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Original article
Choudhry AAfreen (MSc), Guddaiah Rajeshwari (MSc), Prabhu Krishnananda*(MD)
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
Address reprint requests to
* Krishnananda Prabhu
Professor and Head
Department of Biochemistry. Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal University, Manipal– 576104, India
Article citation: AAfreen C, Rajeshwari G, Krishnananda P, HOMA IR/C peptide ratio – A better tool for predicting prognosis of type II diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(08):650-654. Available at www.jpbms.info
Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of type II diabetes which can precede and predict the disease. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a method for assessing insulin resistance (IR) from basal (fasting) glucose and insulin or C-peptide concentrations. Insulin / c peptide ratio can act as a measure of insulin reserve which in addition indirectly can indicate insulin resistance. Also HOMA-IR / c peptide ratio indicates insulin resistance with respect to endogenous insulin reserve. The aim of this study was to compare the correlations of indices HOMA-IR, Insulin / c peptide ratio and HOMA-IR / c peptide ratio with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and plasma lipid profile in type II diabetic patients.
Methods: Blood glucose, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were estimated in Cobas 6000 autoanalyser. Glycated hemoglobin was estimated by using HPLC in Variant turbo II. Insulin and C- peptide were estimated by chemiluminescence. Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) was calculated from basal (fasting) glucose and fasting insulin concentrations.
Results: Strong and significant correlations were observed when HOMA IR/c peptide ratio was compared with HbA1c and plasma lipid profile parameters.
Conclusion: This study indicated that among the indices Insulin / c peptide ratio and HOMA-IR / c peptide ratio
KEYWORDS: Diabetes mellitus; Insulin Resistance; HOMA model; C peptide.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Majority of the information gathered are from media sources which don’t reflect the author’s own opinion.
Copyright © 2015 AAfreen C, Rajeshwari G, Krishnananda P. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case report
Valgadde Sneha B.* , Chougule Kishor A.†
Affiliation:
*Post-graduate Student, †Professor & Guide, Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, T.K.D.C & R.C, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, T.K.D.C & R.C, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Address reprint requests to
* Valgadde Sneha B.
Post-graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, T.K.D.C & R.C, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Article citation: Valgadde Sneha B, Chougule Kishor A. Orthodontic management of a skeletal class II malocclusion using twin block appliance and headgear: A progress case report. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015; 05(08):662-665. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT:
For over a century, the functional appliances have been used for thecorrection of Class II disharmony by mandibular advancement. A case report of 13 year prepubertal female patient with a class II skeletal base withretrognathic mandible is presented. The patient was treated using a twin block appliance with high pull headgear for a period of 12 months following which the patient was shifted to fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy (MBT prescription 0.022” slot). From the present case response it can be concluded that, subjects treated with growth modulation therapy show a great improvement in skeletal and soft tissue balance preventing/ obviating the need for surgical intervention.
KEYWORDS: Skeletal Class II malocclusion; Twin Block; High Pull Headgear.
REFERENCES
1.Paola Cozza, Tiziano Baccetti, Lorenzo Franchi, Laura De Toffol, and James A. McNamara, Jr. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: A systematic review Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:599.e1-599.e12
2.McNamara JA Jr, Brudon WL. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. Ann Arbor: Needham Press; 2001. p. 67-80.
3.Clark WJ. The Twin-block technique Am J Orthod 1988;93:1-18.
4.Ashok Kumar Jena, Ritu Duggal, and Hari Parkash. Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Twin block and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion: A comparative study Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:594-602.
5.Daljit S. Gill and Robert T. Lee .Prospective clinical trial comparing the effects of conventional Twin-block and mini-block appliances: Part 1. Hard tissue changes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127:465-72
6.David Ian Lund, Paul Jonathan Sandler.The effects of Twin Blocks: A prospective controlled study Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998;113:104-10.
Statement of Originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Copyright © 2015 Valgadde Sneha B, Chougule Kishor A.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article
Vivek Gautam1, Swyeta Jain Gupta 2, Amit Gupta3*
Affiliation:
1 MDS,Prosthodontics (Private practitioner), Gautam Multispeciality Dental Clinic,P N Plaza Complex, Below Bank Of India, Sigra, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
2MDS, Periodontics, ITS Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
3MDS,Oral and maxillofacial pathology, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
ITS Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Address reprint requests to
*Dr.Amit Gupta. MDS
ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Article citation: Gautam, V., Gupta, S.J., Gupta, A. An interpretive purview of obstructive sleep apnea. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015;05(08):698-704. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) includes a spectrum of conditions, the most severe of which is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, awareness regarding diagnostic options, management, and consequences of untreated OSA remains inadequate. Untreated OSA leads to excessive daytime sleepiness, diminished performance, and an overall poor quality of life. The role of OSA in promoting insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and a procoagulant state has now been established. With newer modes of treatment it is hoped that patient’s compliance and the quality of life will improve. Since OSA is common, it has considerable effects upon patients and their families; it increases the risk of other diseases, and can be effectively treated. It is important to improve the way these patients are diagnosed. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the current understanding regarding the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic options for patients with OSA.
KEYWORDS: obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; obstructive sleep apnea; polysomnography; obese.
Source of funding: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Majority of the information gathered are from media sources which don’t reflect the author’s own opinion.
Copyright © 2015 Gautam V, Gupta SJ, Gupta A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Rathi S1,*, Bikash R. Meher1,¥, Revathy Saravanan1,£, Narayanan K1,£, Dipali Murkerjee1,€
Affiliation:
1,*M.D Pharmacology, 1,¥M.D Pharmacology, Associate professor, 1,£M.D Pharmacology, Professor,1,€M.D Pharmacology, HOD & Professor Sri Venkashwaraa Medical College & RC, Pondicherry, India
The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:
Sri Venkashwaraa Medical College & RC, Pondicherry, India
Address reprint requests to
* S.Rathi.
No.2, Srinivasa Nagar,1st Main Road, Kolathur, Chennai -600099., India
Article citation: Rathi S, Meher BR, Revathy S, Narayanan K, Mukerjee D. A cross sectional study to assess knowledge and attitude towards Pneumococcal vaccination among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital of South India. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2015;05(08):690-697. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT: Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitude of pneumococcal vaccine status among final year undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital.
Methodology: A structured pre-tested questionnaire was distributed among 130 undergraduate medical students after obtaining their informed consent. The questionnaire comprised of 20 questions divided into three sections consisting of 11, 6 and 3 questions to test knowledge, attitude and awareness respectively. The collected data was entered into an excel sheet. Descriptive analysis of the data was done using SSPS version 18.
Results: Among 130 students, 55(42.30 percent) were male and 75(57.70 percent) were female.Response rate for the study was 100 percent.
In knowledge questions, 40 percent participants obtained low score (< 5), 50 percent participants had moderate score (6-8) and 10 percent participants obtained high score (9-11). Girls had better knowledge and attitude when compared with boys and were statistically significant.
Conclusion: This study results conclude that almost 95.4 percent of students were aware of pneumococcal vaccine. The major source of awareness for students was medical books. This study also suggests that knowledge of pneumococcal vaccine was moderate among the participants, so there is a need for educational intervention to enhance their knowledge regarding pneumococcal vaccine.
KEYWORDS: Pneumonia, Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Medical students, invasive pneumococcal disease.
REFERENCES
1.Garenne M, Ronsmans C, Campbell H. The magnitude of mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years in developing countries. World Health Stat Q 1992; 45 (2-3): 180-91.
2.IVAC, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Vaccine, Pneumonia and Diarrhoea Progress Report, 2014; Available at: http://www.jhsph.edu/ivac/pdpr.pdf Accessed on Dec 24, 2014.
3.Immunization Action Coalition, Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13 and PPSV23), http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/experts_pneumococcal_vaccines.asp, accessed March 22, 2015.
4.CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children - use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2010; 59 (No.RR-11):1-1.
5.World Health Organization. World Health Report 2003 - Shaping the Future.2003. Geneva, World Health Organization.
6.WHO/UNICEF. (2013). Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025. The Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhea(GAPPD).
7.Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc (2012) Prevnar 13. Pfizer website. Available: http://labeling.pfizer.com/showlabeling.aspx?id = 501. Accessed 2012 Dec 19.
8.Trollfors B, Berg S, Backhaus E, Andersson R, Bossen Konradsen H. Invasive, paediatric, vaccine strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae: are there differences in clinical characteristics? Scand J Infect Dis. 2009; 41: 84–87. doi: 10.1080/00365540802579007.
9.WHO Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization-WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007; 82: 93-104.
10.UNICEF. (2014). Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed. Progress Report 2014. Retrieved from http://files.unicef.org/publications/ files/APR_2014_web_15Sept14.pdf.
11.Were, W, & Qazi, S. (2014). The context and key problems of pneumonia diagnosis in low resource settings. Retrieved from http://www.malariaconsortium.org/userfiles/file/Were_Qazi-%20Diagnosis%20pneumonia%20slides.pdf.
12.A N Siriwardena. Targeting pneumococcal vaccination to high-risk groups: a feasibility study in one general practice. Postgrad Med J 1999; 75: 208–212.
13.Vila-Corcoles A, Salsench E, Rodriguez-Blanco T, Ochoa-Gondar O, de Diego C, et al. Clinical effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against pneumonia in middle-aged and older adults: A matched case control study. Vaccine 2009; 27: 1504 – 1510.
14.Lamontagne F, Garant MP, Carvalho JC, Lanthier L, Smieja M, et al. Pneumococcal vaccination and risk of myocardial infarction. CMAJ 2008; 179: 773–777.
15.Badertscher N, Morell S, et al. General practitioners’ experiences, attitudes, and opinions regarding the pneumococcal vaccination for adults: a qualitative study. International Journal of General Medicine 2012; 5: 967–974.
16.Ciruela P, et al. Are risk factors associated with invasive pneumococcal disease according to different serotypes? . Human Vaccine Immunotherapy. 2013 Mar 1; 9(3): 712–719.
17.Mui L W H, Chan A Y S, et al. Cross-Sectional Study on Attitudes among General Practitioners towards Pneumococcal Vaccination for Middle-Aged and Elderly Population in Hong Kong. PLOS ONE. November 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 11 | e78210.
Presentation at a meeting:
Organisation: ISRPTCON, 2014
Place: Pondicherry
Date: 21.11.2014
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Majority of the information gathered are from media sources which don’t reflect the author’s own opinion.
Copyright © 2015 Rathi S, Meher BR, Saravanan R, Narayanan K, Mukerjee D. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.