DocumentsDate added
Review article
Swyeta Jain Gupta1,*,Amit Gupta1,£,Vivek Gautam3,Rajat Nangia2,Paras Verma4
Affiliation:
1*Department of Periodontics, I.T.S Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttarpradesh, India
1,£Department of Oral Pathology, I.T.S Dental College Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
2Department of Oral Pathology, Himanchal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173025, India
3MDS, Prosthodontist, India
4MDS, Periodontist, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
1. I.T.S Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
2. I.T.S Dental College Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Address reprint requests to
* Dr.Swyeta Jain Gupta MDS
Department of Periodontics, I.T.S Centre for Dental Studies and Research,Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Article citation: Gupta SJ, Gupta A, Gautam V, Nangia R, Verma P. Stipulative Interdisciplinary Approach of Piezosurgery in modern dentistry. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(08):624-631. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Piezoelectric device or piezosurgery device are innovative tools developed as an alternative to the mechanical and electrical instruments that are used in conventional oral surgical procedures. Over the years there is extensive indication of their use in dental implantology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, craniofacial surgery, plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck surgery, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, traumatology, and orthopaedics. The most important features of piezosurgery include the selective cutting of bone depending on bone mineralization, without damaging the adjacent soft tissue (e.g. vessels, nerves or mucosa), providing a clear visibility in the operating field, and cutting with sensitivity without the generation of heat. Therefore, user must be knowledgable and trained enough to adapt their operating technique in order to utilize the advantages of piezosurgery.
This review summarizes on the clinical importance of piezosurgery pertaining to its use in dental sciences. Piezosurgery ensures the 3 ‘P’s, that is predictability, less post operative pain and increased patient’s compliance in various disciples of dentistry.
KEYWORDS: Ultrasonic; microvibrations; piezoelectric; osteotomies; macrovibration.
REFERENCES
1.Hoigne D, Stubinger S, Von Kaenel O, Shamdasani S, Hasenboehler P. Piezoelectric osteotomy in hand surgery: first experience with a new technique. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006;7(36):1-4.
2.Landes CA, Stübinger S, Rieger J, Williger B, Ha TKL, Sader R.Critical E of piezoelectric osteotomy in orthognathic surgery: operative technique, blood loss, time requirement, nerve and vessel integrity. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2008;66(4):657-74.
3.Kennedy JE, Ter Haar GR, Cranston D. High intensity focused ultrasound: Surgery of the future. Br J Radiol. 2003;76:590-9.
4.Maintz G. Animal experiments in the study of the effect of ultrasonic waves on bone regeneration. Strahlentherapie. 1950;82:631-8.
5.Eggers G, Klein, J, Blank, J Hassfeld, S. Piezosurgery: an ultrasound device for cutting bone and its use and limitations in maxillofacial surgery. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2004;42:451-3.
6.Stübinger S, Kuttenberger J, Filippi A, Sader R, Zeilhofer HF. Intraoral piezosurgery: preliminary results of a new technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63(9):1283-7.
7.Vercellotti T, Piezoelectric surgery in implantology: A case report. A new piezoelectric expansion technique. Int J Periodont Restorative Dent. 2000;20:359.
8.Catuna MC. Sonic energy: A possible dental application. Preliminary report of an ultrasonic cutting method. Ann Dent. 1953 Dec;112:256–60.
9.Volkov MV, Shepeleva IS. The use of ultrasonic instrumentation for the tran¬section and uniting of bone tissue in or¬thopaedic surgery. Reconstr Surg Trau¬matol. 1974 Jan;14:147–52.
10.Aro H, Kallioniemi H, Aho AJ, Kellokum¬pu-Lehtinen P. Ultrasonic device in bone cutting. A histological and scanning elec¬tron microscopical study. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981 Feb;52(1):5–10.
11.Horton JE, Tarpley TM Jr, Jacoway JR. Clinical applications of ultrasonic instrumentation in the surgical removal of bone. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981 Mar;51(3):236–42.
12.Schaeren S, Jaquiery C, Heberer M, Tolnay M, Vercellotti T, Martin I. Assess¬ment of nerve damage using a novel ul¬trasonic device for bone cutting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Mar;66(3):593–6
13.Chatterjee A, Baiju CS, Bose S, Shetty SS. Clinical uses and benefits of ultrasonic scalers as compared to curets: a review. JOHCD. 2013 May;7(2):108-13.
14.Robiony M, Polini F, Costa F, Vercellotti T, Politi M. Piezoelectric bone cutting in multipiece maxillary osteotomies, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004; 62:759-61.
15.Vercellotti T. Technological character¬istics and clinical indications of piezo¬electric bone surgery. Minerva Stomatol. 2004 May;53(5):207–14.
16.Walmsley AD, Laird WR, Williams AR. Dental plaque removal by cavitational activity 17.Schaeren S, Jaquiery C, Heberer M, Tolnay M, Vercellotti T, Martin I. Assess¬ment of nerve damage using a novel ul¬trasonic device for bone cutting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Mar;66(3):593–6.
18.Peñarrocha Diago M, Ortega Sánchez B, García Mira B et al. Evaluation of healing criteria for success after periapical surgery. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13:E143-7.
19.Martí-Bowen E, Peñarrocha-Diago M, García-Mira B. Periapical surgery using the ultrasound technique and silver amalgam retrograde filling. A study of 71 teeth with 100 canals. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2005;10:E67-73.
20.Schlee M, Steigmann M, Bratu E, Garg AK. Piezosurgery-Basics and possibilities. Implant 21.Yaman Z, Suer BT. Piezoelectric surgery in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Annals of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2013;1(5):1-9.
22.Vercellotti T, Paoli SD, Nevins M. The piezoelectric bony window osteotomy and sinus membrane elevation: introduction of a new technique for simplification of the sinus augmentation procedure. Int J Perio Rest Dent. 2001;21:561–7.
23.Garcia AC, Frcitas MD, Martin MS, Garcia AG. Piezoelectric and conventional osteotomy in alveolar distraction osteogenesis in a series of 17 patients. Int J-Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23(5)891-6.
24.Wallace SS, Stuart J. Membrane perforation rate during sinus elevation using piezosurgery; clinical results of 100 consecutive cases. Int J Perio Resto Dent. 2007;27:413-9.Dent. 2006;15:334-40.during ultrasonic scaling. J Clin Periodontol. 1988 Oct;15(9):539–43.
25.Salami A, Vercellotti T, Mora R, Dellepiane M. Piezoelectric bone surgery in otologic surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136(3):484–5.
26.Blus C, Moncler S. Atraumatic tooth Extraction and immediate implant placement with piezosurgery: Evaluation of 40 sites after at least one year of loading. Int J Perio Rest Dent. 2010;30(4):355-63.
27.Pekovits K, Wildburger A, Payer M, Hut¬ter H, Jakse N, Dohr G. Evaluation of graft cell viability-efficacy of piezoelectric ver¬sus manual bone scraper technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Jan;70(1):154–62.
28.Miron RJ, Gruber R, Hedbom E, Saul¬acic N, Zhang Y, Sculean A, et al. Impact of bone harvesting techniques on cell vi¬ability and the release of growth factors of autografts. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012; Feb.
29.Happe A. Use of a piezoelectric surgi¬cal device to harvest bone grafts from the mandibular ramus: report of 40 cases. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2007 Jun;27(3):241–9.
30.Yaman Z, Suer BT. Clinical Efficiency of piezoelectric devices for harvesting of ramus bone graft. Presentation. 2nd Balkan Association of Maxillofacial Congress (BAMFS) and 5th Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Society (ACBID) Conference;2011 May 25–29; Antalya, Turkey.
31.Landes CA, Stübinger S, Laudemann K, Rieger J, Sader R. Bone harvesting at the anterior iliac crest using piezo osteotomy versus conventional open har¬vesting: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Mar;105(3):e19–28.
32.Landes CA, Stubinger S, Rieger J, Wil¬liger B, Ha TK, Sader R. Critical Evaluation of piezoelectric osteotomy in orthognathic surgery: operative technique, blood loss, time requirement, nerve and vessel integrity. J Oral Maxillo¬fac Surg. 2008 Apr;66(4):657–74.
33.Ueki K, Nakagawa K, Marukawa K, Yamamoto E. Le Fort I osteotomy using an ultrasonic bone curette to fracture the pterygoid plates. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2004 Dec;32(6):381–6.
34.Robiony M, Polini F, Costa F, Zerman N, Politi M. Ultrasonic bone cutting for surgi¬cally assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) under local anaesthesia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Mar;36(3):267–9.
35.Yaman Z. Enucleation of the jaw cysts using a piezoelectric ultrasonic device. Presentation. The 1st Scientific Congress of Hellenic, Israeli and Turkish Associations of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (HI¬TAOMS);2010 Oct 14–17;Istanbul, Turkey.
36.Kocyigit ID, Atil F, Alp YE, Tekin U, Tuz HH. Piezosurgery versus conventional surgery in radicular cyst enucleation. J Craniofac Surg. 2012 Nov;23(6):1805–8.
37.Vercellotti T. Essentials in piezosurgery. Clinical advantages in dentistry. 1st ed. Mi-lan: Quintessenza Edizioni; 2009:65–107.
38.Blus C, Szmukler-Moncler S, Vozza I, Rispoli L, Polastri C. Split-crest and immediate implant placement with ultrasonic bone surgery (piezosurgery): 3-year follow-up of 180 treated implant sites. Quintessence Int. 2010 Jun;41(6):463–9.
39.Lazzara RJ. Immediate implant placement into Extraction sites: Surgical and restorative advantages. Int J Perio Rest Dent. 1989; 9(5) :332–43.
40.Vercellotti T, Paoli SD, Nevins M. The Piezoelectric Bony Window Osteotomy and Sinus Membrane Elevation: Introduction of a New Technique for Simplification of the Sinus Augmentation Procedure. Int J Perio Rest Dent. 2001;21:561–67.
41.Labanca M, Azzola F, Vinci R, Rodella L. Piezoelectric surgery: twenty years of use. BJOMS. 2008;46(4): 265-69.
42.Vercelotti T, Nevins ML, Kim DM, Wada K, Schenk RK, Florellini JP. Osseous response following resective therapy with piezosurgery. Int J Perio Rest Dent. 2005;25(6):543-49.
43.Eriksson AR, Albrektsson T, Albrektsson B. Heat caused by drilling cortical bone. Temperature measured in vivo in patients and animals. Acta Orthop Scand 1984;55(6):629-31.
44.Vercelotti T, Crovace A, Palermo A, Molfetta A. The piezoelectric osteotomy in orthopaedics: clinical and histological Evaluations (pilot study in animals). Mediterranean Journal of Surg Med. 2001;9:89-95.
45.Stubingers et al. Ultrasonic bone cutting in oral surgery: a review of 60 cases. Ultraschall Med. 2008;29(1):66-71.
46.Harder S, Wolfart S, Mehl C, Kern M. Performance of Ultrasonic Devices for Bone Surgery and Associated Intraosseous Temperature Development. JOMI. 2009;24:484–90.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Gupta SJ, Gupta A, Gautam V, Nangia R, Verma P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report
Valgadde Sneha B.* , Chougule Kishor A.†
Affiliation:
*Post-graduate Student, †Professor & Guide, Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, T.K.D.C & R.C, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, T.K.D.C & R.C, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Address reprint requests to
* Valgadde Sneha B.
Post-graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, T.K.D.C & R.C, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Article citation: Valgadde Sneha B, Chougule Kishor A. Orthodontic management of a skeletal class II malocclusion using twin block appliance and headgear: A progress case report. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(08):662-665. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
For over a century, the functional appliances have been used for thecorrection of Class II disharmony by mandibular advancement. A case report of 13 year prepubertal female patient with a class II skeletal base withretrognathic mandible is presented. The patient was treated using a twin block appliance with high pull headgear for a period of 12 months following which the patient was shifted to fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy (MBT prescription 0.022” slot). From the present case response it can be concluded that, subjects treated with growth modulation therapy show a great improvement in skeletal and soft tissue balance preventing/ obviating the need for surgical intervention.
KEYWORDS: Skeletal Class II malocclusion; Twin Block; High Pull Headgear.
REFERENCES
1.Paola Cozza, Tiziano Baccetti, Lorenzo Franchi, Laura De Toffol, and James A. McNamara, Jr. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: A systematic review Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:599.e1-599.e12
2.McNamara JA Jr, Brudon WL. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. Ann Arbor: Needham Press; 2001. p. 67-80.
3.Clark WJ. The Twin-block technique Am J Orthod 1988;93:1-18.
4.Ashok Kumar Jena, Ritu Duggal, and Hari Parkash. Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Twin block and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion: A comparative study Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:594-602.
5.Daljit S. Gill and Robert T. Lee .Prospective clinical trial comparing the effects of conventional Twin-block and mini-block appliances: Part 1. Hard tissue changes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127:465-72
6.David Ian Lund, Paul Jonathan Sandler.The effects of Twin Blocks: A prospective controlled study Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113:104-10.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Valgadde Sneha B, Chougule Kishor A.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
B.T. Pawar*
Affiliation:
Research Center in Botany, Shri Muktanand College, Gangapur – 431109 District: Aurangabad (M.S.), India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Research Center in Botany, Shri Muktanand College,
Gangapur – 431 109 Districts: Aurangabad (M.S.), India
Address reprint requests to
* B.T. Pawar.
Research Center in Botany, Shri Muktanand College,
Gangapur–431109 District: Aurangabad (M.S.) INDIA
Article citation: Pawar BT. Parthenium hysterophorus: Antibacterial Potential of leaf extract. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015;05(08):666-669. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Mango bacterial canker disease (MBCD) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Xcmi) is one of the important diseases of mango affecting a number of commercial cultivars. The pathogen affects different plant parts like leaf, stem and fruit. Favorable environmental conditions cause severe loss to the crop. Leaf extract of 37 plants were tested against Xcmi; out of them, leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus showed good antibacterial activity. Hence, leaf extracts of P. hysterophorus tested for its antibacterial activity against 25 strains of Xcmi collected from different parts of Maharashtra state. In-vitro studies have been performed by using Fresh leaf extracts during all the experiments. Cup-plate method was employed for examining the activity. The maximum activity was recorded against Xcmi. 4 (Mean activity zone – 20.98 mm) followed by Xcmi.19 (Mean activity zone – 20.79 mm) and minimum against Xcmi.16 (Mean activity zone–17.60mm) strain under investigation. The ultimate aim of the research work was to develop economically and technically viable field formulations for the farmers, which will be Bio-ecologically compatible for management of plant bacterial diseases.
KEYWORDS: Parthenium hysterophorus; Leaf extract; Antibacterial potential; Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae.
REFERENCES
1.Auld BA, Hooking J, Mc Fadyen RE. Analysis of the spread of tiger pear and Parthenium weed in Australia. Australian Weeds 1983; 2: 56-60.
2.Balandrin MF, Klocke JA, Wurtele ES, Bollinger WH. Natural plant chemicals: Sources of industrial and medicinal materials, Science 1985;228:1154-1160.
3.Barsagade NB, Wagh GN. Comparative screening of leaf extracts of common plants and weeds for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Asiatic Journal of Biotecnology Resources 2010;3:227-232.
4.Fazal H, Ahmad N, Ullah I, Inayat H, Khan L, Abbasi BH. Antibacterial potential in Parthenium hysterophorus, Stevia rebaudiana and Ginkgo biloba. Pak. J. Bot 2011;43(2):1307-1313.
5.Hostettmann K, Wolfender J. The search for Biological active secondary metabolites, Pesticides Science 1997;51:471-482.
6.Jayachandra. Parthenium weed in Masore state and its control. Curr. Sci 1971;40(21):568-569.
7.Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plant, Vol. I to IV, Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh Publishers, Dehra Dun; 1991.
8.Krishnamurthy K, Ramachandra Prasad TV, Muniyappa TV. Agriculture and health hazards of Parthenium. Curr. Res 1975;4:169-171.
9.Krishnavignesh L, Mahalakshmipriya A, Ramesh M. In-vitro analysis of phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Parthenium hysterophorus L. against pathogenic microorganisms. Asian. J. Pharm. Clin. Res 2013;6(5):41-44.
10.Kumar A, Joshi S, Malik T. Antimicrobial potential of Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. plant extracts. Int. J. Life Sc. Bt. & Pharm. Res 2013;2(3): 232-236.
11.Malarkodi E, Manoharan A. Study on antibacterial activity of Parthenium hysterophorus L. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2013;5(1):134-136.
12.Naik VN. Marathwadyatil Samanya Vanaushadhi, Amrut Prakashan, Aurangabad;1998.
13.Pawar BT. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Tridax procumbens against Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences 2014;2(6):69-72.
14.Pawar BT, Pandit BD. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum L. against Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Research Journal of Recent Sciences 2014;3(ISC-2013):291-294.
15.Suhaila M, Sizama S, Sharkawy SHE, Ali AM, Muid S. Antimycotic screening of 58 Malasian plants against plant pathogens. Pesticide science 1996;43(3):259-264.
16.Sukanya SL, Sudisha J, Hariprasad P, Niranjana SR, Prakash HS, Fathima SK. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Indian medicinal plants against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology 2009;8(23):6677-6682.
17.Yadav M, Khan KK. Investigations of antibacterial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants against certain pathogenic bacterial strains. Indian J. L. Sci 2012;1(2):57-59.
Source of funding: University Grants Commission, New Delhi (Major Research Project, File No.41-384/2012 (SR).
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Majority of the information gathered are from media sources which don’t reflect the author’s own opinion.
Copyright © 2015 Pawar BT. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Research article
Suadad A.Kadhim*, Yasmen R.Humudat, Hiba T.Hussein
Affiliation:
Researcher, Environment and Water Directorate/ Ministry of Science & Technology, Al-Jadirya, Baghdad, Iraq
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Environment and Water Directorate/ Ministry of Science & Technology, Al-Jadirya, Baghdad, Iraq
Address reprint requests to
* Suadad A.Kadhim
Researcher, Environment and Water Directorate/ Ministry of Science & Technology, Al-Jadirya, Baghdad, Iraq
Article citation:
Kadhim SA, Humuda YR, Hussein HT. Preliminary detection of Vibrionaceae in drinking water in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(08):638-642. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: In this research we detected bacteria that belong to Vibrionaceae in drinking water in Baghdad governorate, the survey include 20 city 9 of it belong to Al-Karkh sector and 11 belong to Al-Rasafa sector the survey continued for 6 month began from March to August 2014, the result show the drinking water cleared from Vibrionaceae family but contaminated by other bacteria like (E.coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas), were Al-Saydia city the most contaminated water were isolated three type of bacteria (E.coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas) while in Diyala Bridge water contaminated by (E.coli and Salmonella) were Pseudomonas appear in new Bagdad and Al-kreaat. Based on the premininary study results,it is suggested that the concerned authorities should made proper and preventive measures to supply pure and safe water to avoid any epidemics of infectious disease in near by future.
KEYWORDS: Vibrionaceae;Drinking water; Iraq.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
REFERENCES
1.Al-Abbassi, AM, Ahmed S and Al-Hadithi T. Cholera epidemic in Baghdad during 1999:clinical and bacteriological profile of hospitalized cases. W.H.O. Easte Mediter Health J 2005;11:1&2.
2.Broza MG, Gancz H, Halpern M. and Kashi Y. Adult non bitting midges :possible wind born carriers of Vibrio cholerae non-O1,non-O139. Environ. Microbiol 2005;7,4:576 -585.
3.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cholera epidemic associated with raw vegetables -Lusaka, Zambia, 2003-2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2004;53(34):783-786.
4.Chakraborty, P.A textbook of microbiology .New Central Book Agency (P). LTD. India1995 :310-320.
5.Colwell,R.R. Viable but non-culturable bacteria :A survival strategy. J. Infect and Chemotherapy 2006;2:121-125.
6.Colwell RR. and Patz JA. Climate infectious disease and health on interdisciplinary perspective. American. Acad. of Microbiology. Washington, D.C.1998.
7.Doepel LK. DNA blueprint of deadly cholera bacterium unveiled. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID news). USA. 2000; 301 : 402-1663.
8.Garrity, G.M.; Brenner, D.J.; Krieq, N.R. and Staley, J.T.Bergey’ s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Ed. Volume 2, The Proteobacteria ,Part B, The Gammaproteobacteria. Springer, USA. 2004, p.492.
9.Gonzalez, N., Fey, A, Hofi MG, Espejo RT and Guzman CA. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of Vibrio cholerae cells entering the viable but non- culturable state and starvation in response to cold shock. Appl. Environ Microbiol. Early online 2005; 0(0).
10.Griffith DC, Kelly-Hope LA and Miller MD. Review of reported cholera outbreaks world wide, 1995-2005. AMJ. Trop Med Hyg 2006;75(5):973-977.
11.Hamedy A,Khosrav A and Omidy. A Contamination of ice and ice water by Vibrio cholerae in different regions of Mashad, Iran. Inter J Infect Dis 2004;3(2).
12.Hassan B.KH, Razaq SH.A and Farhan AR. Determination the efficiency of drinking water sterilization and the factors effect on of the area of Baghdad. Technical Journal .2008;21(3).
13.Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Stalyt JT and Williams ST. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, (9th ed.). Williams and Wilkins Publication.London, New York. 1994
14.Islam MS, Hasan MK, Miah MA,Qadri F, Yunus M, Sack RB and Albert, M.J. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal from water in Bangladesh. Lancet (1993):342-430.
15.Joklik WK, Willett HP, Amos DB and Wilfert CM. Zinsser microbiology (20thed.) Appleton and Longe. USA.(1992).
16.Kaper JB, Morris JG and Levine MM. Cholera Clinc Microbiol Rev 1995; 8(1):48-86.
17.Merrel,D.S.; Have,D.L. and Camilli,A. Identification of novel factors involved in colonization and acid tolerance of Vibrio cholerae. Mol.Microbiol 2002,43(6):1471-1491.
18.Mohamed AH and Ahmed HY. Study the reality of drinking water in some areas of the city of Baghdad. Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection. 2010, 2(3).(in Arabic).
19.NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq (NCCI), Baghdad Governorate Profile.2015.
20.Ogg JE, Ryder RA and Smith HL. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae from aquatic birds in Colorado and Utah.Appl . Environ. Microbiol 1989; 55:95-99.
21.Rabbani, G.H. and Greenough, W.B. Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1999;17(1):1-9.
22.Rzoqi SM and MA. Comparative study on the safety of drinking water for the purpose in the Baghdad. Master thesis. Faculty of Science, University of Baghdad. 2009, (in Arabic)
23.ShenglinC,Kweiwang T,Lunglee C, Mingpan T, Laitsal J, Ingho S and Hsiunglu C. Molecular epidemiology of newly emerged Vibrio cholerae O139 in Taiwan. J Food and Drug Analysis 2001; 9(4):224-231.
24.Sidley P. Cholera sweep through South African province .BMJ; 2001: 322:71.
25.Swerdlow DL. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 the eight pandemic .Lancet 1993;342:382-385.
26.Todar,K. Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic cholera. Todar's online textbook of bacteriology. University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bacteriology. 2005.
27.Waldor MK and Raychaudhuri D. Bacterial genomics: treasure trove for cholera research. Nature 2000; 406:469-470.
28.Wiewel,E.Cholera epidemiology and molecular pathogenesis of Vibrio cholera Bio 444.Emergin Infectious Dis.2001.
29.Wingender J and HC Flemming. Contamination potential of drinking water distribution network biofilms water Sci. Technol 2004;49: 277- 286
30.World Health Organization. Cholera in 1999. Weekly Epidemiology Record 2000; 75:249-256.
31.World Health Organization.Cholera in Iraq-update 2 .W.H.O. Epidemic and pandemic Alert Response (EPR). 2003.
32.World Health Organization. Cholera in Iraq-update 3.W.H.O.Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR).2007a.
33.World Health Organization Weekly situation report on cholera in Iraq .W.H.O. Representation Office in Iraq. 2007b.
34.World Health Organization. Cholera in Iraq W.H.O. Epidemic and pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). 2008.
35.American Public Health Association(APHA), Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Association, 1999.
36.World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Health Criteria and other Supporting in Formation, vol. 2, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd edition, 1996.
37.The microbiology of water. Part 1 drinking water,” Report on Public Health and Medical Subjects 71, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), London, UK, 1995.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Majority of the information gathered are from media sources which don’t reflect the author’s own opinion.
Copyright © 2015 Kadhim SA, Humuda YR, Hussein HT. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.