were classified as RS, corresponding to an incidence rate of 3.4%/year.
Conclusion: The HIV incidence estimation reflects the underlying transmission dynamics that are currently at work in Sudan and a practical way of tracking HIV incidence and is a useful tool in targeting and evaluating the impact of prevention programs. Our analysis reveals a new phase of the HIV epidemic in Sudan support the need for intensified prevention interventions among middle-aged persons in Sudan.
KEYWORDS: Infections; HIV incidence; Seroconversion.
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Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Mohammed HA, Elkhidir IM. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.