DocumentsDate added
Original article
Vijaya Mahanth Prasad.K 1,*,Vijay Mahantesh Sunkad 2,Jyothi Gopal3,Chethana. K.V4
Affiliation:-
1,2Senior Resident, Department of Orthopedics, 3Senior Resident, Department of Anesthesia, 4Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine,Navodaya Medical College Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Navodaya Medical College Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
Address reprint requests to
Dr Vijay Mahantesh.
Senior Resident, Department of Orthopedics, Navodaya Medical College Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
Article citation:
Prasad VM, Sunkad VM, Gopal J, Chetnana KV. Functional outcome of fracture neck femur treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014;04(12):1050-1056. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Background: Hip fractures are common and comprise about 20% of the operative workload of an orthopedic trauma unit. Intracapsular femoral neck fractures account for about 50% of all hip fractures. The objective of treatment of femoral neck fractures in the mobile elderly population is the early restoration of premorbid walking ability and quality of life. Hemiarthroplasty (Unipolar or Bipolar) is the most common treatment for displaced fractures of the femoral neck in the elderly and is associated with better functional outcome and fewer reoperations than internal fixation.
Aims and Objectives: To study the results of bipolar prosthesis with respect to pain, mobility and stability.
Methodology: The present study was conducted in the department of Orthopaedics, on patients who had sustained an intracapsular femoral neck fractures during the period of October 2011 to October 2012.
Results: The average age of the patients was 70.4years. The size of the prosthesis used varied from 39 mm to 49 mm. The fracture was managed by Bipolar hemiarthroplasty, we have excellent results in 10 cases (33.33%), good in 11cases (36.67%), fair in 7 cases (22.33%) and poor in two cases (6.67%) according to the Harris hip rating system. The pain was analysed at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months follow up according to Visual analogue scale (VAS). At 6 months follow up period, 70 % patients had no pain (0), 20 % had mild pain (1-4), 6.67 % moderate pain (5-8) and 3.33 % severe pain (>8).
KEYWORDS: Hip fractures; Bipolar hemiarthroplasty; Visual analogue scale.
REFERENCES
1.Singer BR, McLauchlan GJ, Robinson CM, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in 15,000 adults: the influence of age and gender. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1998;80(2):243-248.
2.Dennison E, Mohamed MA, Cooper C. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2006;32(4):617-629. 4.
3.Speed K. Fractures: 50 year review of teaching and treatment. Illinois Med J 1952; 102:85-92.
4.Lu-Yao GL, Keller RB, Littenberg B, Wennberg JE. Outcomes after fractures of the femoral neck: A meta analysis of 106 reports. J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76(A): 15-25.
5.JE, Magaziner J, Hudson J, Hebel JR, Young Y, Hawkes W et al. Outcome after hemiarthoplasty for femoral neck fractures in the elderly. Clin Orthop. Relat Res. 1998; 348: 51-8.
6.Frihagen F, Nordsletten L, Madsen JE. Hemiarthroplasty or internal fixation for intracapsular displaced femoral neck fractures: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2007;335:1251–1254.
7.Parker MJ, Gurusamy K. Internal fixation versus arthroplasty for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD001708.
8.Rogmark C, Johnell O. Primary arthroplasty is better than internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized studies with 2,289 patients. Acta Orthop 2006; 77: 359-367.
9.Rogmark C, Carlsson A, Johnell O, Sembo I. Costs of internal fixation and arthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: a randomized study of 68 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 2003; 74: 293-298.
10.Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, et al. Randomized comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty. Treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures in healthy older patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am). 2006; 88: 249-260.
11.Ries;bipolar hemiarthroplasty for recurrent dislocation after THA a report of 3 cases Ries M D ,Wiedel J D Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992 Ray(278):121-7
12.Giliberty RP: Bipolar endoprosthesis minimizes protrusio acetabuli, loose stems. J Bone Joint Surg 1985; 67B:3, 13.
13.Mannarino F,Maples D,Colwill JC &Swanson AB,Bateman Bipolar Hip Arthroplasty;A Review of 44 cases.Orthopaedics 1986 March;9(3):357-60.
Source of support: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Prasad VM, Sunkad VM, Gopal J, Chetnana KV. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article
Rahul Kumar Mishr1,*, Jitender Dhillon2, Rajesh Pandey3, K. S. Sodhi3, Jasbir Singh3
Affiliation:-
1 MSc MLT (Intern), 2MD Student, 3Professor (MD)
Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
Address reprint requests to
Rahul Kumar Mishr.
MSc MLT (Intern), Department of Biochemistry, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India., India
Article citation:
Mishr RK, Dhillon J, Pandey R, Sodhi KS, Singh J. Quantum Dots In Medical Science. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(12):1042-1049. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
Quantum dots (QDs) are tiny semiconductor crystals of size 1-10 nanometres made up of compounds from group II to VI and III to V. The exceptional photophysical properties of QDs, particularly photostability and emission as a function of size, make them superior to organic dyes for biological applications: microscopy and multiplexed histology, flow cytometry, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, clinical imaging, real time detection of intracellular events etc. Thus, QDs and their alliance with other aspects of nanotechnology have opened new possibilities for advanced molecular and cellular imaging as well as for ultrasensitive bioassays, diagnostics and therapeutics. However, high-quality and well-controlled trials specifically addressing certain inherent pitfalls of QDs will need to be undertaken before these can be considered for human use.
KEYWORDS: Quantum dots; nanotechnology; medicine; diagnosis; therapy.
REFERENCES
1.Gao X, Dave SR. Quantum dots for cancer molecular imaging. In: Bioapplication of nanoparticles, Chan WCW editor. Landes Bioscience and Springer science + Business Media, 2007, Chapter 5, p. 57-73.
2.Maiti A, Bhattacharyya S. Review: Quantum dots and application in medical science. IJCCE. 2013; 3(2): 37-42.
3.Shukla SK. Recent developments in biomedical applications of quantum dots. Adv Mater Rev. 2014; 1(1): 2-12.
4.Nie S, Xing Y, Kim GJ, Simons JW. Nanotechnology applications in cancer. Ann Rev Biomed Eng. 2007; 9: 257– 288.
5.Xing Y, Rao J. Quantum dot bioconjugates for in vitro diagnostics & in vivo imaging. Cancer Biomarkers. 2008; 4: 307-319.
6.Wang F, Tan WB, Zhang Y, Fan XP, Wang MQ. Luminescent nanomaterials for biological labelling. Nanotechnology. 2006; 17: R1–R13.
7.Peng J, Gao W, Gupta BK, Liu Z, Romero-Aburto R, Ge LH, et al. Graphene quantum dots derived from carbon fibers. Nano Lett. 2012; 12: 844-849.
8.Han MY, Gao XH, Su JZ, Nie S. Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. Nat Biotechnol. 2001; 19: 631–5.
9.Jamieson T, Bakhshi R, Petrova D, Pocock R, Imani M, Seifalian AM. Biomaterials. 2007; 28: 4717-4732.
10.Weng JF, Ren JC. Luminescent quantum dots: a very attractive and promising tool in biomedicine. Curr Med Chem. 2006; 13: 897–909.
11.Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater. 2005; 4: 435–46.
12.Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2004; 4: 11–8.
13.Chan WH, Shiao NH, Lu PZ. CdSe quantum dots induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells via mitochondrial-dependent pathways and inhibition of survival signals. Toxicol Lett. 2006; 167:191–200.
14.Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, Suga M, Sasaki YF, Ohta T, et al. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of anocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification. Nano Lett. 2004; 4: 2163–9.
15.Ho CL, Kurman RJ, Wang TL, Shih IM. Mutations of BRAF and KRAS precede the development of ovarian serous borderline tumors. Modern Pathol. 2005; 18: 186A.
16.Hanaki K, Momo A, Oku T, Komoto A, Maenosono S, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Semiconductor quantum dot/albumin complex is a long-life and highly photostable endosome marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 302: 496–501.
17.Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, Nakamura S, Suga M, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Quantum dots targeted to the assigned organelle in living cells. Microbiol Immunol. 2004; 48: 985–94.
18.So MK, Xu CJ, Loening AM, Gambhir SS, Rao JH. Self illuminating quantum dot conjugates for in vivo imaging. Nat Biotechnol. 2006; 24: 339–43.
19.Giepmans BNG, Deerinck TJ, Smarr BL, Jones YZ, Ellisman MH. Correlated light and electron microscopic imaging of multiple endogenous proteins using quantum dots. Nat Methods. 2005; 2: 743–9.
20.Choi AO, Cho SJ, Desbarats J, Lovric J, Maysinger D. Quantum dot-induced cell death involves Fas upregulation and lipid peroxidation in human neuroblastoma cells. J Nanobiotechnol. 2007; 5: 1–4.
21.Madani SY, Shabani F, Dwek MV, Seifalian AM. Conjugation of quantum dots on carbon nanotubes for medical diagnosis and treatment. Int J Nanomed. 2013; 8: 941-950.
22.Jiang W, Papa E, Fischer H, Mardyani S, Chan WC. Semiconductor quantum dots as contrast agents for whole animal imaging. Trends Biotechnol. 2004; 22(12): 607–609.
23.Banerjee S, Wong SS. In situ quantum dot growth on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc. 2003; 125(34): 10342–10350.
24.Muthunayagam V, Ramachandran V, Annie J, Francis BF, Annie A. Effective cellular internalization of silica-coated CdSe quantum dots for high contrast cancer imaging and labelling applications. Cancer Nanotechnol. 2014; 5(1): 1-12.
25.Lidke DS, Nagy P, Heintzmann R, Jovin DJA, Post JN, Grecco HE, et al. Quantum dot ligands provide new insights into erbB/HER receptor-mediated signal transduction. Nat Biotechnol. 2004; 22(2):198–203.
26.Bonasio R, Carman CV, Kim E, Sage PT, Love KR, Mempel TR, et al. Specific and covalent labeling of a membrane protein with organic fluorochromes and quantum dots. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007; 104(37): 14753-14758.
27.Shao L, Gao Y, Yan F. Semiconductor quantum dots for biomedicial applications. Sensors. 2011; 11: 11736-11751.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Mishr RK ,Dhillon J, Pandey R, Sodhi KS,Singh J. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Mohamed Marzuk S,Prabhu N.*,Radhakrishna L,Sarada V
Affiliation:-
Department of Microbiology, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (SRM Group), Tiruchirapalli – 621 105, Tamilnadu, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Microbiology, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (SRM Group), Tiruchirapalli – 621 105, Tamilnadu, India
Address reprint requests to
Prabhu N, Ph.D.
Department of Microbiology, Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (SRM Group), Tiruchirapalli – 621 105, Tamilnadu, India
Article citation:
Mohamed Marzuk S, Prabhu N, Radhakrishna L, Sarada V. Urine examination for determining the types of crystals – a comparative approach related to pH. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014; 04(12):1072-1078. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Background: Studies on the frequency of the different types of urinary crystals and the role of microscopic examination for identification is still uncertain. The analytical complexity of urine particles is largely responsible to understand the pathophysiology of crystal formation. As a result, there is no consensus regarding technical methods in crystalluria with several techniques for urine sampling and three different instruments currently used for particle study, namely particle counting (PC), light microscopy (LM) and petrographic microscopy (PM). Aim: In this work, we first examined urine samples suspected for crystalluria and compared with pH analysis. Settings and Design: We describe the results on the prevalence and typology of crystalluria of the urine samples received in the clinical laboratory of tertiary care rural teaching hospital. Material and Methods: The methodology including the identification of the combined knowledge of crystal morphology with its acidity and alkalinity nature; further confirmation required with infrared spectroscopy and microbial culture analysis. Results and Conclusion: The results highlighted the presence of different types of crystals in the urine samples and strongly supported the pH ranges. The variations in the pH range from 4 to 8. The ratio of 7.5:3.5 was identified among normal and abnormal crystals respectively. Among the normal crystals, calcium oxalate was found in 28% of urine samples and 29% of cystine found among abnormal crystals. The correlation of the results of pH with the crystal formation was well studied and further it gets proved with the theory and reference interpretation.
KEYWORDS: Crystalluria; Calcium oxalate; Cystine; pH ranges; Prevalence.
REFERENCES
1.Daudon M, Hennequin C, Boujelben G, Lacour B, Jungers P. Serial crystalluria determination and the risk of recurrence in calcium stone formers. Kid Intern. 2005; 67: 1934-1943.
2.Taller A, Grone B, Rogers KA, Goldberg HA, Hunter GK. Specific adsorption of Osteopontin and synthetic polypeptides to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. Biophys J. 2007; 93: 1768-1777.
3.Verdesca S, Fogazzi GB, Garigali G, Messa P, Daudon M. Crystalluria: prevalence, different types of crystals and the role of infrared spectroscopy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011; 49: 515-520.
4.Murayama T, Taguchi H. The role of the diurnal variation of urinary pH in determining stone compositions. J Urol. 1993; 150: 1437-1439.
5.Murayama T, Sakai N, Yamada T, Takano T. Role of the diurnal variation of urinary pH and urinary calcium in urolithiasis: a study in outpatients. Int J Urol. 2001; 8: 525-531.
6.Osborne CA, Polzin DJ, Kruger JM, Lulich JP, Johnston GR, O’Brian TD. Relationship of nutritional factors to the cause, dissolution and prevention of feline uroliths and urethral plugs. Vet Clin North Am. 1989; 19: 561-581.
7.Hesse A. Canine urolithiasis: epidemiology and analysis of urinary calculi. J. Small Anim Pract. 1990; 31: 599-604.
8.Ling GV, Franti CE, Ruby AL, Johnson DL. Urolithiasis in dogs II: breed prevalence and interrelationships of breed, sex, age, and mineral composition. Am J Vet Res. 1998; 59: 630-642.
9.Jeffrey BK, Kirk DM, Jo AMM, Irwin MF, Ellen VRN, Chandra BBS, Lewis KP, Judith F. Crystalluria and urinary tract abnormalities associated with Indinavir. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:119-125.
10.Daudon M, Bounxouei B, Santa Cruz F, Leite da Silva S, Diouf B, Angwafoo FF, Talati J, Desrez G. Composition of renal stones currently observed in non-industrialized countries. Prog Urol. 2004;14: 1151-1161.
11.Meissner A, Mamoulakis C, Laube N. Urinary tract infections and urolithiasis. Urologe A. 2010; 49: 623-628.
12.Goldfarb DS. Microorganisms and calcium oxalate stone disease. Nephron Physiol. 2004;98:48-54.
13.Bichler KH, Eipper E, Naber K, Braun V, Zimmermann R, Lahme S. Urinary infection stones. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19:488-498.
14.Mahmood Z, Zafar SA. Review of pediatric patients with urolithiasis, in view of development of urinary tract infection. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008;58: 653-656.
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript
Copyright © 2014 Mohamed Marzuk S ,Prabhu N, Radhakrishna L, Sarada V. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report
Navpreet Kaur Sandhu1, Amandeep Kaur Multani1,Saurabh Bither3, Priya Gupta2,Shruti Gupta2,*,Tejveer Singh3,¥
Affiliation:-
1BDS Intern,2Senior lecturer,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
3Reader,3¥Senior lecturer,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India,
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Luxmi Bai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
Address reprint requests to
Priya Gupta,
577/4A Ekta Vihar,
Anand Nagar B,Patiala, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Oral mucosa is constantly subjected to external and internal stimuli and therefore manifests a spectrum of disease that range from developmental, reactive, and inflammatory to neoplastic. These lesions present either as generalized or localized conditions. Localized hyperplastic lesion of the gingiva or ‘epulide’, a well-recognized clinical entity is used to designate all discrete tumors and tumor-like masses of gingiva. We present a case where patient had a gingival hyperplastic lesion on the lingual aspect of anterior mandibular teeth.
KEYWORDS: Epulide; Hyperplastic; Reactive.
REFERENCES
1.Willies-Jacobo LJ, Isaacs H Jr, stein MT. Pyogenic granuloma presenting as a congenital epulis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(6):603-5.
2.Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 3rd ed. Missouri: Saunders; 2009.
3.Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Oral pathology: clinical pathologic correlations. 2012. 6th ed. St. Louis, Missouri, Saunders.
4.Panseriya BJ, Hungund S. Pyogenic granuloma associated with periodontal abscess and bone loss - A rare case report. Contemp Clin Dent. 2011; 2(3): 240–4.
5.Vilman A, Vilman P, Vilman H. Pyogenic granuloma: evaluation of oral conditions. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;24(5):376-82.
6.Kamran Ali, Muhammad Rafique Chatha, Navid Rashid, Mahwish Raja. Pyogenic granuloma- review. Pakistan Oral and Dent. 2006;26(1):59-62.
7.Jafarzadeh H, Sanatkhani M, Mohtasham N. Oral pyogenic granuloma: a review. J Oral Sci 2006;48(4):167–75.
8.Sharma P, Khan MH, Kumar N, Samadi FM. Pyogenic granuloma: A case report and review. Journal of Dentofacial sciences. 2013;2(3):9-11.
9.Parisi E, Glick PH, Glick M. Recurrent intraoral pyogenic granuloma with satellitosis treated with corticosteroids Oral Dis. 2006;12(1):70-2.
10.Shafer, Hine, Levy. Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology. 2009. 6th ed. India: Elsevier.
11.Ichimiya M, Yoshikawa Y, Hamamoto Y, Muto M. Successful treatment of pyogenic granuloma with injection of absolute ethanol. J Dermatol 2004;31(4):342-4.
12.Souza LN, Martins CR, de Paula AM. Cutaneous horn occurring on the lip of a child. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003;13(5):365-7.
13.Kerr DA. Granuloma Pyogenicum. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1951;4(2):158-76.
14.Wang SQ, Goldberg LH. Treatment of recurrent pyogenic granuloma with excision and frozen section for margin control. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(8):1115-6.
15.Abdulai A.E, Nuamah I.K, Baddoo H, Gyasi R.K. Oral pyogenic granuloma in Ghanaians: a review of cases. Int J Med Biomed Res. 2013;2(3):173 -8.
16.Eversole Lr. Clinical Outline of Oral Pathology: Diagnosis And Treatment, 3rd Ed. 2002. Bc Decker, Hamilton.
17.Michael W. Finkelstein. A Guide to Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Oral Mucosal Lesions. 2013. Continuing Education Course.
18.Prasanna JS, Sehrawal S. Fibroepithelial hyperplasia: rare, selflimiting condition- two case reports. J Oral Research. 2011;2:63-70.
Article citation:
Sandhu NK, Multani AK, Bither S, Gupta P, Gupta S, Singh T. Gingival Growths: A diagnostic enigma. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2014;04(12):1079-1083. Available at www.jpbms.info
Source of support: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript
Copyright © 2014 Sandhu NK, Multani AK, Bither S, Gupta P, Gupta S, Singh T. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Nuha M.E. Agabna1,*, Sania A.I. Shaddad1, A.K. Muddathir 2
Affiliation:-
1PhD student and Supervisor, Department of Medicine (Pharmacology), Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum, Sudan
2Co-supervisor, Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum,Sudan
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.PhD student and Supervisor, Department of Medicine (Pharmacology), Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum, Sudan
2.Co-supervisor, Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Khartoum, Sudan
Address reprint requests to
Dr. Nuha Agabna.
Department of Medicine (Pharmacology), Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum, Sudan
Article citation:
Nuha Agabna ME, Sania Shaddad AI, Muddathir AK. Safety of Abrus precatorious Ethanolic Seeds Extract. J Pharm Biomed Sci.2014;04(12):1090-1096. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
The seed of Abrus precatorius is used traditionally to treat many diseases and conditions. It is toxic; the ethanolic extract was assessed for toxicity and found to be safe when given in a high dose (200 and 400mg/Kg) acutely in rats weighing 130-170g. Chronic administration of the extract for 30 days orally at a dose of 20mg/Kg and 40 mg/Kg produced no toxic effects and postmortem examination detected no signs of toxicity. Red and white blood cells count, haemoglobin and haematocrit did not vary in the treated groups from the control group. Serum electrolytes (Na and K), creatinine and urea were not affected. Liver enzymes; AST, ALT ALP, serum albumin and proteins were normal in both low and high dose of precatorius extract.
KEYWORDS: A. precatorius; safety, haematology; renal function; liver function.
REFERENCES
1.Sahni V,Agarwal SK, Singh NP, Sikdar S. Acute demyelinating encephalitis after jequirity pea ingestion (Abrus precatorius) Clinical Toxicology 2007; 45(1):77-79.
2.Adedapo AA,Omoloye OA, Ohore OG. Studies on the toxicity of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Abrus precatorius in rats. Journal of Veterinary Research 2007; 74:31–36.
3.Fernando. Poisoning due to Abrus precatorius (jequirity bean). Anaesthesia 2001;56(12):1178–1180.
4.Niyogi SK,Rieders F. Toxicity studies with fractions from Abrus precatorius seed kernels. Toxicon 1969;7(3);211–216.
5.Dickers KJ; Bradberry SM; Rice P; Griffiths GD; Vale JA. Abrin Poisoning Source:Toxicological Reviews 2003; 22(3):137-142(6).
6.Sahoo R, Hamide A, Amalnath SD, Narayana BS. Acute demyelinating encephalitis due to Abrus precatorius poisoning – complete recovery after steroid therapy. Clinical tocxicology 2008; 46 (10): 1071-1073
7.Maurya, Gupta Traditional herbs for medicine: pioneering efforts by Indian Central drug research Instittute.Technology Monitor 2006 32-36.
8.Hemadri K, Koppula, Rao SS. Antifertility, abortifacient and fertility promoting drugs from Dandakaranya. Indian Medicine 1983; 3(2): 103—107.
9.Okoko IE, Osinubi AA, Olabiyi OO, Kusemiju TO, Noronha CC, Okanlawon AO.Anti-ovulatory and Anti-implantation potential of the methanolic extract of seeds of Abrus precatorius in the rat.Endocrine Practice 2010:1-21.
10.Bhatt N, ChawlaSL, Rao MV. Contraceptive evaluation of seed extract of Abrus. Journal of herbal medicine and toxicology 2001; 1(1): 47-50.
11.Sinha R. Post-testicular antifertility effects of Abrus precatorius seed extract in albino rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990 Feb;28(2):173-81
12.Rao MV. Antifertility effects of alcoholic seed extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. in male albino rats. Acta Euopaear Fertliitica 1987; 8(3):217-20.
13.SinhaS, Mathur RS. Effect of steroidal fraction of seeds of Abrus precatorius Linn. on rat testis. Indian Journal Experimental Biology 1990;28(8):752-6.
14.Jahan S, Saeed N, Ijlal F, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Abbasi AM. Antifertility effects of ethanolic seed extract of Abrus precatorius L. on sperm production and DNA integrity in adult male mice. Journal of Medicinal plants research 2009;3(10):809-814.
15.Talukder S, Hossain MA, Sarker S, Khan MA. Investigation into effect of crude mixture of Abrus precatorius seed on hypothalamopituitary gonadal axis and development of antifertility in male rats. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 2011; 36(1):103-109.
16.Ayyanar M, Sankarasivaraman K, Ignacimuthu S. Traditional herbal medicines used for the treatment of diabetes among two major tribal groups in South Tamil Nadu, India Ethnobotanical Leaflets.2008;12:276-280.
17.Jain R, Jain SK. Traditional medicinal plants as anticancer agents from Chhattishgarh, India: An overview. International Journal of Phytomedicine 2011;2:186-196.
18. Reddy VVS, Sirsi M. Effect of Abrus precatorius L. on experimental tumors.Cancer Research. 1969;29:1447.
19.Kartik R, Trivedic CV, Raoa GD, Pushpangadanb P.Explorinand N- Nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinomag the protective effects of Abrus precatorius in HepG2 in Swiss albino rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2010;6(2):99-114.
20.Lin JY,Kao WY,Tserng KY, Chen CC, Tung TC. Effect of crystalline abrin on the biosynthesis of protein, RNA, and DNA in experimental tumors. Cancer Research 1970;30:2431.
21.Pal R, Ariharasivakumar G, Girhepunje K, Upadhaya A. In vitro antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds extracted from seeds of Abrus precatorius. International Journal of Pharmacy and pharmaceutical Sciences 2009;1(2):130-140.
22.Hwang KM, Foon KA, Cheung PH, Pearson JW, and Robert K. Oldham.Selective antitumor effect on L10 hepatocarcinoma cells of a potent immunoconjugate composed of the a chain of abrin and a monoclonal antibody to a hepatoma-associated antigen. Cancer Research 1984;44:4578.
23.Bobbarala V, Vadlapudi V. Abrus precatorius L. seed extracts antimicrobial properties against clinically important bacteria. International Journal of Pharmceutical Technology Research 2009; 1 (4): 1115-1118.
24.Zore GB, Awad V, Thakre AD, Halde UK, Meshram NS, Surwase BS, Karuppayil SM Activity-directed fractionation and isolation of four antibacterial compounds from Abrus precatorius L. roots. Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters
2007;21(10):933-940
25.Kekuda PTR,Vinayaka K.S , Soumya K.V , Ashwini S.K , Kiran R. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of abrus pulchellus wall and Abrus precatorius Linn - A comparative study international. Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 2010; 2(1):26-29
26.Limmatvapirat C, Sirisopanaporn S, Kittakoop P. Antitubercular and antiplasmodial constituents of Abrus precatorius. Planta Medica 2004; 70(3):276-278.
27.Mølgaard P, Nielsen SB, Rasmussen DE, Drummond RB, Makaza N, Andreassen J.Anthelmintic screening of Zimbabwean plants traditionally used against schistosomiasis Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2001;74(3):257-264.
28.Georgewill OA, Georgewill UO. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of extract of Abrus precatorious. Eastern Journal of Medicine 2009;14:23-25.
29.Mensah AY, Bonsu AS, Fleischer TC. Investigation of the bronchodilator activity of abrus precatorius. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2011;6(2):9-13.
30.Ae L,Jaja B,Numbere N. Protective effects of Abrus precatorius seed extract following alcohol induced renal damage. European Journal of Scientific Research 2009;25(3):428-430.
31.Monago, CC,Alumanah EO.Antidiabetic effect of chloroform -methanol extract of abrus precatorius linn seed in alloxan diabetic rabbit. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management.2005;9(1):85-88.
32.OECD 1992a.Acute oral toxicity.In the testing guidelines for chemicals.OECD publication No 401.OECD Paris
33.Hwang KM, Foon KA, Cheung PH, Pearson JW, and Robert K. Oldham. Selective antitumor effect on L10 hepatocarcinoma cells of a potent immunoconjugate composed of the a chain of abrin and a monoclonal antibody to a hepatoma-associated antigen. Cancer Research 1984 44; 4578.
34.Saganuwan SA, Onyeyili PA. Haematonic and plasma expander effects of aqueous leaf extract of Abrus precatorius in Mus musculus. Comparative clinical pathology 2011; DOI: 10.1007/s00580-011-1274-8.
35.Chaudhary GD,Poonia P, Kamboj P,Kalia AN.Hepato-protective potential of Lawsonia inermis L. seeds. International Journal of Phytopharmacology 2012; 3(1):012,66-73.
Source of support: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Copyright © 2014 Nuha Agabna ME, Sania Shaddad AI, Muddathir AK.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.