DocumentsDate added
Original research article:-
*Salah I. Kheder, Idris Eltayeb, Sania A I Shaddad, Isam Kheder.
*Ph.D Pharmacology-National College of Medical & Techenical sciencies, Deputy Pharmacy Program Co-ordinator,Pharmacy program,Khartoum-3783,Sudan.
Abstract:-Background: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest challenges facing global public health. In the past sixty years, many classes of antimicrobial have been developed, but duration of benefit appeared to be limited: resistance has emerged to every antimicrobial class. Antimicrobial resistance seriously hampers treatment of infections and leads to increased length of stay, morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs, both in hospital and community settings. In the era of increasing bacterial resistance and in the absence of new effective antibacterial drugs, it is necessary to use the currently available agents optimally and appropriately. Of the interventions designed to reduce antibiotic resistant rates in hospitals, where antibiotic usage is high, is antibiotic cycling or rotation.
Method: A prospective quasi-experimental (pre & post intervention), nonrandomized, observational study, conducted in Ibn Sina Hospital at two surgical wards (Gastro-intestinal tract & Urology surgical wards), to evaluate the impact of antimicrobial cycling intervention in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistance bacteria. Three antibiotic classes (cephalosporin, amoxiclave and ciprofloxacin) were systematically cycled for 3-4 months intervals over 2 years. Colonization with antibiotic-resistance bacteria was determined with intensive surveillance, through cultured a bacterial isolates taken from surgical wounds and urine and sensitivity test were performed for susceptibility.
Results: In all, 1681 surveillance samples obtained from 2359 eligible patients admitted to the Ibn Sina hospital. Of these samples 345 (20.5%) obtained from GIT ward as surgical and wound swabs, 1336 (79.5%) samples obtained from urology surgical ward (1197 urine samples and 139 surgical swabs). A decrease in the mortality rate was observed when comparing between the baseline period and most of the cyclic periods for each ward, but with no significant difference. Length of stay decreased from baseline period to cyclic period for each ward (GIT 13.3± 11.8 Vs 9.6± 8.7 ,p ≤ 0.229 ; Urology 11.9± 12.42 Vs 7.1± 5.5 p≤ 0.204).As general we notice that there is a divergent effect of the antimicrobial cycling on the prevalence of bacterial resistance. A slight decrease in mean resistance percentage, (R %) for all gram-positive bacteria (GPB) between baseline and cycle (VI) in GIT ward (decreased from 79% to 73%), while there is increase in mean (R %) for all gram-negative bacteria (GNB) for the same ward during same period (increased from 89% to 100%). In urology ward an increase in mean (R%) for GPB between baseline and cycle (VI) (increased from 81% to 97%),but a decrease in mean (R%) GNB for the same ward during the same period (decreased from 88% to 78%).
Conclusion: After two years follow-up our study was successes to stabilize antibiotic resistance, without significant reduction, especially when we put in consideration that the physicians' adherence to only the use of the cycled antimicrobial was poor and also erratic.
Key words: antibiotic resistance; antibiotic cycling; antibiotic rotation, antibiotic policy.
Original research article:-
* Mrs. G. Indira1,Prof G.Raghuramulu1, Prof.S.Ramreddy2, Prof.Kondal Rao3.
1* Asst Prof .in microbiology, Dept. of Microbiology. Pingle govt Degree and PG college,Warangal ,Andhra Pradesh, India.
1.Dept. of Zoology, Kakatiya university, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,India.
2.Dept. of Microbiology, Kakatiya university, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.
3.Dept. of Microbiology, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Abstract:-Trichophyton is the commonest dermatophyte which is geophilic, zoophilic and anthrophilic in nature. The genus Trichophyton includes 24 species; some of these are saprophytes. The most common human pathogenic species of Tricophyton genus are T.mentagrophytes 1 and T.rubrum2. These causes tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, tinea unguium by infecting skin, hair and nail respectively. The two species can be differentiated on the basis of biochemical tests like urease test 3 invitro hair perforation test4 . These are also identified on the culture characters like macro and micro conidia. These rarely produce macro conidia which may be clavate or cigar shaped or elongated, pencil shaped. Microconidia are abundant and may be globose or pyri form and are born singly along the sides of hyphae or in grape like clusters. Key Words: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T.rubrum, Sabouraud agar medium, urease test, hair perforation test, microconidia .
Review article:-
*Preeti singh1, P. K. Sharma1, V. K. Garg1, A. K. Singh1, S. C. Mondal1 Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baghpat Bypass, NH-58, Meerut-250005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract:-Liver toxicity is caused by different compounds in which oxidants or free radicals plays a major role. They are very hazardous to our body by damaging the proteins, DNA, RNA and lipids, due to of this virtue. They can cause very severe diseases like Neurodegeneration, Hepatotoxicity, Aging, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Immune system decline and Cataract. To avoid these problems, antioxidants used, which act as free radical scavengers. Antioxidants are present naturally; endogenously (superoxide dismutase, H2O2-removing enzymes and metal binding proteins) yet they are not sufficient to prevent damaging at the oxidative stage, but dietary antioxidants (vitamin A, E, C, carotenoids and plant phenol like flavonoids) as a special nutrient. Lipid peroxidation is the major cause of hepatotoxicity caused by oxidative stress. The primary induction of hepatotoxicity is inducing level of liver enzymes as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Most of the mechanism of antioxidants is to decrease the elevated level of the enzymes in serum via different mechanism and in case of liver toxicity eventually to stops the lipid peroxidation. In this scenario extract of plants like Silymarin; Terminalia catappa L; Byrsocarpus coccineus and more species of plants, and their secondary metabolites are proved to be impressive useful as hepatoprotectives.
Key Words: Antioxidants; Hepatoprotectives; Free radicals; ROS; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress.
Review article:-
*Lokendra Pal Singh1, Dr. Rajesh K.S1, Deepak.G.Umalkar1, VijayKumar Chauhan1, Viralkumar Rana1 , Kamini S. Vasava1.
1.Department of Pharmaceutics, Parul institute of Pharmacy, Limda, Vadodara, Gujarat-391760,India.
Abstract:-In recent years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of oral drug delivery system. The reasons that the oral route achieved such popularity may be in part attributed to its ease of administration. Oral sustained drug delivery system is complicated by limited gastric residence times (GRTs). To overcome these limitations, various approaches have been proposed to increase gastric residence of drug delivery systems in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract which includes floating drug dosage systems (FDDS) , effervescent and non effervescent system, swelling or expanding systems, mucoadhesive systems magnetic systems, modified-shape systems, high density system and other delayed gastric emptying devices. Among these systems, FDDS have been most commonly used. Effervescent FDDS are the most advantageous approach to gastric retention effervescent agent produce CO2 When come to contact with G.I fluid and support to float dosage form.
Keywords: Gastro retentive systems; Floating systems; buoyant delivery Systems; Swelling system.
Research article:-
* M.S.S. Devi1, B.Sampath Kumar2.
1Dept of pharmacology, Chennai.India
2Professor, Dept of Pharmacology,India.
Abstract: In excision wound model Siddha kalimbu produced a significant decrease (P<0.001) in period of epithelization when compared to control. Treatment with Control skin Cream also produced significant (P<0.001) reduction in the period of epithelization. The treatment also showed significant decrease in wound contraction (50%) as compared to control. In the incision wound model, both Siddha kalimbu and Control skin Cream produced a significant increase (P<0.001) in the breaking strength of the wound when compared with the control group. Histopathology of granuloma tissue obtained from the Siddha kalimbu and Control skin Cream treated group showed a significant increase in collagen deposition with few macrophages and more fibroblasts.
Keywords: Excision wound, Control skin Cream, Histological studies, Incision wound, Siddha kalimbu.