DocumentsDate added
Original research
Bikash Gairola*,Choudhury Devarsi,Phukan Daisy,Deka Anupama
Department of Pharmacology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Assam, India
Address reprint requests to:
*Dr. Bikash Gairola, MD,
Department of Pharmacology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Assam, India, P.O. Ghongoor, Silchar, Assam–788014, India
Article citation: Bikash G, Devarsi C,Daisy P, Deka A. Drug prescribing pattern in respiratory tract infection in children aged 1 to 12 years at outpatient department at Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Assam, India. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(10):537–545.
ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional prospective study done at the outpatient department (OPD) of paediatrics of Silchar Medical College and Hospital (SMCH) from September 2014 to August 2015 with the aim and objective of: (i) analyzing the pattern of prescription in respiratory tract infection (RTI) in children aged 1–12 years and (ii) evaluating the rational use of drugs from these prescriptions. The prescriptions in paediatric OPD were collected from the parents/legal guardians after explaining the purpose of the study and taking their consent. The prescriptions were collected, and the data were filled in a data sheet for a period of 12 months. Then the data were subjected to descriptive analysis and the results were observed. The patients in the study suffered from RTI. The most common diagnosis was nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) followed by non-specific lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Polypharmacy is practised in the Department of Paediatrics. The average number of drugs in prescription s 3.133. The prescribing of drugs by generic name is 34.615%. The prescribing from the national list of essential medicine is very low 22.649%. The prescription of injection is zero. The prescription of antibiotic is 29.91%. Bronchodilators and cough preparation were most commonly prescribed drugs (83.482%). Non steroidal Anti inflammatory drugs were the second most commonly prescribed drugs. Amongst NSAIDs, paracetamol was prescribed highest (99.428%). The antihistamines, nasal decongestants and anthelmintics were co-prescribed in the prescriptions, vitamins and minerals and other drugs were also prescribed in abundance though there is no evidence of the usefulness of these drugs in respiratory tract infection (RTI). The present study shows that the paediatricians should update their knowledge regarding rational use of medicine in RTI, which is self limiting most of the times.
KEYWORDS RTIs, antibiotics, bronchodilators, antihistamines, children
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Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research.
All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Original article
Haihua Guo,Guohua Cheng*
School of Pharmacy, Jinan University,No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West,Guangzhou, China, P. C. 510632
Address reprint requests to:
*Dr. Guohua Cheng, Jinan University, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou-510632 People’s Republic of China.
Tel: +86 13725110643,
Article citation: Guo H, Cheng G,Effects of Shexiang Baoxin Pill and isosorbide dinitrate on angina of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(10):557–563.
Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence for Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP) and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN/Xiaoxintong) use in angina of coronary heart disease. We compared their efficacy in effect rate in angina relief (included significant effect and normal effect) and electrocardiogram (EGC) improving rate.
Methods Systematically searched Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) in the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Wanfang and CNKI databases from 2000 to 2016. According to the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews, quality assessment and data extraction were precise. All data were analyzed by using Review Manager 5.3.
Results 26 studies total 2,634 cases were included. In SBP groups, the effect rate and electrocardiogram improving rate are 90.0% (1223/1358) and 78.3% (799/1021), higher to the ISDN 73.6% (939/1276) and 60.2% (571/947). Both of the meta-analysis showed the SBP is the better one [ Total effect: OR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.24–0.37; ECG improved: OR = 0.30 95% CI = 0.30–0.46].
Conclusion Shexiang Baoxin Pill has a significant effect to the Isosorbide Dinitrate in angina of coronary heart disease.
KEYWORDS shexiang baoxin pill; SBP; Isosorbide dinitrate; ISDN; coronary heart disease; angina pectoris; meta-analysis; chinese traditional medicine; ECG
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Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: The scientific cultivation and innovation fund of Jinan University, Yuesheng project (No. 21615430).
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents, and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Original article
Shailendra Wadhwa1*,Sarita Singhal1,Swati Rawat2
1Department of Pharmacy, MJRP University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
2SND College of Pharmacy, Yeola, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
Address reprint requests to:
*Dr. Shailendra Wadhwa, Associate Professor, Mandsaur Institute of Pharmacy, Rewas Dewda Raod, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, M.P 458001, India
Article citation: Wadhwa S, Singhla S, Rawat S. In vitro dissolution enhancement of azithromycin in solid dispersion with PEG 6000 and β-CD. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(10):551–556. Available at www.jpbms.info
Abstract
Azithromycin is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent. It is poorly soluble in water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of Azithromycin Dihydrate (ATZ) by solid dispersion (SD) technique. The physical mixture (PM) and SD of ATZ was prepared by using various ratios of drug with PEG 6000 (PEG) and β–cyclodextrin (β-CD) by using the solvent evaporation method. The prepared PM and SD were evaluated for rheological properties, drug content and drug release. The drug release studied showed that the dissolution rate of SD was higher than those the PM of the drug. Drug–polymer interactions were investigated using FT-IR spectra which revealed no chemical incompatibility between drug and polymer.
KEYWORDS azithromycin, solid dispersion, solvent evaporation method, dissolution enhancement, β-cyclodextrin.
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Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents, and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Original article
Anand Rajderkar1, Ranjeet Bapat2,Mitul Kumar Mishra3*,Priyanka Kadoo3
1 Department of Oral Pathology, SDKS DentalCollege and Hospital, Nagpur
2 International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3 Department of Periodontology, SDKS Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur
Address reprint requests to:
*Dr. Mitul Kumar Mishra,
Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology,SDKS Dental College and Hospital,Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Article citation: Rajderkar A, Bapat R,Mishra MK, Kadoo P. Pathogenesis of diabetes and periodontal health–a twoway connection. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(10):548–550.
Available at www.jpbms.info
ABSTRACT
Periodontitis has been traditionally regarded as a chronic inflammatory oral infection. However, recent studies indicate that this oral disease may have profound effects on systemic health. Periodontitis is an infection that is twice as prevalent in diabetic individuals compared to non-diabetics. Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the microorganisms responsible for this infection, is able to invade endothelial cells and is a potent signal for monocyte and macrophage activation. Thus, once established in the diabetic host,this chronic infection complicates diabetes control and increases the occurrence and severity of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Persistent elevation of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in the diabetic state have an effect on the liver, stimulate the release of acute-phase proteins, produce the characteristic dysregulation of lipid metabolism associated with type 2 diabetes, and have effects on pancreatic beta cells as well. In addition, TNF-alpha, a potent inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor, has been implicated as an etiologic factor for insulin resistance. Collectively, the evidence supports a role for cytokine elevation in the pathophysiology and metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes. It has been reported that for every person known to have diabetes, there are many individuals in whom the disease remains undiagnosed.
It means that dentists will regularly encounter diabetic patients in their clinic. This review emphasizes the possible role of diabetes on the periodontal health of the patient and the ways in which untreated periodontitis may influence the course of diabetes.
KEYWORDS periodontitis, diabetes mellitus, IDDM, NIDDM
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Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial
support, publication of this research, patents,and royalties through this collaborative research.
All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.
Case report
R. Ajitha Nancy Rani*,V. Hemavathy
Sree Balaji College of Nursing, Chromepet,Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 600044
Address reprint requests to:
*Dr. R. Ajitha nancy rani
Sree Balaji College of Nursing, Chromepet,Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 600044
Article citation: Rani RAN, Hemavathy V.Post-traumatic stress disorder a case study.J Pharm Biomed Sci 2016;06(10):546–547.
ABSTRACT
Post traumatic stress disorder is a set of reaction to an extreme stressor such as intense fear, helplessness or horror that leads the individual to relieve the trauma. The disorder may occur at any age1. Symptoms may begin within the first 3 months after the trauma,or there may be delay of several months or even years.
Objective To define post traumatic stress disorder, incidence, aetiology, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, medical management.
Method Describing the symptomatology, aetiology of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Result Fifty-year-old female, presented with the history of losing his only son after the flood in Chennai on December 2015. She detached herself from others, unresponsiveness to the surrounding and finally diagnosed as post traumatic stress disorder and was treated for it.
Conclusion It is a neurotic disorder, associated with events that would be distressing, include family members in providing an effective care to the patient and to develop support and explore the emotional experience of client.
KEYWORDS post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma, neurotic disorder, emotional experience
REFERENCES
1.American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA:American Psychiatric Publishing.
2.National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005).“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care”.
3.Zolad Zoladz PR, Diamond DM. Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013;37:860–895.
4.All in the Mind. Australian Broadcasting Commission. 9 October 2004.
5.van der Kolk, B (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind,and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Penguin.
6.Herman J (2015). Trauma and recovery: the aftermath of violence–from domestic abuse to political terror. 2nd ed.New York: Basic Books.
Statement of originality of work: The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, the requirements for authorship have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest and original work.
Source of funding: None.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest: The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research.
All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Disclaimer: Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense.