DocumentsDate added
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
David Adeiza Otohinoyi*, Olugbenga Morebise,Adegbenro Omotuyi John Fakoya
All Saints University School of Medicine,Roseau, Dominica, West Indies
Address reprint requests to
*David A. Otohinoyi, BSc, All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica, West Indies
Article citation: Otohinoyi DA, Morebise O,Fakoya AOJ. Mechanism of inflammatory pain and implementation of natural products as rescue route. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(06):350–359.Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
The onset of pain is the major discomfort associated with inflammation. The inflammation is usually associated with tissue injury, irritation and infection. This leads to the release of pro-inflammatory compounds from either damaged or immune cells leading to the stimulation of nociceptors which are mainly primary afferent fibres. The stimulation of these fibres by neuropeptide, substance P, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, serotonin, protons and others leads to pain. To ease this pain, the drugs tend to either inhibit the enzymes or the nerve receptors. The major means of controlling the pain involves the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. However, the effective inhibition of these enzymes tends also to impede other functional physiological activities occurring in the body, leading to health crisis. The steps in eradicating these lethal side effects have led to the various techniques including natural remedies like plants and fish oils. Therefore, this study tends to present a review on the pain sensation pathway during inflammation and how the introduction of natural products in drug therapies could prove lucrative.
KEYWORDS inflammation, irritation, infection, pain sensation
REFERENCES
1.Visha MG. Selective Cox-2 inhibitor. Int J Pharm Sci Interv. 2013;3(2):28–33.
2.Ferreira SH. Inflammatory pain: the role of cytokines and its control by drugs which release nitric oxide. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1993;29(3):367–373.
3.Basbaum AI, Bautista DM, Scherrer G, Julius D. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell. 2009;139(2):267–84.
4.Percival M. Understanding the natural management of pain and inflammation. Clin Nutr Insight. 1997;30:1–5.
5.Zarghi A, Zebardast T, Daraie B, Hedayati M. Design and synthesis of new 1,3-benzthiazinan-4-one derivatives as selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem.2009;17:5369–5373.
6.Zarghi A, Arefi H, Dadrass OG, Torabi S. Design and synthesis of new 2-aryl, 3-benzyl-(1,3-oxazolidine or 1,3-thiazolidine)-4-ones as selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors. Med Chem Res. 2010;19:782–793.
7.Zarghi A, Arfaei S. Selective Cox-2 inhibitors: a review of their structure-activity relationships. Iran J Pharm Res. 2011;10(4): 655–683.
8.Patel NB. Physiology of pain. 2010. Accessed from: https://www. uonbi.ac.ke/npatel/files/chapter_3_physiology_of_pain_.pdf
9.Marchand S. The physiology of pain mechanisms: from the periphery to the brain. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:285–309.
10.Fein A. Nociceptors and the perception of pain. 2012. Accessed from: http://cell.uchc.edu/pdf/fein/nociceptors_fein_2012.pdf
11.Jaggar SI. Overview of pain pathways. In: Holdcroft A, Jaggar S (eds): Core topics in pain. New York: Cambridge University Press;2005. pp. 3–5.
12.Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science.1965;150:971–979.
13.Cafferty W. Peripheral mechanisms. In: Holdcroft A, Jaggar S(eds): Core topics in pain. New York: Cambridge University Press;2005. pp. 8–15.
14.Echeverry S, Lee SH, Lim T, Zhang J. Contribution of inflammation to chronic pain triggered by nerve injury. 2012. Accessed from: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/34132.pdf
15.Ferreira SH, Nakamura M. I-prostaglandin hyperalgesia: a cAMP/Ca++ dependent process. Prostaglandins. 1979;18:179–190.
16.Finnerup NB, Jensen TS. Nerve damage and its relationship to neuropathic pain. In: Holdcroft A, Jaggar S (eds): Core topics in pain. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005. pp. 43–47.
17.Farquhar-Smith WP, Kerr BJ. Inflammation and pain. In: Holdcroft A, Jaggar S (eds): Core topics in pain. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005. pp. 37–41.
18.DeLeo JA, Yezierski RP. The role of neuroinflammation and neuroimmune activation in persistent pain. Pain. 2001;90:1–6.
19.Boddeke EW. Involvement of chemokines in pain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;429:115–119.
20.Burnstock G. P2X receptors in sensory neurones. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84:476–488.
21.Waldron JB, Sawynok J. Peripheral P2X receptors and nociception:interactions with biogenic amine systems. Pain. 2004;110:79–89.
22.Hawkins PT, Stephens LR. PI3K signaling in inflammation.Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;185:1882–1889.
23.Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation.Nature. 2008;454:428–435.
24.Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:159–175.
25.Ley K, Laudanna C, Cybulsky MI, Nourshargh S. Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated.Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:678–689.
26.Samad TA, Sapirstein A, Woolf CJ. Prostanoids and pain: unraveling mechanisms and revealing therapeutic targets. Trends Mol Med. 2002;8:390–396.
27.Fiorucci S, Meli R, Bucci M, Cirino G. Dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase: a new avenue in anti-inflammatory therapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001;62:1433–1438.
28.Claria J. Cyclooxygenase-2 biology. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9:2177–2190.
29.Uddin MJ, Rao PNP, McDonald R, Knaus EE. Design and synthesis of (E)-1,1,2-triarylethenes: novel inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isozyme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005;15:439–442.
30.Vane JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nature. 1971;231:232–235.
31.Hata AN, Breyer RM. Pharmacology and signalling of prostaglandin receptors: multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation. Pharmacol Ther. 2004;03:147–166.
32.Charlier C, Michaux C. Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as a new strategy to provide safer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Med Chem. 2003;38:645–659.
33.Dannhardt G, Kiefer W. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors current status and future prospects. Eur J Med Chem. 2001;36:109–126.
34.Brock TG. Regulating leukotriene synthesis: the role of nuclear 5-lipoxygenase. J Cell Biochem. 2005;96:1203–1211.
35.Wisastra R, Dekker FJ. Inflammation, cancer, oxidative lipoxygenase activity are intimately linked. Cancers. 2014;6:1500–1521.
36.Serhan CN. Novel lipid mediators and resolution mechanisms in acute inflammation: to resolve or not? Am J Pathol.2010;177:1576–1591.
37.Noiri E, Yokomizo T, Nakao A, Izumi T, Fujita T, Kimura S et al. An in vivo approach showing the chemotactic activity of leukotriene B4 in acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2000;18:823–828.
38.Nowsheen K, Aziz TB, Kryston NF, Ferguson NF, Georgakilas A.The interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. Curr Mol Med. 2012;12:672–680.
39.Lawerance T. The nuclear factor NF-κB pathway in inflammation. CSH Perspect. Biol. 2009;1(6):a001651.
40.Govindappa M, Sadananda TS, Channabasava R, Raghavendra VB. In vitro anti-inflammatory, lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase and acetycholinesterase inhibitory activity of Tecoma stans (l.) Juss. Ex kunth. Int J Pharm Biosci. 2011;2(2):275–285.
41.Harris RC, Breyer MD. Update on cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:236–245.
42.Katori M, Majima M. Cyclooxygenase-2: its rich diversity roles and possible application of its selective inhibitors. Inflamm Res.2000;49:367–392.
43.Kuhn H, O’Donnell VB. Inflammation and immune regulation by 12/15-lipoxygenases. Prog Lipid Res. 2006;45:334–356.
44.Alvero-Gracia JM. Licofelone-clinical update on a novel LOX/ COX inhibitor for the treatment osteoarthritis. Rheumatology. 2004;43:i21–i25.
45.Chen QH, Rao PNP, Knaus EE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of rofecoxib analogues as dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006;14:7898–7909.
46.Ye W, Zhang H, Hillas E, Kohan DE, Miller RL, Nelson RD, et al. Expression and function of COX isoforms in renal medulla: evidence for regulation of salt sensitivity and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;290:F542–F549.
47.Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Pak JY, et al. Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents. Nature. 1996;384: 644–648.
48.Lima GRM, Montenegro CA, Almeida CLF, Athayde-Filho PF, Barbosa-Filho JM, Batista LM. Database survey of anti-inflammatory plants in South America: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:2692–2749.
49.Kumar S, Bajwa BS, Kuldeep S, Kalia AN. Anti-inflammatory activity of herbal plants: a review. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem. 2013;2(2):272–281.
50.Murugesan D, Deviponnuswamy R. Potential anti-inflammatory medicinal plants: a review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;6(4):43–49.
51.Chi Y, Jong H, Son K, Chang H, Kang S, Kim H. Effects of naturally occurring prenylated flavonoids on enzymes metabolizing arachidonic acid: cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001;62:1185–1191.
52.Aganihotri S, Wakode S, Aganihotri A. An overview on anti-inflammatory properties and chemo-profiles of plants used in traditional medicine. Indian J Nat Prod Res. 2010;1(2):150–167.
53.Chrubasik S, Eisenberg E, Balan E, Weinberger T, Luzzati R, Conradt C. Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark extracts: a randomized double-blind study. Am J Med. 2000;109(1):9–14.
54.Cobiac L, Clifton PM, Abbey M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vs. fish-oil n-3fatty acids in mildly hyperlipidemic males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53: 1210–1216.
55.Olaleye SB, Oke JM, Etu AK, Omotosho IO, Elegbe RA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a flavonoid fraction from the leaves of voacanga Africana. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2004;19 (1–2):69–76.
56.Hemamalini K, Naik KOM, Ashok P. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of methanolic extract of Anogeissus acuminata leaf. Int J Pharm Biomed Res. 2010;1(3):98–101.
57.Vieira-de-Sousa O, Vieira GD, Jesus J, Pinho RG, Yamamoto CH,Alves MS. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Annonamuricata L. leaves in animal models. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(5):2067–2078.
58.Leboeuf M, Cavé A, Bhaumik PK, Mukherjee B, Mukherjee R. The phytochemistry of the annonaceae. Phytochemistry.1982;21:2783–2813.
59.Kantamreddi VSSN, Lakshmi YN, Kasapu VVVS. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of some important Indian plant species. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2010;1(4):351–358.
60.Ayoola GA, Folawewo AD, Adesegun SA, Abioro OO, Adepoju-Bello AA, Coker HAB. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of some plants of apocynaceae from South West Nigeria. African J Plant Sci. 2008;2(9):124–128.
Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Research article
J. D. Andhale*,R. N. Misra,N. R. Gandham,K. M. Angadi,S. V. Jadhav,C. R. Vyawahare,M. Pawar,S. Hatolkar
Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre (D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune), Pimpri, Pune, 411018, India
Address reprint requests to
*Mr. J. D. Andhale, [Ph. D. Scholar],
Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre (D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune), Pimpri,Pune, 411018, India
Article citation: Andhale JD, Misra RN, Gandham NR, Angadi KM, Jadhav SV, Vyawahare CR et al. Incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginisa with special reference to drug resistance and biofilm formation from clinical samples in tertiary care hospital. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(06):387–391. Available at www.jpbms.info
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa ) is an aerobic, gram negative, motile rod and possesses a variety of virulence factors. Antimicrobial resistance is an innate feature of bacterial biofilms.
Objectives Determination of prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production of P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples.
Materials and Methods A prospective study was carried out from the period of June 2014 to December 2014 in Microbiology Department, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune. The study included a total of 300 various clinical samples received in the department of Microbiology from different wards for routine culture and sensitivity test. The samples were processed and isolates were identified by standard protocol. All isolates were tested for phenotypic detection of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance pattern.
Results Out of 300 clinical samples, 30 samples were positive for P. aeruginosa (10%). Maximum of 19 isolates were from pus/wound swab (63.33%) followed by urine 5 (20%). 23 (76.66%) were from males and 7 (23.33%) were from females. Maximum prevalence belonged to the age group of 41–60 years of age 14 (46.66%), followed by patients of 60–80 years of age 8 (26.66%). A total of 13 of the 30 isolates (43.33%) showed biofilm
production. 66.66% (10/15) of multiple antibiotic resistant isolates showed biofilm production. P. aeruginosa was highly resistant to ceftazidime 50% and least resistant to imipenem 10%.
Conclusion The results confirmed P. aeruginosa is a common pathogen isolated from various clinical samples of patients. In this study, the antibiotic resistance was significantly higher among biofilm-producing P. aeruginosa than non-producer. Imipenem was found to be the most effective antimicrobial agent. Use of ceftazidime should be restricted as it found least effective. To avoid rapid emergence of drug resistant strains, periodic testing of biofilm formation and antibiotic sensitivity should be carried out to detect the resistance trends. As this is a hospital-based epidemiological data, present study will help for implementation of better patient management and infection control strategies.
KEYWORDS P. aeruginosa, biofilm, Imipenem, ceftazidime
REFERENCES
1.Pathmanathan SG, Samat NA, Mohamed R. Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Malaysian hospital. Malays J Med Sci. 2009;16(2):28–33.
2.Deplano A, Denis O, Poirel L, Hocquet D, Nonhoff C, Byl B, et al.Molecular characterization of an epidemic clone of panantibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:1198–1204.
3.Stover CK, Pham XQ, Erwin AL, et al. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen.Nature. 2000;406:959–964.
4.Engel J, Balachandran P. Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III effectors in disease. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2009;12:61–66.
5.Alous V, Navon-Venezia S, Seigman-Igra Y, Carmeli Y. Multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: risk factors and clinical impact. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(1):43–8.
6.Gad GF, EI-Domany RA, Zaki S, Ashour HM. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Minia, Egypt: prevalence, antibiogram and resistance mechanisms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(5):1010–7.
7.Høiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M, Molin S, Ciofu O. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:322–332.
8.Dunne WM Jr. Bacterial adhesion: seen any good biofilms lately? Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:155–660.
9.Potera C. Forging a link between biofilms and disease. Science.1999;283:1837–1838.
10.Rajamohan G, Srinivasan VB, Gebreyes WA: Biocide-tolerant multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains are associated with higher biofilm formation. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73:287–289.
11.Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:167–93.
12.Sanchez CJ Jr, Mende K, Beckius ML, Akers KS, Romano DR,Wenke JC, et al. Biofilm formation by clinical isolates and the implications in chronic infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:47.
13.Rao RS, Karthika RU, Singh SP, Shashikala P, Kanungo R, Jayachandran S, et al. Correlation between biofilm production and multiple drug resistance in imipenem resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumanii. Indian J Med Microbiol.2008;26:333–7.
14.Bongo G, Granchino Y, Amicosante L, et al. Mechanisms of beta-actam resistance amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in an Italian survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998;42:697–702.
15.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 22nd informational supplement: M100-S22. Wayne: CLSI; 2012.
16.Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Bisno AL, Beachey EH. Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infect Immun. 1982;37(1):318–326.
17.Dash M, Padhi S, Narasimham MV, Pattnaik S. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital, South Odisha, India. Saudi J Health Sci. 2014;3:15–9.
18.Siham SAS, Hameed BH. Antibiotic resistant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different clinical specimens. Kirkuk Univ J Sci Stud. 2014;9(2):15–28.
19.Rajat RM, Ninama GL, Mistry K, Parmar R, Patel K, Vegad MM.Antibiotic resistance pattern in Pseudomonas aeruginosa species isolated at a tertiary care Hospital, Ahmedabad. Nat J Med Res.2012;2:156–9.
20.Javiya VA, Ghatak SB, Patel KR, Patel JA. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India. Indian J Pharmacol. 2008;40:230–4.
21.Srinivas B, Devi DI, Rao BN. A prospective study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antibiogram in a teaching hospital of rural setup. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012;22:1–4.
22.Pathi B, Mishra SN, Panigrahi K, Poddar N, Lenka P, Mallick B. Prevalence and antibiogram pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a tertiary care hospital from Odisha, India. Transworld Med J. 2013;1(3):77–80.
23.Ahmed SM, Jakribettu RP, Kottakutty S, Arya B, Shakir VPA.An emerging multi-drug resistant pathogen in a tertiary care centre in North Kerala. Ann Biol Res. 2012;3(6):2794–99.
24.Raakhee T, Rao US. Prevalence and resistance pattern of Pseudomonas strains isolated from ICU patients. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2014;3(3):527–534.
25.Gurung J, Khyriem AB, Banik A, Lyngdoh WV, Choudhury B, Bhattacharyya P. Association of biofilm production with multidrug resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from intensive care unit. Indian J Crit care Med. 2013:17:214–8.
26.Dardi CK, Wankhede SV. A study of biofilm formation and metallo-β-lactamase in Pseudomonas aruginosa in a tertiary care rural hospital. Int J Sci Res Pub. 2013;3.
27.Arora D, Jindal N, Romit KR. Emerging antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas: a challenge. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(2):82–84.
Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Sources of funding: None.
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to extend their thanks to the management and the head of the institute for giving opportunity to conduct research. They are also thankful to members of the D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth for their help and support. The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by Neelam Sing (Senior Technician) at different stages of this study.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the study.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Xue Xiaa, Guo-En Wanga,Hoi-Yan Wub,Hai-Yan Tiana*,Pang-Chui Shawb*, Ren-Wang Jianga*
a Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy,Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632,People’s Republic of China
b School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Address reprint requests to:
*Ren-Wang Jiang, College of Pharmacy,Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601.510632 Guangzhou,People’s Republic of China
Article citation: Xia X, Wang G, Wu HY,Tian HY, Shaw PC, Jiang RW. Isolation and identification of antioxidant flavonoids from the seeds of Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(06):374–377.Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
One new biflavonoid, 3″-hydroxyrobustaflavone (1), together with four known compounds(2-5) were isolated from the seeds of Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense. The new structure was elucidated based on the extensive spectroscopic methods and the known compounds were identified by comparison with the literatures. In addition, all of these isolated compounds possessed good antioxidant capacities beyond that of L-ascorbic acid.
KEYWORDS Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense, biflavonoid, flavonoid, oxygen radical absorbance capacity
REFERENCES
1.Chen WH, Wang R, Shi YP. Flavonoids in the poisonous plant Oxytropis falcata. J Nat Prod. 2010;73(8):1398–1403.
2.Messi BB, Ndjoko-Ioset K, Hertlein-Amslinger B, Lannang AM, Nkengfack AE, Wolfender JL, Hostettmann K, Bringmann G. Preussianone a new flavanone- chromone biflavonoid from Garcinia preussii Engl. Molecules 2012;17(5):6114–6125.
3.Miceli N, Trovato A, Dugo P, Cacciola F, Donato P, Marino A, Bellinghieri V, La Barbera TM, Guvenc A, Taviano MF. Comparative analysis of flavonoid profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the berries of Juniperus communis L. var. communis and Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. from Turkey. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(15):6570–6577.
4.Farombi, EO, Adedara IA, Ajayi BO, Ayepola OR, EgbemeEE, Kolaviron. A natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemical prevents dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;113(1):49–55.
5.Nishikawa T, Okazaki K, Uchino T, Arakawa K, Nagamine T. A molecular phylogeny of Lilium in the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. J Mol Evol. 1999;49(2):238–249.
6.Li M, Ling KH, Lam H, Shaw PC, Cheng L, Techen N, Khan LA,Chang YS, But PP. Cardiocrinum seeds as a replacement for Aristolochia fruits in treating cough. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;130(2):429–432.
7.Wang YZ, Li SB, Guo HC, Fan HC, Sha BC, Chen FS, Wang JH.[Determination of trace elements in Cardiocrinum giganteum by FAAS] Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2007;27 (9):1854–1857.
8.Chen YG, Yu LL, Huang R, Liu JC, LV YP, Zhao Y. 3”-Hydroxyamentoflavone and its 7-O-methyl ether, two new biflavonoids from Aristolochia contorta. Arch Pharm Res. 2005; 28(11):1233–1235.
9.Torgils F, Atle T. Flavonoids from red onion (Allium Cepa).Phytochemistry. 1998;47(2):281–285.
10.Miyazawa M, Hisama M. Antimutagenic activity of flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium. Biosci Biotech Bioch.2003;67(10):2091–2099.
11.Ding HY, Lin HC, Teng CM, Wu YC. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Chinese Paeonia species. J Chin Chem Soc-Taip. 2000;47(2):381–388.
12.Ito T, Yokota R, Watarai T, Mori K, Oyama M, Nagasawa H, Matsuda H, Iinuma M. Isolation of Six Isoprenylated Biflavonoids from the Leaves of Garcinia subelliptica. Chem Pharm Bull. 2013;61(5):551–558.
13.Farombi EO, Owoeye O. Antioxidative and chemopreventive properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2011;8(6):2533–2555.
14.Farombi EO, Adedara IA, Akinrinde SA, Ojo OO, Eboh AS.Protective effects of kolaviron and quercetin on cadmium-induced testicular damage and endocrine pathology in rats. Andrologia. 2012;44(4):273–284.
15.Wang GE, Li YF, Wu YP, Tsoi B, Zhang SJ, Cao LF, Kurihara H, He RR. Phloridzin improves lipoprotein lipase activity in stressloaded mice via AMPK phosphorylation. Int J Food Sci Nut.2014;65(7):874–880.
Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: This work was supported by Guangdong key scientific project (2013A022100029) and the Health and Medical Research Fund of Hong Kong (P.C.S).
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Sarika Srivastava1,Priya Ranjan Kumar2*,Santosh Kumar Mishra2
1 Assistant Professor, IMS Ghaziabad (University Courses Campus), NH24, Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India
2 Assistant Professor, IMS Engineering College, NH24, Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India
Address reprint requests to
*Priya Ranjan Kumar, Assistant Professor, IMS Engineering College, NH24, Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India
Article citation: Srivastava S, Kumar PR, Mishra SK. Identification of metabolites through GC/LC–MS processed data using different reference libraries and their comparison. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(06):363–368. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Much significant advancement has been reported in the last few years in the field of metabolomics studies. The high-end computer applications are already contributing to the research and analysis in the field of life sciences. There are many hardware and softwares available, which can be used with various biomolecular separation and analysis instruments like chromatography, mass spectroscopy (MS), NMR, etc. The metabolite identification is the crucial part of the metabolomics study. The biosample collected from any resource need to be analysed from GC/LC–MS or NMR-type instrumentation to precisely identify the compounds present in the sample qualitatively and quantitatively. There are many tools and databases already available which can be used for the pre-processing, processing and analysis of raw data generated from these instruments. Various reference libraries are also available, which can be used for the identification of metabolites present in the sample after the processing of raw data. In this study, we have reviewed and compared different libraries and tools available for the metabolite identification from GC/ LC–MS data.
KEYWORDS metabolomics, reference libraries, GC–MS, LC–MS, metabolite profiling
REFERENCES
1.Brown M, Wedge DC, Goodacre R, Kell DB, Baker PN, Kenny LC, et al. Automated workflows for accurate mass-based putative metabolite identification in LC/MS-derived metabolomic datasets. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:1108–1112.
2.Aggio RB, Mayor A, Reade S, Probert CS, Ruggiero K. Identifying and quantifying metabolites by scoring peaks of GC–MS data. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014;15:374.
3.Smith CA, Want EJ, O’Maille G, Abagyan R, Siuzdak G. XCMS: processing mass spectrometry data for metabolite profiling using nonlinear peak alignment, matching, and identification. Anal Chem. 2006;78:779–787.
4.Stein SE. An integrated method for spectrum extraction and compound identification from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 1999;10:770–781.
5.Qualitative methods of GC/MS analysis: library search. Retrieved from: http://www.shimadzu.com/an/gcms/support/fundamentals/ library.html
6.Kopka J, Schauer N, Krueger S, Birkemeyer C, Usadel B, Bergmüller E, et al. GMD@CSB.DB: the Golm metabolome database. Bioinformatics.2005;21:1635–1638.
7.Kind T, Wohlgemuth G, Lee do Y, Lu Y, Palazoglu M, Shahbaz S,et al. FiehnLib: mass spectral and retention index libraries for metabolomics based on quadrupole and time-of-flight gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2009;81:10038–10048.
8.Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Eisner R, Young N, Gautam B, et al.HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:603–610.
9.Warwick B, Dunn WB, Erban A, Weber RJM, Creek DJ, Brown M, et al. Mass appeal: metabolite identification in mass spectrometry-focused untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomics.2013;9:44–66.
10.Tiller PR, Yu S, Castro-Perez J, Fillgrove KL, Baillie TA. Highthroughput, accurate mass liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry on a quadrupole time‐of‐flight system as a ‘first‐line’ approach for metabolite identification studies. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2008;22:1053–1061.
11.Schauer N, Steinhauser D, Strelkov S, Schomburg D, Allison G, Moritz T, et al. GC–MS libraries for the rapid identification of metabolites in complex biological samples. FEBS Lett. 2005;579:1332–1337.
12.Zhu ZJ, Schultz AW, Wang J, Johnson CH, Yannone SM, Patti GJ,et al. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight characterization of metabolites guided by the METLIN database. Nat Protoc. 2013;8:451–460.
13.Smith CA, O’Maille G, Want EJ, Qin C, Trauger SA, Brandon TR,et al. METLIN: a metabolite mass spectral database. Ther Drug Monit. 2005;27:747–751.
14.Tautenhahn R, Cho K, Uritboonthai W, Zhu Z, Patti GJ, Siuzdak G. An accelerated workflow for untargeted metabolomics using the METLIN database. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30:826–828.
15.Giarrocco V, Quimby B, Klee M. Retention time locking: concepts and applications. Little falls: Agilent Technologies Publication. 1997.
16.Agilent G1676AA Fiehn GC/MS metabolomics RTL library, user guide. Retrieved from: http://www.agilent.com/cs/library/usermanuals/Public/G1676-90001_Fiehn.pdf.
17.NIST 14 mass spectral & search software. Retrieved from: http://www.sisweb.com/software/ms/nist.htm.
18.NIST/EPA/NIH mass spectral library (NIST 14) and NIST mass spectral search program (Version 2.2), user guide. Retrieved from: http://www.nist.gov/srd/upload/NIST1aVer22Man.pdf.
19.Automated mass spectrometry deconvolution and identification system (AMDIS), user guide. Retrieved from: http://chemdata.nist.gov/mass-spc/amdis/docs/amdis.pdf.
20.Tautenhahn R, Patti GJ, Rinehart D, Siuzdak G. XCMS online: a web-based platform to process untargeted metabolomic data.Anal Chem. 2012;84:5035–5039.
21.Horai H, Arita M, Kanaya S, Nihei Y, Ikeda T, Suwa K, et al.MassBank: a public repository for sharing mass spectral data for life sciences. J Mass Spectrom. 2010;45:703–714.
22.Madison-Qingdao Metabolomics Consortium Database. Retrieved from: http://mmcd.nmrfam.wisc.edu/main.html.
23.Cui Q, Lewis IA, Hegeman AD, Anderson ME, Schulte JLCF,Westler WM, et al. Metabolite identification via the Madison Metabolomics Consortium Database. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:162–164.
24.Creek DJ, Jankevics A, Burgess KE, Breitling R, Barrett MP. IDEOM: an excel interface for analysis of LC–MS-based metabolomics data. Bioinformatics. 2012;28:1048–1049.
25.Wang J, Peake DA, Mistrik R, Huang Y. A platform to identify endogenous metabolites using a novel high performance Orbitrap MS and the mzCloud Library. Blood. 2013;4:2–8.
26.Sheldon MT, Mistrik R, Croley TR. Determination of ion structures in structurally related compounds using precursor ion fingerprinting. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2009;20:370–376.
27.Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:27–30.
28.Brown M, Dunn WB, Dobson P, Patel Y, Winder CL, Francis-McIntyre S, et al. Mass spectrometry tools and metabolite-specific databases for molecular identification in metabolomics Analyst. 2009;134:1322–1332.
29.Brown M, Wedge DC, Goodacre R, Kell DB, Baker PN, Kenny LC,et al. Automated workflows for accurate mass-based putative metabolite identification in LC/MS-derived metabolomic datasets. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:1108–1112.
30.Kuhl C, Tautenhahn R, Böttcher C, Larson TR, Neumann S. CAMERA:an integrated strategy for compound spectra extraction and annotation of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data sets. Anal Chem. 2011;84:283–289.
31.Kessler N, Walter F, Persicke M, Albaum SP, Kalinowski J,Goesmann A, et al. ALLocator: an interactive web platform for the analysis of metabolomic LC–ESI–MS datasets, enabling semi-automated, user-revised compound annotation and mass isotopomer ratio analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e113909.
Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Sources of funding: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Feroz Awadelkarim Elsayed*, Omer Balla Ibrahim,Selma Ali Albashir
Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Address reprint requests to
*Feroz Awadelkarim Elsayed, Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Article citation: Elsayed FA, Ibrahim OB, Albashir SA. Liver abnormality in carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(06):347–349. Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Background Viral hepatitis is a first-rate human global health problem. It is far anticipated that 40% of the world’s population has had contact with or are carriers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The enzymes and elements that are involved in chronic liver diseases may have a direct hepatic toxicity or may be decreased as a consequence of impaired liver function.
Methods The case–control study to investigate the abnormality in the liver of carriers with HBV was conducted in Khartoum state during the period from March to April 2016. A total of 80 donors (40 male healthy control and 40 male carriers) were enrolled to investigate the abnormality of liver function by estimating the levels of T. bilirubin using vox method, direct bilirubin using vox method, albumin using bromocresol green method, AST using IFCC method, ALT using IFCC method and serum copper using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Results The mean values of serum albumin in carriers and the control group were 4.035 g/dL ± 0.53 and 4.6175 g/dL ± 0.26, respectively. The mean values of serum copper in carriers and the control group were 0.551 mg/L ± 0.22 and 0.7003 mg/L ± 0.12, respectively. The above values were statistically significantly decreased when compared to the control group (P values 0.000). The mean values of serum T. bilirubin in carriers and the control group were 0.387 mg/dL ± 0.23 and 0.4 377 mg/dL ± 0.28, respectively. The mean values of serum direct bilirubin in carriers and the control group were 0.134 mg/dL ± 0.11 and 0.1548 mg/dL ± 0.12, respectively. The mean values of serum AST in carriers and the control group were 18.85 IU/L ± 4.02 and 22.05 IU/L ± 10.91, respectively. The mean values of serum ALT in carriers and the control group were 25.35 IU/L ± 20.91 and 21.725 IU/L ± 8.02, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean values of bilirubin (T and D), AST and ALT when compared to control group (P values > 0.05).
Conclusion The results presented in this study showed statistically significant decreases in both serum albumin and copper levels in carriers when compared to control group. There were no significant differences between the HBV carriers and control group regarding the levels of T. bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST and ALT in our study.
KEYWORDS T. bilirubin, direct bilirubin, albumin, AST, ALT, serum copper, HBV, carriers
REFERENCES
1.Jafri N, Yakoob J, Islam M, Tirmizi SF, Jafar T, et al. Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis.2006;6:101–105.
2.Goldstein ST, Zhou F, Hadler SC, Bell BP, Mast EE, Margolis HS. A mathematical model to estimate global hepatitis B disease burden and vaccination impact. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34(6):1329–39.
3.Wang Y, Wei L, Jiang D, Cong X, Fei R, Xiao J, et al. In vitro resistance to interferon of hepatitis B virus with precore mutation. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(5):649–655.
4.Wasley A, Grytdal S, Gallagher K. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis: United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57(2):1.
5.Rantala M, van de Laar MJ. Surveillance and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Europe: a review. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(21).
6.Gomaa AI, Khan SA, Toledano MB, Waked I, Taylor-Robinson SD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(27):4300.
7.Belongia EA, Costa J, Gareen IF, Grem JL, Inadomi JM, Kern ER,et al. NIH consensus development statement on management of hepatitis B. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2008;25(2):1–29.
8.Taysi S, Akcay F, Uslu C, Dogru Y, Gulcin I. Trace elements and some extra cellular antioxidant proteins levels in serum of patients with laryngeal cancer. Biol Trace Element Res.2003;91:11–18.
9.Loguercio C, De Girolamo V, Federico A, Feng SL, Crafa E, Cataldi V, et al. Relationship of blood trace elements to liver damage, nutritional status, and oxidative stress in chronic nonalcoholic liver disease. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001;81(3):245–54.
10.Meram I, Sirmatel F, Ahi S, Tarakcioglu M. Plasma copper and zinc levels in chronic viral hepatitis. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(8):1066–9.
11.Reddy NRP, Kishore A, Franklin A, Reddy EP. Evaluation of trace elements in hepatitis B. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012;21(07):ISSNNo:2230–7885.
12.Limdi JK, Hyde GM. Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests; Postgrad Med J. 2003;79:307–312.
13.Lin CC, Huang JF, Tsai LY, Huang YL. Selenium, iron, copper,and zinc levels and copper to zinc ratios in serum of patients at different stages of viral hepatic diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res.2006;109(1):15–24.
Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Sources of funding: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.