DocumentsDate added
Research article
Adithi S Shetty1 , MS ,Harish Shetty2 , MD , Divya Hegde3 , MS, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty 4, MD , Jagadish Rao Padubidri 5,*, MD, Diplomate NB
Affiliation:
1Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru (Affiliated to Manipal University), India.
2Professor and Head,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, K.S.Hegde Medical Academy, Mangaluru, India.
3Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, A J Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangaluru, India.
4Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru (Affiliated to Manipal University), India
5*Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru (Affiliated to Manipal University), India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru (Affiliated to Manipal University), India.
2.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, K.S.Hegde Medical Academy, Mangaluru, India.
3.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, A J Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangaluru, India.
4,5Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru (Affiliated to Manipal University), India
Address reprint requests to
Dr. Jagadish Rao Padubidri.
Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Light House Hill Road, Mangaluru (Affiliated to Manipal University), India or at ppjrao@gmail.com
Article citation: Shetty AS, Shetty H, Hegde D, Shetty BSK, Padubidri JR. Yolk sac abnormalities – Is it a reliable indicator of abortions? – A prospective study in the population residing in rural setup of Mangaluru, Karnataka, India. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(05):380-384. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Objective: This study was undertaken to determine if there were different abortion rates between normal and abnormal yolk sacs between 5-10 weeks of gestation, its association with pregnancy outcome and correlation with other parameters
Materials and Methods: In this study, the yolk sac characteristics of 95 consecutive pregnant women, of 5-6.5 weeks gestation, with normal body mass index (BMI) were prospectively evaluated. All patients underwent two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography, which was performed by the same sonographer. We considered the following yolk sac characteristics as normal for classification: diameter: 2-5 mm; round shape; absence of degenerative changes. Yolk sacs that had diameters smaller than 2 mm or larger than 5 mm; a shape that was not round (i.e., oval or distorted); the presence of degenerative changes. The outcome is statistically analyzed.
Results: A total of 100 cases were evaluated. Five cases were excluded. 81(85.3%) continued beyond 20 weeks and the rest 14(14.7%) ended in abortions. About 95.7% of the pregnancies showed the presence of a yolk sac, while in 4.3% of them a yolk sac was absent. Pregnancies with large yolk sac diameter ended with abortions. The sensitivity of predicting normal outcome with regular yolk sac is as high as 94.2%, while specificity is 34.5%.
Conclusions: Abnormalities of the yolk sac size or shape, and absence can be used as a reliable indicators of early pregnancy.
KEYWORDS: Normal Yolk Sac; Abnormal Yolk Sac; Spontaneous Abortion; Transvaginal Ultrasound.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
REFERENCES
1.Cepni I, Bese T, Os cal P, Budak E,IdiM,AksuMF, Significanceof yolk sac with vaginal sonography in the first trimester in the prediction of pregnancy outcome. Acta Obstetriciaet Gynacologca Scandenevia 1997; 76:969-972.
2.Lindsay DJ, Lovett IS, Lyons EA et al. Yolk sac diameter and shape at endovaginal US: predictors of pregnancy outcome in the first trimester. Radiology. 1992; 183:115-118.
3.Küçük T, Duru NK, Yenen MC, Dede M, Ergün A, Başer I. Yolk sac size and shape as predictors of poor pregnancy outcome. J Perinat Med. 1999; 27: 316-320.
4.Khaled S. Mousa, Amr Mohamed El- Helaly and Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz. The Value of Yolk Sac Diameter at Vaginal Ultrasonography as a Predictor of the First Trimester Pregnancy Outcome. Life Sci J. 2014; 11:236-240.
5.Tan S, Ipek A, Pektas MK, Arifoğlu M, Teber MA, Karaoğlanoğlu M. Irregular yolk sac shape: is it really associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion? J Ultrasound Med. 2011; 30:31-36.
6.Varelas FK, Prapas NM, Liang RI, Prapas IM, Makedos GA. Yolk sac size and embryonic heart rate as prognostic factors of first trimester pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008; 138:10-13.
7.Cho FN, Kan YY, Chen SN, Yang TL, Hsu PH. Very large yolk sac and bicornuate uterus in a live birth. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005; 68:535-537.
8.Tongsong T, Wanapirak C, Srisomboon J, Sirichotiyakul S, Polsrisuthikul T, Pongsatha S.Transvaginal ultrasound in threatened abortions with empty gestational sacs. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.1994; 46: 297-301.
9. Chama CM, Marupa JY, Obed JY. The value of the secondary yolk sac in predicting pregnancy outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol.2005; 25: 245-247.
10.Berdahl DM, Blaine J, Van Voorhis B, Dokras A. Detection of enlarged yolk sac on early ultrasound is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2010; 94: 1535-1537.
11.Malinowski W. Yolk sacs in twin pregnancy. Ginekol Pol. 2000; 71:815-818.
12.Błaszczyk K, Wojcieszyn M, Biernat M, Lukasik A, Wilk M, Poreba R. Predicting the risk of poor pregnancy outcome by ultrasound examination of yolk sac diameter. Ginekol Pol. 2000; 71: 699-703.
13.Nyberg DA, Mack LA, Laing FC, Patten RM. Distinguishing normal from abnormal gestational sac growth in early pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 1987; 6:23-27.
14.Rowling SE, Coleman BG, Langer JE, Arger PH, Nisenbaum HL, Horii SC. First-trimester US parameters of failed pregnancy. Radiology. 1997; 203:211-217.
Source of funding: No Funding
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Shetty AS, Shetty H, Hegde D, Shetty BSK, Padubidri JR. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original Article
Jagyasmita Balasamant1,*, Rajesh Kumar Padhy1,¥, Amruta Kar1,±,Rakesh Kumar Giri1, Pallavi Agarwal1
Affiliation:
1IInd year P.G Student,1,¥Associate professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
1,±Assistant professor, Department of microbiology, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Address reprint requests to
Dr. Jagyasmita Balasamant.
IInd year P.G Student,
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Article citation:
Balasamant J, Padhy RK, Kar A, Giri RK, Agarwal P. Study of outcomes of tympanoplasty and effect of bacteria in quiescent stage of mucosal Type of chronic otitis media. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(05):424-428. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
Background: The aims of this study were to determine whether any organism does exist in middle ear cavity in mucosal type of chronic otitis media, if so isolate their types and assess their effect on graft uptake results.
Materials and Methods: Patients from 10 years of age and above with diagnosis of chronic otitis media mucosal type were included for tympanoplasty. Swab was collected from middle ear cavity for direct smear examination and culture prior to surgery in operation theatre and inoculated into Blood agar, Chocolate agar and Mac Conkey agar within half an hour. The isolates were identified with the use of standard bacteriological technique as described by American Society of Microbiology. All patients underwent tympanoplasty.
Observation: Graft uptake results were assessed after 6 weeks. 70 patients were enrolled for study. Majority of the patients were of the age group 11-20 years (42%). Among which male were more common with 71.4%. Bacteria were isolated from 43 cases (61.4%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in 18(41.8%), Staphylococcus aureus in 11(25.7%), Klebsiella in 6(13.9%), Proteus in 3(6.9), E. coli in 3(6.9%) and Acinetobacter in 2(4.7%). All patients had undergone tympanoplasty. Graft uptake was (87.1%). All 9 failure cases had residual perforation. In bacteria isolated group, 37 out of 43 had graft uptake.
Conclusion: Success rate of tympanoplasty in quiescent stage was comparable with dry ear. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism. Presence of bacteria in middle ear during surgery did not increase the risk of graft failure.
KEYWORDS: Bacteriology; Chronic otitis media; Tympanoplasty.
REFERENCES
1.Browning GG, Merchant SN, Kelly G, Swan IR, Canter R, McKerrows WS. Chronic otitis media. Scotts-Brown’s Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 7th ed .London: Edward Arnold publisher Ltd; 2008.3345-3395.
2.Tuli IP. Chronic suppurative otitis media. Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat, 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2005.58-61.
3.Mawson S, Ludman H. Disease of the Ear. A Textbook of Otology.
4.Krishnan A, Reddy EK. Tympanoplasty with or without mastoidetomy; Indian J of Otorhinolaryngology 2009; 266:819-22.
5.Brown C, Yi Q, Mc Carty D J, Briggs RJS. Success rate following myringoplasty at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. The Australian Journal of Otolaryngology 2002,29:606-11.
6.Caylan R, Titiz A, Falcioni M. Myringoplasty in children: factors influencing surgical outcome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 118:709-713.
7.Browning GG, Picozzy GL, Sweeney G and Galder I.T: Role of anaerobe in chronic otitis media. Clin Otolaryngol 1983; 8:47-51.
8.Carlin WV, Lesser TH, John DG. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis and reconstructive ear surgery. Clin Otolaryngol 1987; 12: 441–446.
9.Poorey VK, Iyer A. A Study of Bacteriological Flora in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media and its Clinical Significance. Indian Journal of Otology and Head and Neck Suegery 2002; 54: 91-95.
10.Gupta V, Gupta A,. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: An Aerobic Micribiological Study. Indian J of Otology 1998; 4: 79-82.
11.Raj A, Tripathi V. Review of patient undergoing wet myringoplasty. Indian Journal of Otology 1999; 5(3): 134-136.
12.Vartianen E, Nutinen J. Success and pitfalls in myringoplasty: follow up study of 404 cases. Am J Otol 1993; 14(3): 301-305.
13.Sinha P. Aerobic bacteriological study of chronic otitis media. Indian Journal of Otology 1999; 5: 203-206.
14.Geradorff M, Garin P, Decat M, Jauntegui M. Myringoplasty long term results in adults and children. Am J Otol 1995; 16: 532-535.
15.Willium H, Slattery III. Pathology and clinical course of inflammatory disease of middle ear. Glasscock-Shambaugh Surgery of the ear. 5th ed. New Delhi: Elsvier India; 2003: 422-433.
16.Sharma S, Regan HS, Goyal A, Jha AK, Upadhya S, Mishra SC. Bacteriological profile in chronic suppurative otitis media in Eastern Nepal. Trop Doct . 2004; 34(2):102-104.
17.Vijaya D, Nagarathnam T. Microbiological study of chronic suppurative otitis media. Indian Journal of Otology .1998; 4: 172-174.
18.Fatma A, Assiry S, Zakzour S. Microbiological evaluation and aspect on management of chronic suppurative otitis media in Riyadh. Indian Journal of Otology 1998; 4: 115-120.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Balasamant J, Padhy RK, Kar A, Giri RK, Agarwal P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Lavanya Kollapu*, Suseela Kumari Pamu
Affiliation:
Assistant professor, Department of Microbiology, Rangaraya Medical College, GGH Campus, Kakinada, Andhrapradesh. 533001, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rangaraya Medical College, GGH Campus, Kakinada, Andhrapradesh. 533001, India
Address reprint requests to
Dr. Lavanya Kollapu.
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rangaraya Medical College, GGH Campus, Kakinada, Andhrapradesh 533001, India
Article citation:
Kollapu L, Pamu SK. Seroprevalence of human brucellosis among high risk population. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015;05(05):419-423. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution and has great economic concern. It is a contagious disease of ruminant animals but also effects human beings. The duration of the disease can vary from a few weeks to many months. Materials and methods: A total number of 200 samples tested for RBPT and STAT by using phenol saline as diluent to know the IgG titre and 2-mercapto ethanol was used as diluents to know the IgM titre. ELISA test was performed for all positive samples in RBPT, to know the presence of IgM antibody. All the results were analysed statistically.
Results: Of the200 serum samples, highest proportion of positive cases were slaughter house workers 21.05% and lowest proportion was with PUO cases 6.97%.case distribution according to positivity of RBPT and STAT highest proportion in slaughter house workers 13.5% and lowest proportion in PUO cases 6.97%.
Conclusion: Prevention of human brucellosis focuses mainly on elimination of infection among farm animals. Cooperation is recommended between public health and veterinary officials to overcome the failure of controlling disease among both animals and humans.
KEYWORDS: Human Brucellosis; RBPT; STAT; ELISA; IgM Antibodies.
REFERENCES
1.Charif A, Moullok B, Douclock A. Arch de Inst Past Algeria 1996; 55:14.
2.Young EJ: An overview of human brucellosis.Clin Infect Dis 1995 Aug :21(2):283-9:quiz 290.
3.Dalrymple- Champneys, W. 1960. Brucella isolated from reindeer (in Russian). Trudy Vsyesoyuz Inst Eksp Vet. 27.24-31.
4.Zammit, T. 1905. A preliminary note on the examination of blood of goats suffering from Mediterranean Fever, Report of the commission on Mediterranean Fever, part III. London: Harrison and Sons, 83.
5.Horrocks, W.H. and Kennedy, J.C. 1906. Goats as a means of propagation of Mediterranean Fever, Report of the commission on Mediterranean Fever, part IV. London: Harrison and Sons, 37-69.
6.Young, E.J. 1983, Human brucellosis. Rev Infect Dis, 5, 821-42.
7.Sadusk, J.F., Browne, A.S and Eorn, J.L., 1957. Brucellosis in man resulting from Brucella abortus (strain19) vaccine. JAMA. 164, 1325-7.
8.Wong, D.H. and Chow, C.H. 1937. Group agglutinins of Brucella abortus and Vibrio cholera. China Med J.52, 591-4.
9.Evalution of often immune capture agglutination test for sero diagnosis for human brucellosis-Antonio O Orduna etal., 2000.
10.Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sa’nchez- DeMora D, Delgado M, Causse M et.al., Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection. A study of 530 cases Medicine (Baltimore) 1996; 75; 195-211.
11.Young EJ: An overview of human brucellosis. Clin infec Dis 1995 AUG; 21(2):283-9; Quiz 290.
12.Baldi, PC.,Araj, GF., Racaro, GC., Wallach, JC. & Fossati, CA(1999). Detection of antibodies to Brucella cytoplasmic proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurobrucellosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6,756-759.
13.FAO/WHO. 1986. Report, Joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on Brucellosis, Technical Report Series No.740. Geneva:WHO.
14.Mahgoub , kambel AM , 1983 G.A. Jamjom and M . N. H Chowduary 1983. Brucellosis in Riyadh Saudi Arabia A Microbiological and clinical study. Trans - R -Soc - Trop . Med -Hyg 77:820-824.
15.Mousa, A.R.M., Elhag, K.M., et al.1988. The nature of human brucellosis in Kuwait: study of 379 cases. Rev Infect Dis, 10;211-17.
16.Dajani YF, Masoud AA, Barakat HF. Epidemiology and diagnosis of human brucellosis in Jordan. J.Trop.Med.Hyg.(1989-92(3):209-14.
17.Smits HL, Kadri SM.Brucellosis in India. A deceptive infectious disease. Indian J Med Res. 2005; 122:375-384.
18.Diaz R. And Moriyon, I. 1989.Laboratory techniques in the diagnosis. In Young, E.J. and Corbel, M.J.(eds). Brucellosis: clinical and laboratory aspects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.73-83.
19.Ariza, J., Pellicer, T.,et al. 1992. Specific antibody profile in human brucellosis. Clin Infect Dis, 14, 131-40. 20 .Annapurna S. Agasthya et al. Seroprevalence study of Human Brucellosis by Conventional tests and Indigenous Indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.2012.
21.Kapoor PK .sharma SN Rao KL. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in goats and human being in BiANER,(Rajasthan). Ind J. Comp microbial Immunol infect Dis 1985;6; 96-101.
22.Cifti C, Ozturk F, Oztekin A, Karaoglan H, Saba R, Gultekin M, Mamikoglu L. Comparison of the serological tests used for the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis. Microbiyol Bul 2005 Jul; 39 (3)291-9.
23.Kumar p .Singh D. Barbuddhe SB.Seroprevalence of brucellosis among abattoir personnel in Delhi. J.Commun Dis 1997; 29:131-7.
24.Handa R, Singh S, Singh N, Wali JP. Brucellosis in North India results of a prospective study. J.Commun Dis 1998; 30 85-7.
25.M.O.Gad EL- Rab and A.M.kambal,”of a brucella enzyme immunoassay test (ELISA) in comparison with bacteriological culture and agglutination, Journal of Infection 36;Supplement 2:197-201.
26.Soliman, S.A., 1998 studies on brucellosis in farm animals with reference to public health importance in suez canalDistrict. P.h.D . thesis, for Med - Suez - canal Univ
27.Kumar P, Singh D, Barbuddhe SB. Sero prevalence of brucellosis among abattoir personnel in Delhi. J Commun Dis 1997; 29 :131-7.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Kollapu L, Pamu SK. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original Research Article
Svensson, Travis K. RN, MD, PhD
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco
Adjunct Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Stanford University
Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry
University of California San Francisco
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco
Department of Family Medicine, Stanford University
Department of Psychiatry
University of California San Francisco
Address reprint requests to
T. K. Svensson, MD, PhD
4104 24th Street #521
San Francisco, CA 94114 USA
1-415-424-4543 (Phone)
1-650-348-1515 (Fax)
Article citation:
Svensson TK. The Impact of operator education level on the safety and tolerability of transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(05):429-435. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy system for the treatment of major depressive disorder in the fall of 2008. Since that time more than 175 devices have been placed in both public and private practice settings. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) therapy requires psychiatric prescription and supervision, however there are no specific standards articulated by the FDA, the State Boards of Medicine or the State Boards of Nursing regarding TMS Operator qualification. Neuronetics, the manufacturer of the NeuroStar TMS Therapy systems holds that the device is so safe and well tolerated that anyone may be trained to be an effective and safe TMS Operator. Registered Nurse (RN)/Medical Doctor (MD) TMS Operators predominate in hospital, academic and institutional settings, whereas unlicensed allied health workers predominate in private practice settings. Using both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, this study demonstrated the safety and tolerability of TMS therapy provided by non-RN/MD TMS Operators in our communities. This study suggests a role for a future prospective randomized controlled trial to demonstrate the efficacy of TMS provided by non-RN/MD TMS Operators.
KEYWORDS: Nursing; Food and Drug Administration; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) therapy.
Manuscript to be presented at the 11th Annual Cleveland Clinic Conference on Nursing Research, April 27-28, 2015.
REFERENCES
1.Demitrack, M. (2009, January 28). Discussion of TMS research trials. Philadelphia, PA. Discussion with Paul Boatman. (2010, January 28) (interviewed at Clinical Training & Research Institute). San Francisco, CA.
2.Janicak, P. G. (2010, May 26). Long-term durability of acute response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pharmaco-resistant major depression. In New research poster session 7. July 1, 2000 conducted at the APA, APA, San Francisco, CA.
3.Gershon, A. A., Dannon, P. N., &Grunhaus, L. (2003, May 1). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression [Psychiatry Online]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, Reviews and overviews. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/5/835.
4.McDonald, W. (2010, May 24). The clinical safety and efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation results from recent pivotal clinical trials. In Focal brain stimulation for psychiatric disorder: Clinical update. APA.
5.Aaronson, S. T. (2010, May 25). An open-label study of transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with antidepressant medication of the treatment of MDD. [Poster NR4-76]. In New research poster session 6. TMS Therapy Presentation at APA, APA, San Francisco, CA.
6.Demitrack, M. (2008, October 9). FDA clears NeuroStar TMS Therapy for the treatment of depression. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from Medical News Today: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/124958.php.
7.Neuronetics. (2008). (Neuroneticsneurostar TMS system user manual). Retrieved July 19, 2010, from FDA: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/briefing/2007-4273b1_15-NeuroStarUserManualRevision.pdf.
8.Hopkins WG. Research designs: choosing and fine-tuning a design for your study. Sportscience. 2008;12:12–21.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Svensson TK. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
AL- Bayati LAA*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, College of Science, Babylon, Hilla P.O.Box 4. Iraq
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Biology, College of Science, Babylon, Hilla P.O.Box.4. Iraq
Address reprint requests to
Lubna A. A. AL- Bayati.
Department of Biology, College of Science, Babylon, Hilla P.O.Box.4. Iraq
Article citation:
AL- Bayati LAA. The Immune Function of Iraqi Women‘s on Contraceptives intake. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(05):385-393. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: The complement C3 and C4 fractions as well as the cytokines Interferon and Interleukine 6 were estimated in serum samples of women during contraceptive intake. These estimations were made in an attempt to evaluate them as a diagnostic battery for detection of immune status in these women's.
The C3 concentration means were; 154.553 ± 12.084, 149.816 ± 10.423, 130.216± 6.147, 159.966± 8.583 and a 8.125± 21.570 mg/dl for pills , depot injection, IUDC, nonusing and virgin controls, respectively.
In comparison C4 levels were ; 42.825± 4.293, 34.583 ± 2.801, 32.466± 3.688, 33.025± 3.025 and 26.441± 6.680 mg/dl for pills, injection, IUDC, nonusing and virgin controls respectively. The interferone gama concentration were; 55.169±8.962, 80.266±3.630, 66.171±3.973, 26.499± 3.482 and 74.760±2.930 pg/ml accordingly.
The interleukine 6 concentration means were found as; 28.399± 8.517 for pills, 36.380±8.63 for injection, 25.733± 3.899 for IUCD, 76.499± 3.482 for non using women and 91.219±5.001 pg/ml for virgin controls. Thus, they seems to be suitable as an assessment battery for immune status of women on contraception intake.
KEYWORDS:
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
REFERENCES
1.Finch CE, Kirkwood TBL , 2000, chance Development and Aging, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 3-111.
2.Clark W R, 1999, A Means to An End , The biological Basrs of aging and Death, Oxford University press, Oxford, 3-59.
3.Siegrist C-A, Aspinall R. B cell responses to vaccination at the extremes of age, Nature Reviews Immunology,2009;9 : 185-194.
4.Shnawa IMS, 2014, Immunology of Ageing and Longevity IISTE publications, USA.
5.Salaman J R, Sampson D, 1950. Clinical Immuosuppression, Grume and Stratton, New York.
6.Parslow T G, Stites D P, Terr AI, Imbodca JB, 2001, Medical Immunology 10th ed. Large Medical Books, McGraw-Hill, New York, 714-760.
7.Andrcani D, Bompiani G, DiMario U, Faulk WP, Galluzzo A, 1996, Immunobiology of Normal and Diabetic pregnancy, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
8.Theze J, 1998, The cytokine network and Immune Functions, Oxford University Press.
9.Cruse J M, Lewis RE, 1993. Complement today Karger, New York.
10.Ildgruben A K, Sjaberg I M, Marie-Louise K C. Influences of Hormoral contraceptives on the immune cells and thickness of humane vaginal epithelium, Obest Gynecol 2003;102 (3): 571-582.
11.Stevens C D, 2010, Clinical Immunology and serology: A laboratory perspective 3rd ed. F. A. Davis, philadelphia.
12.Mancini G, Carbonara A O, Here mans J F. Immunochemical quantation of antigen by single radial Immunodiffusion , Immunochem1995;2:235-245.
13.Mahdi B M. Role of some cytokine on reproduction, Med. East Fertil. Soc J 2001;16(5):220-223.
14.Red J. G, Simpson N A, Walker R G, Ecomidon O, Shillito J , Gooi H C, Duffy S R, Walker JJ. The carriage of Proinflammatary cytokine gene polymorphism in recurrent pregnancy loss. Am. Rep. Immunol 2001; 45:35-40.
15.Nasu K, Mastasiu N, Narahara H, Tanka Y, Miyakama I. Effect of interferon gamma on cytokine production by endometrial Stromal cells, Human reproduction 1998;13(9): 2598-2601.
16.Adashi E Y. Cytokine mediated regulation of ovarian function. Endocrinol 1989;124: 2043-2045.
17.Spron M B, Roberts A B, 1988, Peptide growth factors are multifunctional Nature 332: 217-219.
18.Clark D A, 1990. Lyrnphokines and cytokines affecting reproductive outcome in Andreani D Bompiani G, DiMario U, Faulk N P, Galluzzt A, Immunobiolgy of Normal and diabetic pregnancy, John Wiley and sons New York, 79-90.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 AL-Bayati LAA. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.