DocumentsDate added
Original article
Hamza Abdalla Mohammed*, Isam M Elkhidir
Affiliation:-
AL Neelain University, Faculty of Post Graduate, Khartoum, Sudan
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
AL Neelain University, Faculty of Post Graduate, Khartoum, Sudan
Address reprint requests to
Dr.HG Hamza
AL Neelain University, Faculty of Post Graduate, Khartoum, Sudan
Article citation:
Mohammed HA, Elkhidir IM. Estimating incidence of HIV among adults visiting a Voluntary counseling and testing centers at Khartoum state, Sudan. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(11):950-956. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Background: Accurate and reliable laboratory methods are needed for the estimation of HIV-1 incidence to identify the high-risk populations and target and monitor prevention efforts. BED-EIA HIV-1 Incidence Test (BED-CEIA) and limiting Ag avidity has been described as a tool to discriminate recent (RS) from long-term seroconversion (LTS) of HIV-1 infection, contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic over time. This study determined the, estimation of HIV incidence infection among individuals seeking testing in Voluntary Counselling and Testing centers (VCTs) in Khartoum STATE –Sudan.
Methods: The detection of recent infections was performed on confirmed HIV-positive samples, using the BED capture enzyme immunoassay for 376 individuals, were under inclusion criteria of research according to the age (15-25 years) tested positive among 5862 with the defined algorithm and verified by determining rapid test and then confirmed with fourth generation ELISA and Determine by Combo rapid test. Those identified as HIV positive were further assessed for recent infection. Volunteers screened from November/2011 to October /2012 in VCTs located in Khartoum, Sudan. BED-CEIA and avidity protocol was performed to identify RS. 10 samples from RS were selected for genomic sequencing.
The results: Overall HIV-1 prevalence of recent infection was 6.4%(376/55862). Eighty four of 376 seropositive individuals were classified as RS, corresponding to an incidence rate of 3.4%/year.
Conclusion: The HIV incidence estimation reflects the underlying transmission dynamics that are currently at work in Sudan and a practical way of tracking HIV incidence and is a useful tool in targeting and evaluating the impact of prevention programs. Our analysis reveals a new phase of the HIV epidemic in Sudan support the need for intensified prevention interventions among middle-aged persons in Sudan.
KEYWORDS: Infections; HIV incidence; Seroconversion.
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Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Mohammed HA, Elkhidir IM. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Vijay Mahantesh Sunkad1,*, Vijaya Mahanth Prasad.K2, Chethana. KV3
Affiliation:-
1,2Senior Resident, Department of Orthopedics,3Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, Navodaya Medical College Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka,India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Navodaya Medical College Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka,India
Address reprint requests to
Dr.Vijay Mahantesh Sunkad
Senior Resident, Department of Orthopedics, Navodaya Medical College Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
Article citation: Sunkad VM,Prasad VM,Chethana KV. Functional outcome of tibial plateau fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(11):959-966. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Background: Tremendous advance in mechanization and the fastness of travel has been accompanied by a steep increase in the number and severity of fractures and those of tibial plateau are no exception. This study is to analyze the functional outcome of CRIF or ORIF with or without bone grafting in tibial plateau fractures in adults.
Methods: 30 Cases of tibial plateau fractures treated by various modalities were studied from 10-05-2011 to 30-05-2012 at our hospital and followed for a minimum of 6 months.
Results: Immobilization of fractures continued for 3 weeks by POP slab. Early range of motion was then started. Weight bearing up to 6-8 weeks was not allowed. The full weight bearing deferred until 12 weeks or complete fracture union. The knee range of motion was excellent to very good, gait and weight bearing after the complete union was satisfactory, knee stiffness in 3 cases, wound dehiscence and infection in 1 case and non-union in none of our cases was noted.
Conclusion: Functional outcome is better in operatively treated tibial plateau fractures in adults, because it gives an excellent anatomical reduction and rigid fixation to restore articular congruity and early motion thereby preventing knee stiffness.
KEYWORDS: Tibial plateau fractures; Schatzkar classification; Open reduction and internal fixation; closed reduction and internal fixation.
REFERENCES
1.Whittle AP and Wood II GW. Fractures of lower extremity chapter 51 in Compbells operative Orthopaedics Canale ST Ed; 10th edn. Vol.3; New York, Mosby 2003; 2782-2796.
2.Watson JJ and Wiss AD. Fractures of the proximal tibia and fibula, chapter 44 in Rockwood and Green’s fractures in adults, Bucholz RW and Heckman JD Ed. 5th ed. Vol 2: Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2001; 1799-1839.
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6.Bennett WF and Browner B. Tibial plateau fractures- a study of associated soft tissue injury. J.Ortho.Trauma 1992;6: 78.
7.Ebraheim NA, Sabry FF, Haman SP. Open reduction and internal fixation of 117 tibial plataru gtsvyutrd. Zotyhoprfiv 2004; 27(12): 1281.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © Sunkad VM, Prasad VM, Chethana KV. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
Original article
Gulati Deepti1* and Goyal Pallavi2
Affiliation:-
1Senior Lecturer, 2Graduate, Department of Biotechnology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical & Natural Sciences, Dehra Dun-248007, Uttarakhand, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Biotechnology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical & Natural Sciences, Dehra Dun-248007, Uttarakhand, India
Address reprint requests to
Deepti Gulati,
House No. 5/12/3, Prem Nagar, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand-248007,India
Article citation: Gulati D, Goyal P. Identification and multiple drug resistance of bacteria Isolated from soil samples collected from pharmaceutical industrial Area. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(11):984-994. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
The present study was aimed to determine Multiple-Drug Resistance among the isolated bacterial populations. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed against 8 different antibiotics for the 16 bacterial strains isolated from Industrial area, Selaqui, Dehra Dun. All the strains were identified by Gram staining and Biochemical tests. They included; Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. The antibiotics used in the study were Penicillin (10μg), Neomycin (30μg), Cefotaxime (10μg), Rifampicin (2μg), Streptomycin(10μg), Cotrimoxazole(25μg),Amoxicillin(10μg) and Ciprofloxacin (10μg). Most of the isolates were found to be resistant to Rifampicin and Penicillin. 62.5% of the isolates were found to be resistant to Rifampicin, 56.25% to Penicillin, 12.5% to Neomycin, 12.5% to Cotrimoxazole, 6.25% to Streptomycin, 6.25% to Amoxycillin and 6.25% to Ciprofloxacin. None of the isolates was found to be resistant to Cefotaxime. The results of the study showed Rifampicin to be the least effective medicine and Cefotaxime to be the most effective medicine.
KEYWORDS: Antibiotic sensitivity; Multiple-drug resistance; Pharmaceutical effluent.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
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7.Amit Pandey, Afsheen, Firdous Ara, Sudeep Kumar Tiwari. Isolation and characterization of multi drug resistance cultures from waste water. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci). 2011:13(14). Accessed from www.jpbms.info
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Copyright © Gulati D,Goyal P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
Babafemi, E. O.1, David, O. M.1, Oluduro, A. O.2 and Famurewa, O.1,*
Affiliation:-
1Department of Microbiology University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.P.M.B.5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
2Department of Microbiology, ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Address reprint requests to
Famurewa, O.
Department of Microbiology Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Article citation: Babafemi EO, David OM, Oluduro AO, Famurewa O. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among hospitalized patients and apparently healthy individuals in Ekiti and Ondo States, Nigeria. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(11):1025-1030. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitalized patients and apparently healthy individuals was investigated in two western states of Nigeria using standard microbiological methods. One thousand and two hundred non-repeat isolates of S. aureus were recovered from the subjects. At varying degrees the isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole (54.8%), augmentin (36.9%), pefloxacin (35.9%), gentamycin (28.3%), erythromycin (24.9%), vancomycin (10.3%), ofloxacin (5.2%) and ciprofloxacin (0.3%). One hundred and fifty six (13.0%) were resistant to methicillin out of which 4.8% and 8.2% were from healthy individuals and patients respectively. There was no correlation between prevalence of MRSA and age or sex (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the antibiotic resistance pattern in MRSA from healthy volunteers and patients (P < 0.05). A total of 9.0%, 12.2% and 21.2% of the MRSA were resistant to 3, 4 and 5 antibiotics respectively. Antibacterial activities of five biocides examined using agar diffusion method showed that 38.5%, 53.2%, 59.6%, 61.5% and 71.8% of the MRSA were not inhibited by Izal®, Morigad®, Septol®, Dettol® and Purit® respectively, at concentrations two times higher than the in-use concentration. This finding points to the fact that MRSA occurs among patients and in the communities in the study areas, which calls for a public health concern and awareness.
KEYWORDS: Hospital-acquired MRSA; community acquired MRSA; biocides, epidemiology; multiple antibiotic resistance.
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Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © Babafemi EO, David OM, Oluduro AO, Famurewa O. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Sireesha Srinivasa Rao1, Srinivas Rao Kuna2, Siva Kumar Chennam Setty3,*
Affiliation:-
1Associate Professor Psychiatry, Institute of mental health (IMH), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2Civil Surgeon specialist, Department of Orthopedics, ESI Hospital, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
3Assistant Professor, Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health (IMH), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.Psychiatry, Institute of mental health (IMH),Hyderabad, Telangana,India
2.Department of Orthopedics, ESI Hospital, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Address reprint requests to
Sireesha Srinivasa Rao.
Associate Professor Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Yerragadda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Article citation:
Rao SS, Kuna SR, Setty SKC. A cross sectional study of psychiatric and physical morbidity among community dwelling urban elderly adults in Hyderabad, India J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(11):1014-1024. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Background and objectives: Age is an important determinant of psychiatric illness. The overall prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders tends to increase with age due to normal ageing of brain, deteriorating physical health and cerebral pathology .Disorders such as depression, anxiety, cognitive and psychotic disorders have a high prevalence among elderly. This study was planned to assess the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity, medical morbidities, sociodemographic factors associated.
Method: Cross-sectional study where urban elderly subjects were selected by random sampling technique, those who met inclusion criteria were assessed on MMSE,GHQ-30,MINI-plus,GDRS, and Modified Kuppuswamy scale for assessment of socioeconomic status.
Results: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity amongst urban elderly was found to be 26% ,less in comparison to those reported in earlier studies from India. However the pattern of different disorders was found to be similar. Psychiatric morbidity was found to be more in female gender (76.9%), young old age group (61.52%), literates (84.59%), widowed /unmarried/single (61.52%), middle (38.21%) and low socioeconomic status (38.21%), nuclear families (69.12%). The Current study found statistically a significant association between psychiatric morbidity and age (p value=0.01), literacy (p value=0.02), marital status (p value=0.02), socioeconomic status (p value=0.02) and type of family (p value=0.02). 66.14% of elderly with psychiatric morbidity were found to have hypertension.
Conclusion: Larger studies carried over a longer period of time are recommended for future research. Geriatric clinics will prove helpful in early diagnosis of mental illness.
KEYWORDS: Elderly adults; psychiatric morbidity; physical illness.
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Copyright © 2014 Rao SS, Rao SK, Chennamsetty SK. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript