DocumentsDate added
Original article
Simarpreet V.Sandhu1., MDS, MAMS., Rajeev Tiwari2 ., MD., Preetinder Kaur3,*.,BDS., RamanPreet K Bhullar4., MDS., Rajat Bhandari5., MDS., Shivani Garg6.,BDS.
Affiliation:
1Professor and Head, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur-Moga Road, Ferozepur-152001, Punjab, India
2Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur-Moga Road, Ferozepur,152001, Punjab, India
3PG Student, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur-Moga Road, Ferozepur-152001, Punjab, India
4,5Reader, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur-Moga Road, Ferozepur-152001, Punjab, India
6PG Student, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur-Moga Road, Ferozepur-152001, Punjab, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1.Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur-Moga Road, Ferozepur-152001, Punjab, India
Address reprint requests to
* Preetinder Kaur.
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur-Moga Road, Ferozepur152001, Punjab, India
Article citation:
Sandhu SV, Tiwari R, Kaur P, Bhullar RamanPreet K, Bhandari R, Garg S. Antifungal activity of commonly used spices in indian households against oral candidiasis: An In vitro study. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015;05(02):160-165.Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
Background: The frequency of life-threatening infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms has increased worldwide. Due to the increasing development of drug resistance in human pathogens as well as the appearance of undesirable effect of certain antimicrobial agents, there is a need to search for new agents without toxicity and side effects. Research on antimicrobial effects of plants assumes certain importance because of fewer side effects and being economically cost effective.
Aim: To evaluate the anticandidal effects of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Eugenia aromatica (clove) and Curcuma longa (turmeric).
Material & methods: Candida obtained from the palate of a denture wearing patient was inoculated on the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium. Streaking was done on petri dishes containing SDA medium with respective plant extracts and which were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The anticandidal activity of the extracts and their potency was qualitatively assessed by the presence or absence of growth on the culture plates.
Results: The results showed that both alcoholic and aqueous plant extracts of clove and alcoholic extract of cinnamon exhibited inhibitory effect on candidal growth.
Conclusion: Plant extracts could be used as a good alternative to overcome the unavoidable side effects of available antifungals.
KEYWORDS: Antimicrobial; Candida; plant extracts; Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA).
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
REFERENCES
1. Jin Y, Samaranayake LP, Samaranayake Y, Yip HK. Biofilm formation of Candida albicans is variably affected by saliva and dietary sugars. Archives of Oral Biology 2004; 49(10):789-98.
2.Akpan A, Morgan R. Oral candidiasis. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:455–9.
3.Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW. A retrospective study of patients with recurrent chronic atrophic candidosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;52:150- 3.
4. Sharanappa R, Vidyasagar GM. Anti-candida activity of medicinal plants. A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2013;5(4):9-16.
5.Abad M, Ansuategui M, Bermejo P. Active antifungal substances from natural sources. Arkivoc.2007; Vii:116-45.
6.Atai Z, Atapour M, Mohseni M. Inhibitory effect of Ginger Extract on Candida Albicans. Am J Applied Sci.2009;6:1067-9.
7.Alade PI, Irobi ON. Antimicrobial activities of crude leaf extracts of Acalyphawilkesiana. JEthnopharmacol. 1993;39(3):171-4.
8.Ahmad I, Beg AZ. Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. JEthnopharmacol. 2001;74:113–23.
9. Moghimipour E, Sadaghi-Nejad B, Handali S, AmerI A, Ramezani Z, Azemi ME. In vitro screening of anti-candida activity of saponins extracted from glycyrrhiza glabra and quillaja saponaria. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 2014;7(1): 160-2.
10.Ahmad N, Alam MK, Shehbaz A, Khan A, Mannan A, Hakim SR, Bisht D, Owais M. Antimicrobial activity of clue oil & its potential in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Drug Target. 2005;13:555-76.
11.Suhr KI, Nielsen PV. Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. J ApplMicrobiol. 2003;94,665-74.
12.Pinto E, Vale-Silva L, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygiumaromaticumon Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species. JMed Microbiol. 2009;58:1454–62.
13.Bhat V, Sharma SM, Shetty V, Shastry CS, Rao V, Shenoy SM et al. Screening of selected plant essential oils for their antifungal activity against candida species isolated from denture stomatitis patients. N.U.J.H.S.2014;4:46-51.
14.Singh HB, Srivastava M, Singh AB, Srivastava AK. Cinnamon bark oil, a potent fungitoxicant agent fungi causing respiratory tract mycoses. Allergy. 1995;50:995-9.
15.Mau J, Chen C, Hsieh P. Antimicrobial effect of extracts from Chinese chive, cinnamon and corni fructose. JAgricFood Chem. 2001;49:183-8.
16.De M, Krishna DeA, Banerjee AB. Antimicrobial activity of some Indian medicinal spices. Phytoter Res 1999;14:207-14.
17.Soliman KM, BadeaaRI. Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Food ChemToxicol. 2002;40:1669-75.
18.Dalirsani Z, Adibpour M, Aghazadeh M, Amirchaghmaghi M, Falaki F, Mozafari PM, et al. In Vitro Comparison of Inhibitory Activity of 10 Plant Extracts against Candida Albicans. Aust J Basic Appl Sci.2011;5:930-5.
19.Chattopadhyay I, Biswas K, Bandyopadhyay U, Banerjee RK. Turmeric and curcumin: biological actions and medicinal applications. Curr Sci. 2004; 87:44–53.
20.Martins CV, da SilvaDL, Neres AT, Magalhaes TF, Watanabe GA, Modolo LV, Sabino AA, de Fátima A, de Resende MA.Curcumin as a promising antifungal of clinical interest. J AntimicrobChemother. 2009;63:337–9.
21.Ahmad I, MehmoodZ, MohammadF. Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial propersities. JEthnopharmacal. 1998;62:183-93.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015. Sandhu Sv,Tiwari R,Kaur P,Bhullar RamanPreet K,Bhandari R,Garg S. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Kirti Jaiswal1,*, Sandip Kumar2, Santosh Kumar Sant3, Amit Kant Singh4,
ANG Hyder5, Abid Ahsan6
Affiliation:
1Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, UP RIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, U.P, India
2AssociateProfessor, Department of Community Medicine, UP RIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, India
3Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, UP RIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, U.P, India
4Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, UP RIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, U.P, India
5Lecturer, Department of Physiology, UP RIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, U.P, India
6Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki UP, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Physiology, UP RIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, U.P, India
Department of Community Medicine, UP RIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, India
Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki UP, India
Authors contribution:
Author 1 &3 design the study, 5 & 6 collected the data and 2 & 4 analyse the data.
Address reprint requests to
Dr. Kirti Jaiswal
Associate Professor,
Department of Physiology,
UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,
Saifai, Etawah, 206 130 (U.P.), India or at drkirtijaiswal@yahoo.com
Article citation: Jaiswal K,Kumar S,Sant KS,Singh AK,Hyder ANG,Ahsan A. A Study on Pulmonary Function Tests in Bangle workers of a district of central Uttar Pradesh, India J Pharm Biomed Sci.2015;05(02):90-94.Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
The pulmonary function impairment is a common respiratory problem among industrial exposure. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of furnace smoke and flue and its duration of exposure on lung function. This is a matched cross-sectional study of Spirometry in 100 bangle workers with age range 20 – 60 years, who worked without smoke control ventilation or respiratory protective devices. Pulmonary function tests were performed by using Digital Spirometer (Spiro-excel). Significant, reduction was observed in the mean values of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Forced Expiratory Ratio (FEV1/FVC%), Forced Expiratory Flow (25% -75%) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in bangle workers relative to their matched controls. It is concluded that lung functions in bangle workers is impaired.
KEYWORDS: Occupational hazards; pulmonary function; bangle workers.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
REFERENCES
1.Rastogi, S. K., Gupta, B. N., Hussain T., Mathur, N. (1982). Respiratory health effects of occupational exposure to glass bangle workers. Am. Ind. Hyg .Assoc. J., 198;59: 574-578.
2.Zuskin Eugenija and Skuric Zdenka. Respiratory function in tea workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine.1984; 41(1)88-93.
3.Glindmeyer HW, Lefante JJ, Jones RN, Rando RJ, Abdel Kader and Weill H. Exposure related declines in the lung function of cotton textile workers- Relationship to current work place standards. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1991;144(3):675-683.
4.American Thoracic Society. Statement on standardization of spirometry. Am Rev Res Dis.1987; 136:1286 – 1296.
5.Attfield, M. D. Longitudinal decline in FEV l in United States coal miners. Thorax. 1985; 40: 132-137.
6.Baker, D. B. and Landngan, P. J. Occupationally related disorders. Medical Clinics of North America,1990; 74(2): 444-459.
7.Cherniack, R. M, and McCarthyD. S.. In "The lung in the transition between health and disease," Eds., Macklem, P. T. and Permutt, S., Marcel Dekker (INC), New York.1979;( 12): 329-338.
8.Ferris, B. G. Jr. In "Thelung in the transition between health and disease," EdsMacklem, P. T. and Permutt, S., Marcel-Dekker (INC), New York.1979;12: 287-295.
9.Ganong, Willium F. (2005). Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd edition.
10.Goodman, L. S., Gilman, A. G., Rall, T. W. and Murad, F. (1985). In "Goodman and Gilmans-The pharmacological basis of therapeutics", 7th edn. Mac Millian Publishing Company, New York.
11.Guyton and Hall (2006). Text book of Medical Physiology, 11th edition.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015. Jaiswal K, Kumar S, Sant KS, Singh AK, Hyder ANG, Ahsan A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Vaishali D. Kotasthane1,*, Dhananjay S Kotasthane1, G Koteeswaran1,Alok Mohanty2
Affiliation:
1Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry -607402, India
2Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry -607402, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute,SBV University, Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry -607402, India
Address reprint requests to
Dr Vaishali D. Kotasthane, MD(Pathology),
Assistant professor, Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry-607402. India
Article citation: Kotasthane VD, Kotasthane DS, Koteeswaran G, Mohanty A. Clinicopathological study of colorectal tumors: A four year study in a rural tertiary care hospital in South India. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(02):139-146. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Background: Colorectal tumors are thought to be comparatively uncommon in developing countries like India. Recent studies showed steady increase in incidence of colorectal cancers for developing countries. Aims: The aim of the present study was to evaluate histological types of colorectal tumors with respect to demographic data like age, gender distribution, anatomical site and grading.
Material and methods: This was a descriptive study of colorectal biopsies/specimens from May 2008 to May 2012 carried out in Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, a tertiary care hospital in Pondicherry. Relevant information like age, sex, site and clinical features was noted.
Statistical method: The data compiled was analyzed for demographic and biographical details like age, sex, site, clinical features, gross findings and light microscopic histopathological diagnosis. Descriptive analysis were reported as mean and standard deviation of continuous variables. Unpaired t test and chi-square test were used and value of p<0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
Results and conclusions: Total 68 colorectal tumors were observed, representing 6.7% of all tumors during study period. Out of these, 60.3% were malignant. Rectal carcinomas predominated over colonic carcinomas. For Colorectal carcinomas (CRCs), mean age at presentation was 61.8 years in males and 50.8 years in females which was significantly lower (p=0.0012) with Adenocarcinoma-NOS as commonest subtype. Early age at presentation in females, suggests that colonoscopic screening will be useful for early detection. Quantitative estimates of this study are of interest for future population-based studies and are potentially useful for targeting screening colonoscopy programmes.
KEYWORDS: Colorectal tumors; Adenocarcinomas; Polyps;Adenomas.
REFERENCES
1.Mohandas KM, Desai DC.Epidemiology of digestive tract cancers in India.V.Large and small bowel. Indian J Gastroenterol 1999; 18(3):118-21.
2 Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, Kudo S, Riboli E,Nakamura S, Hainaut P, Rubio CA et al.Tumors of the Colon and Rectum, In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA ,editors. World Health organization classification of tumors; Pathology and genetics of tumors of Digestive system. Lyon, France: IAARC Press; 2010.p.132-46.
3.Shah A, Wani NA. A study of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Indian J Gastroenterol 1991;10(1):12-3.
4.Laishram RS, Kaiho N, Shimrey R, Sorokhaiban BD, Punyabati P,S harma DC. Histopathological Evaluation of Colorectal Carcinomas Status in Manipur,India. International J of Pathol 2010;8(1):5-8.
5.National Cancer Registry Programme, Biennial Report; Population Based Cancer Registries1988-1989.Indian Council of Medical Research: New Delhi.
6.Shantha V, Swaminathan R, Nalini, Kavitha M. Population Based Cancer Registry2001-2003.Chennai Cancer Institute , Adyar,Chennai.
7.Turner JR: The Gastrointestinal tract. In: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8/e, New Delhi,India: Elsevier;.2010:820-823.
8.Bafandeh Y, Khoshbaten M, Sadat AT, Farhang S. Clinical predictors of colorectal polyps and carcinoma in a low prevalence region: Results of a colonoscopy based study. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(10): 1534–1538.
9.Ohayis AR, Nzwgwu,Akindal SA,Barnabas M.Histopathological pattern of colorectal tumors in JOS University teaching hospital ,JOS. A 5 year retrospective review from January 1999-December 2003.Advances in Bioresearch 2011;2(2):127-131.
10.Minami Y, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I, Hisamichi S. Increase of colon and rectal cancer incidence rates in Japan: trends in incidence rates in Miyagi Prefecture, 1959-1997. J Epidemiol 2006;16:240–248.
11.Ghassemi H, Harrison G, Mohammad K. An accelerated nutrition transition in Iran. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:149-155.
12.Jhajj KK, Sood N,Malhotra V: Histopathological profile of tumours of midgut and hindgut-five year study in tertiary care hospital with review of literature.Intr J of Pathol 2011;13(1) .
13.Peedikayil MC,Nair P,Seena SM,Radhakrishnan L,Sadasivan S,Narayanan VA,Balkrishnan.Colorectal cancer distribution in 220 Indian patient undergoing colonoscopy. Indian J Gastroenterology 2009; 28(6):212-15.
14.Ekelund G,Lindstorm C.Histopathological analysis of benign polyps in patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum.Gut 1974;15:654-63.
15.Bafandeh Y, Daghestani D, Esmaili H, Aharizad S. Distribution of cancer and adenomatous polyps in the colorectum: study in an Iranian population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006;7:65–68.
16.Scheiden R,Sand J,Pandin M,Wagenar Y,Capesius C.Colorectal high grade adenomas:incidence, localization and adenoma-carcinoma ratio in a retrospectiveand comparative population - based study of 225 consecutive cases between 1988 and 1996.Int J colorectal Dis 2000;1(1):29-34.
17.Fenoglio CM, Kaye GI, Pascal RR, Lane N. Defining the precursor tissue of ordinary large bowel carcinoma: implications for cancer prevention. Pathol Annu 1977;12(Pt 1):87–116.
18.Gillespie PE, Chambers TJ, Chan KW,Doronzo F,Morson BC,Williams CB.Colonic adenomas.Gut 1979; 20:240-45.
19.Fazeli MS, Adel MG, Lebaschi AH. Colorectal carcinoma: a retrospective,descriptive study of age, gender, subsite, stage, and differentiation in Iran from 1995 to 2001 as observed in Tehran University.Dis Colon Rectum 2007 Jul;50(7):990-5.
20.Deo SV,Sukla NK, Srinivas G, Mohanti BK,Raina V,Sharma A,Rath GK.Colorectal cancers –experience at a regional cancer centre in Indian Trop Gastroenterol 2001;22(2):83-86.
21.Ahuja N, Chang D,Gearhart Sl. Disparities in colon cancer presentation and in-hospital mortality in Maryland:a ten year review. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:411-6
22.Tarek NE,Sakr MA, Nouh AN,Ali El-Din NH.A comparative study of rectal and colonic carcinoma: Demographic, pathologic and TNM staging analysis . J Egyptian Nat. Cancer Inst 2006 :18(3);258-63.
23.Gomez D, Dalal Z, Raw E,Roberts C,Lyndon PJ.Anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer over a 10 year period in a district general hospital:is there a true a rightward shift? Postgrad Med J 2004; 80(949) :667-9.
24.Chen VW, Martin J, Roffers S, Groves FD, Correa CN, Hamilton-Byrd E, Jemal A. Colorectal Cancer Incidence Rates and Stage Distributions among Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States, 1995 to 1999. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13: 1215.
25.Nawa T, Kato J, Kawamoto H, Yamamoto H, Kohno H, Endo H,Shiratori Y. Differences between right and left sided colon cancer in patient characteristics, cancer morphology and histology. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23(3):418-23.
26.DiSario JA, Burt RW, Kendrick ML et al.Colorectal cancers of rare histologic types compared with adenocarcinomas.Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:1277–80.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Kotasthane VD, Kotasthane DS, Koteeswaran G, Mohanty A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Bouchra Rahmouni1,*, Katim Alaoui2, El Houcine Bouidida1,2,3, Malika chammache4, Mohammed Sghir Taleb5, Yahia Cherrah2, Abdelkader Il Idrissi1
Affiliation:
1Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Plants Chemistry, Organic and Bio- Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, University MohammedV, Agdal, Rabat, BP 1014, Morocco
2Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco
3National Drug Control Laboratory, Direction of Drug and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, BP 6203, Rabat-Institutes, Rabat, Morocco
4Department of Chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University MohammedV, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco, Rabat, BP 1014, Morocco
Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Scientific Institute, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Plants chemistry, Organic and Bio- Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, University MohammedV, Agdal, Rabat, BP 1014, Morocco
Address reprint requests to
* Bouchra Rahmouni
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Plants chemistry, Organic and Bio- Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences,University MohammedV, Agdal, Rabat, BP 1014, Morocco
Tel : (+212) 6 63238191
Fax:(+212) 5 37 68 19 31
Article citation:
Rahmouni B,Alaoui K,Bouidida El-H,Chammache M,Taleb MS,Cherrah Y,Idrissi A. Acute toxicity, analgesic activity of Nepetagranatensis essential oil. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(02):110-117. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
To evaluate the acute toxicity and the peripheral and central analgesic activity of the genus Nepeta, we studied the essential oil of Nepetagranatensis Boiss spontaneous species of Morocco. We have obtained the essential oil of N. granatensis by microwave irradiation and identified by GC-MS.
Female mice IOPS ofa,20-30g,were used to study the acute toxicity, as well as for the peripheral analgesic activity (Koster test). However, the study of the central analgesic activity (tail flick test) was conducted on rats Waster 250-350g. Doses of 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg of EO were administered intraperitoneally for both peripheral and central analgesic activities.The identification of the EO led to 25 constituent whose nepetalactone is the major product.The essential oil revealed a LD50 of 1000mg/kg. Koster test has shown a major protective power against abdominal cramps 74, 11 % at 25mg/kg and reached 86.77 % at 50mg/kg. However, the reflex time in the tail flick test exceeded the threshold of pain inhibition, which reached 8.46 s for the 50mg/kg dose.
EO had proved a low acute toxicity, and a great potential analgesic activity type ASA and morphine- like at 50mg/kg, which is probably due to its richness in nepetalactone
KEYWORDS: Acute toxicity; Analgesic activity; Essential oil; Microwave; Nepetagranatensis; nepetalactone.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
REFERENCES
1.Fennane M, Ibn Tattou M.Catalogue des plantes vasculaires rares, menacées ou endémique du Maroc.Bocconea.1998 ; 8:102-3.
2.Bellakhdar J. La Pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle, Ibis Press ; 1997
3.Benabid A. Revue marocaine de pharmacognosie d’étudeséthnomédicales et d.e botanique appliquée.Albiruniya .1989 ; 5(2) : 92-7.
4.Jahandiez E, Maire R. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc, III, Ed.Alger :Minervalechevallieredition ; 1934.
5.Quezel P, Santa S. Nouvelle flore de l’algérie et des régions désertiques mériridionales.11th ed.CNRS ; 1963.p. 81.
6.Baser K H C, Kirimer N, Kurkcuoglu M and Demirci B. Essential oils of Nepeta species growing in Turkey. Chem.Nat.Compd. 2000;36: 356-9.
7.Zargari A. Medicinal Plants. 4th ed.Tehran: Tehran University Publications;1990.p.106-11.
8.Dabiri M and Sefidkan F. Composition of essential oil of NepetacrassifoliaBoiss and Buhse oil from Iran. Flav.Fragr. J.2003; 18: 225-7.
9.Rapisarda A, Galati E.M,Tzakou O, Flores M and Miceli. Nepetasibthorpii Bentham (Lamiaceae):Micromorphological analysis of leaves and flowers. II Farmaco .2001; 56:413- 5.
10.Srifi A, Rahmouni B, Bouidida El H, Alaoui K, Y Cherrah Y, Il Idrissi A, et al.Etude phytochimique et activité antifongique in vitro des huiles essentielles de quatre espèces du genre Nepeta du Maroc. Phytothérapie.2013; 11: 161-71.
11.Nizam B, Sajid N, Sajid B. In vitro antileishmanial,cytotoxic activity and phytochemical Analysis of Nepetapraetervisa leaves extract and its fractions.Int J Pharm PharmSci.2013;5(4) : 475-8.
12.Zenasni L, Bouidida E H, HancaliA. The essentials oils and antimicrobial activity of four Nepeta species from Morocco.J Med Plants.2008 ; 2:111-4.
13.Bouidida E H.Valorisation des plantes Marocaines : Etude phytochimique, biologique et pharmacologique de quelques espèces genre Nepeta, édition Universitaires Européenne. Leipzig: Amazon Distribution Gmbh ;2011.p.27-9 .
14.Bouidida E H, Alaoui K, Cherrah Y,Fkih-Tetouani S, Il Idrissi A. Toxicité aigüe et action analgésique des huiles essentielles de Nepeta atlantica Ball et Nepeta tuberosa L. spp. reticulata(Desf.) Maire. Phytothérapie .2004; 4: 120-5.
15.Aydin S, Demir T, OzturkY. Analgesic activity of Nepetaitalica L. PhytotherapyResearch.1999;13(1):20-3
16.Huang Shan, Jiang Chun-yan, Long fei. Anti-inflammation and Analgesic effectof volatile oil Nepetaangustifolia.Herald of medicine .2011; 30 (10): 1262-9.
17.Ali T, Javan M, SonboliA. Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of NepetacrispaWilld in experimental rat models. Nat Prod. 2012; 26(16): 1529-34.
18.Malizia RA, Molli JS, Cardell DA, RetamarJA.Volatile constituent of the essential oil of Nepetacataria L. Grow I Cordoba province (Argentina). Journal of essential oil research: JEOR (USA).1996; 8(5): 565-7.
19.Aydin S, DemirT, OzturkY. Nepetalactone: A new opioid analgesic from NepetacaesareaBoiss. J Pharm Pharmacol.1998; 50: 813-7.
20.Baser K.H.C, OzekT. Composition of the essential oil of Nepeta Caesarea Boissfrom Turkey. Journal of essential oil research JEOR (USA).1994; 6(6): 645-6
21.Safir O,Soufiaoui M, Fkhih-tetouani S, BougrinK. Procédé d’extraction par Soxhlet sous Micro-ondes(PESM), Brevet d’invention marocain, PV N°24816 ; 30 September 1997.
22.Preudent D, Perineau F, GasetA .Distillation sous micro-ondes de produits aromatiques végétaux, 3ème Congrès Génie des Procédés, Compiègne ;1991.
23.Pares J R J, Sigouin M, Lapointe J. Extraction de Produits Naturels Assistée par Micro-ondes, Brevet européen, EP0398798 ;1991.
24.JOCE directives, directive 91/507/CEE act of 1991, Pub.L.N°270(19 juillet 1991), directive 86/609/CEE act of 1986, Pub.L.N°358 (24 novembre 1986).
25.OECD .OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Section 4, test 423: Acute oral toxicity – Acute toxic class method, 2002.Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/9742301e.pdf [accessed Feb 08, 2002].
26.Brune K, Lang R. Mode of action of peripheral analgesics. Arzeimforsh drags. 1984; 34:29(letter)
27.Hasard R, CheymolJ. Analgésiques centraux. Manuel de pharmacologie, 2ème édition : Masson et Cie ; 1970 .p. 124-46
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015. Rahmouni B, Alaoui K, Bouidida El-H, Chammache M, Taleb MS, Cherrah Y, IL Idrissi A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
P.Vijayalakshmi* M.D (Microbiology)
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Medical College for Women, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Medical College for Women, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Address reprint requests to
*Dr.P.Vijayalakshmi.
Professor & H.O.D
Department of Microbiology
Malla Reddy Medical College for Women
Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Article citation: Vijayalakshmi P. Association of STD with HIV. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(02):166-167. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Background: STDs such as genital ulcer disease and possibly chlamydia trachomatis genital infections, facilitate the sexual transmission of HIV infection, thus making STD clinic attenders potentially more susceptible to HIV transmission.
Objective:To determine the prevalence of HIV in STD patients.
Methods: Data was collected from 200 patients suffering from STDs for a period of one year.
Blood samples were collected from 100 normal, healthy, voluntary blood donors to serve as a control for the present study. The diagnosis of the various STDs was established by standard laboratory investigations done with blood, urine, cervical, vaginal and urethral swabs and exudates from the lesions.
The VDRL test was routinely performed on all the sera collected.
ELISA test was employed for HIV screening. The ELISA test was repeated in positive cases and confirmation was done by the Western Blot test, at the National Institute of Virology, Pune.
Results: Of the 20 reactive cases, 17 were found to be suffering from genital ulcerative disease, predominantly syphilis and chancroid .
Conclusion: HIV infection was found to be more in younger age groups, more in males than in females.
KEYWORDS: HIV; STD; Prevalence.
REFERENCES
1.Gallow RC, et al. Science, 224: 500-503,1984.
2. Masur H Michelis etal N Eng J Med 305, 1431-38-1981.
3.. Pape et al Ann INT Med 103(5) 674-78-1978
4.Vogt M et al. LANCET 1, 525-27 1987.
5. Zeiger et al. Papers presented at the 4th Int. Conference on AIDS, stockholm 12-16 June, 1988 Abst 5100, P-339.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Vijayalakshmi P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.