Property | Value |
Name | Non-prescribed antibiotics consumption in children in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia |
Description | Research article:- Pediatric Emergency Abdullah Alanazi1*, Faisal Almudhaibery2, Ahmed Almamary2, Bandar Faqihi2, Abdulwahab Alahmeri2, Taha Ismail2 & Hazem Aqel3 1Pediatric Emergency Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia. 2Respiratory Therapy Program, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia. 3Clinical Laboratory Program, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract:- A questionnaire was used to collect data that consists of both opened-closed ended formats that ask about demographic characteristics (e.g. gender, age, educational level and family size). Then the questionnaire asked if the parents gave antibiotics without prescription to their child during the last year. The result showed high prevalence of child receiving non-prescribed antibiotics (NPAB) 43.6% where the female child received more NPAB (p = 0.036) and with group of age between 6 to 10 years also receiving more (p = 0.000). Family size also played important role as the family size become bigger the NPAB usage increase (p = 0.000). The order of child was also related to using NPAB as the first and second child didn’t receive NPAB more than the third child and above (p = 0.002). The fathers tended to give their children NPAB more than the mothers (p = 0.002). The parents' age and educational level were not significantly related to the use of NPAB (p = 0.493), (p = (p = 0.063). The rate of using NPAB in Riyadh city was generally high and was related to child age, gender of both parents and children, educational level, family size and child order in his/her family and it was also related to the knowledge about drug-resistant bacteria and storing antibiotics at home for future uses. Pharmacist and physician were the most source of information that enhanced parents to use NPAB. The main source of obtaining NPAB was private pharmacy. The common reason for using NPAB was that the pediatrician before had prescribed the same drug for the same symptoms also the second most common reason was that the pharmacist recommends the drug. Most parents had not heard about drugs resistant bacteria and this affect the use of NPAB and storing antibiotics at home for future use. The awareness level about using antibiotics and drug-resistant bacteria is generally low where it seems to be the cause of using NPAB and it related to the knowledge about drugs resistant bacteria and parents’ educational level.
Keywords:- Antibiotics, Non-prescribed; Riyadh; Saudi Arabia.
References:- 1.Organization WH: Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of Medicinal Products for use in self-medication: World Health Organization; 2000. 2.Pietil K, Airaksinen M: Self-medication with antibiotics--Does it really happen in Europe? Health Policy 2006; 77(2):166-71. 3.Brill AR, Sosnoski D: Non-prescription drug medication screening system. In.: Google Patents; 1994. 4.Paluck E, Katzenstein D, Frankish CJ, Herbert CP, Milner R, Speert D, Chambers K: Prescribing practices and attitudes toward giving children antibiotics. Canadian Family Physician 2001; 47(3):521-7. 5.McCaig LF, Hughes JM: Trends in antimicrobial drug prescribing among office-based physicians in the United States. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1995; 273(3):214-9. 6.Stephenson J: Antibiotics and Agriculture. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 2001; 286(6):663. 7.Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Weisenberg S: Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2011. 8.Mayor S: Antibiotic resistance is highest in south and east Europe. BMJ 2005;330(7488):383. 9.Grigoryan L, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Burgerhof JGM, Mechtler R, Deschepper R, Tambic-Andrasevic A, Andrajati R, Monnet DL, Cunney R, Di Matteo A: Self-medication with antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerging infectious diseases 2006; 12(3):452. 10.Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Lexau C, Reingold A, Lefkowitz L, Cieslak PR, Cetron M, Zell ER: Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 2000; 343(26):1917-24. 11.Al-Azzam SI, Al-Husein BA, Alzoubi F, Masadeh MM, Al-Horani MAS: Self-medication with antibiotics in Jordanian population. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health 2007; 20(4):373-80. 12.Awad A, Eltayeb I, Matowe L, Thalib L: Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2005; 8(2):326-31. 13.Mohanna M: Self-medication with Antibiotic in Children in Sana’a City, Yemen. Oman Medical Journal 2010; 25(1):41. 14.Bawazir S: Prescribing pattern at community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. 1992. 15.Aref BA, Al Tannir Mohamad AM, Mohammed A, Atallah O, Mohammed M, Oweida A, Sadek O, Mustafa O, Muhammad R, Imad T: Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 11. 16.Al-Mohamadi A, Badr A, Bin Mahfouz L, Samargandi D, Al Ahdal A: Dispensing medications without prescription at Saudi community pharmacy: Extent and perception. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 2013,; 21(3): 13-8. 17.Abahussain NA, Taha AZ: Knowledge and attitudes of female school students on medications in eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal 2007; 28(11):1723-7. 18.Alghanim S: Self-medication practice among patients in a public health care system. EMHJ 2011, 17(5): 409-16. 19.McNulty CAM, Boyle P, Nichols T, Clappison P, Davey P: Don't wear me out—the public's knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic use. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2007; 59(4):727-38. 20.Trepka MJ, Belongia EA, Chyou PH, Davis JP, Schwartz B: The effect of a community intervention trial on parental knowledge and awareness of antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use in children. Pediatrics 2001; 107(1):e6-e6. 21.Sotiria P, Maria T, Vassiliki P, Panagiotis P, George S, Georgia G, Christos H: Development and assessment of a questionnaire for a descriptive cross–sectional study concerning parents' knowledge, attitudes and practises in antibiotic use in Greece. BMC Infectious Diseases 2009, 9: 52-65. 22.Cals JWL, Boumans D, Lardinois RJM, Gonzales R, Hopstaken RM, Butler CC, Dinant GJ: Public beliefs on antibiotics and respiratory tract infections: an internet-based questionnaire study. The British Journal of General Practice 2007; 57(545):942. 23.Ilhan MN, Durukan E, Ilhan SÖ, Aksakal FN, Özkan S, Bumin MA: Self-medication with antibiotics: questionnaire survey among primary care center attendants. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2009; 18(12):1150-7. 24.Schwartz RH, Freij BJ, Ziai M, Sheridan MJ: Antimicrobial prescribing for acute purulent rhinitis in children: a survey of pediatricians and family practitioners. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 1997; 16(2):185. 25.Pennie RA: Prospective study of antibiotic prescribing for children. Canadian Family Physician 1998; 44:1850. 26.Nyquist AC, Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA: Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1998; 279(11):875-7. 27.Davy T, Dick PT, Munk P: Self-reported prescribing of antibiotics for children with undifferentiated acute respiratory tract infections with cough. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 1998; 17(6):457. 28.De Jong J, Van Den Berg PB, Visser ST, De Vries TW, De Jong‐van den Berg LTW: Antibiotic usage, dosage and course length in children between 0 and 4 years. Acta Paediatrica 2009; 98(7):1142-8. 29.Henderson FW, Gilligan PH, Wait K, Goff DA: Nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Pneumococci by children in group day care. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988;157(2):256-63. 30.Arnold KE, Leggiadro RJ, Breiman RF, Lipman HB, Schwartz B, Appleton MA, Cleveland KO, Szeto HC, Hill BC, Tenover FC: Risk factors for carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia among children in Memphis, Tennessee. The Journal of pediatrics 1996;128(6):757-64. 31.Holmes SJ, Solomon SL, Morrow AL, Schwartz B, Pickering LK: Risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia in young children. [bull] 716. Pediatr Res 1997; 41(S4):122. 32.Grigoryan L, Burgerhof JGM, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Degener JE, Deschepper R, Monnet DL, Di Matteo A, Scicluna EA, Bara AC, Lundborg CS: Is self-medication with antibiotics in Europe driven by prescribed use? Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2007; 59(1):152-6. 33.Bauchner H, Pelton SI, Klein JO: Parents, physicians, and antibiotic use. Pediatrics 1999; 103(2):395-401. 34.Bronzwaer S, Cars O, Buchholz U, Mölstad S, Goettsch W, Veldhuijzen IK, Kool JL, Sprenger MJW, Degener JE: A European study on the relationship between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Emerging infectious diseases 2002; 8(3):278-82. 35.Austin DJ, Kristinsson KG, Anderson RM: The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1999; 96(3):1152-6. 36.Raz R, Edelstein H, Grigoryan L, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM: Self-medication with antibiotics by a population in northern Israel. IMAJ-RAMAT GAN- 2005; 7(11):722. 37.Trostle J: Inappropriate distribution of medicines by professionals in developing countries. Social science & medicine 1996; 42(8):1117-20. 38.Hogerzeil HV, Ross-Degnan D, Laing R, Ofori-Adjei D, Santoso B, Azad Chowdhury A, Das A, Kafle KK, Mabadeje A, Massele A: Field tests for rational drug use in twelve developing countries. The Lancet 1993; 342(8884):1408-10. 39.Jones RN, Croco MAT, Kugler KC, Pfaller MA, Beach ML: Respiratory tract pathogens isolated from patients hospitalized with suspected pneumonia: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997). Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2000; 37(2):115-25. 40.Wolff MJ: Use and misuse of antibiotics in Latin America. Clinical infectious diseases 1993; 17(Supplement 2):S346. 41.Acar J: Resistance patterns of Haemophilus influenzae. Journal of chemotherapy 1999, 11:44-50. 42.Mathai D, Lewis M, Kugler K, Pfaller M, Jones R: the SENTRY Participants Group (North America). Antibacterial activity of 41 antimicrobials tested against over 2773 bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients with pneumonia, I: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 1998). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 39(2):105-16. 43.Anon J, Jacobs M, Poole M, Ambrose P, Benninger M, Hadley J, Craig W: Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery: official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2004; 130(1 Suppl):1. 44.Organization WH: Antimicrobial resistance. Fact sheet 194. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland http://www who int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en 2002.
Copyright © 2013 Abdullah Alanazi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
|
Filename | Abdullah Alanazi et al.(806-813).pdf |
Filesize | 249.81 kB |
Filetype | pdf (Mime Type: application/pdf) |
Creator | admin |
Created On: | 04/06/2013 00:00 |
Viewers | Everybody |
Maintained by | Editor |
Hits | 4376 Hits |
Last updated on | 05/07/2013 06:26 |
Homepage | |
CRC Checksum | |
MD5 Checksum |