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Research article:-
*,1Dr. Jankana Burana-osot and 2Dr. Wandee Yanpaisan
1Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, NakhonPathom 73000, Thailand.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, NakhonPathom 73000, Thailand.
Abstract:- A validated reversed-phase HPLC methodhas been employed for the determination of five individual catechins; (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-) epigallocatechin (EGC), (-) epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-) epicatechin (EC), and (+) catechin (C), and caffeine in green tea simultaneously.The separation was performed on a C18-bonded silica column (4.6 x 250 mm, 5μm) using an isocratic mobile phase comprising of 0.1% acetic acid and methanol (70:30, v/v) with a UV detection at 230 nm. The method validation showed good results for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The content of 5 catechins and caffeine in commonly consume green tea brands in Thailand were determined and compared. The resulting data revealed extensive variability in catechins and caffeine amounts. The quantities of EGCG ranged from 5.19 to 58.21, EGC from 2.80 to 52.48, EC from 0.74 to 11.58, ECG from 1.01 to 16.45 and C from 0.09 to 6.10 mg/g of dry tea. Caffeine contents were between 5.81-27.62mg/g of dry tea. EGCG was in the highest concentration in almost tea infusions excepting Japanese green tea, while C was the lowest, excepting Chinese green tea.
Key words:- Green tea, Catechins, Caffeine, HPLC.
Research article:-Microbilogy
*1Brooks, A.A., 2Asamudo, N. U and 1Takon, I.
1Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
2Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Nigeria.
Abstract:- Five different types of high sugar pediatric syrups were randomly sampled and examined microbiologically to determine the bacteriological status of the products. A second line investigation was also conducted on samples which did not show any sign of bacterial growth during the first trial, with the view to recovering the injured or stressed but viable bacterial cells in the product. Drugs studied included Tixylix baby cough syrup, Paracetamol syrup, Chloroquine syrup, Becombion syrup and Vitamin C syrup. All the products gave low counts of contaminating bacteria when they were diluted directly, plated out on conventional solid media and colonies counted. Higher counts were obtained when the cells were reactivated and plated on hypertonic mannitol salt agar. The bacterial types isolated and their frequency of occurrence before and after reactivation included Bacillus subtilis (18.1%, 22.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.1%, 33.3% ), Klebsiella sp (9.4%, 13.3% ). Micrococcus sp. (9.4%, 5.6% ), Staphylococcus aureus (9.4%,5.6%), Escherichia coli (6.3%,4.4%),Proteus sp. (3.1%,3.3%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus(15.6%,12.2%). The presence of these bacteria is indicative of unwholesome products which may have serious health implications in neonates and children.
Keywords:-Reactivation, Injured cells, Contamination unwholesome, high sugar syrups.
Research article:-
Sabah B. Abdelrahim 1*, Sania A. Shaddad 2 & Salah I. Kheder 3.
1Department of clinical pharmacy, Alzaitouna Hospital, Khartoum-Sudan. 2Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of pharmacology, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 3Pharmacy program. National college of Medical and Technical Sciences, Pharmacy program, Khartoum – Sudan, 3783 Khartoum.
Abstract:- Implementation of hospital drug formulary systems helps to optimize treatment, make essential drugs available, and control costs of therapy. The aim of this study is to define the structure, and activities of hospital formulary system and to investigate the presence of antibiotic subcommittees and polices in Khartoum State hospitals.Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study based on completion of questionnaire of 30 items. The senior pharmacists in Khartoum state hospital were interviewed between December 2010-September 2011. The survey questions consists of two parts, the first part addressed the presence and functions of drug and therapeutic committee and availability of drug formulary. The second part addressed the hospitals’ presence of antibiotic subcommittee and antibiotic policy and antibiotic monitoring and audit.Results: Eight hospitals (27%) of the surveyed hospitals had a drug therapeutic committee (DTC) and implement formulary system. The formulary system was located in 5 (62 %) non teaching hospitals and 3 (38%) teaching hospitals.50% of hospitals regarded their formulary system as restricted or closed formularies.The average size of the committee was (11) members with physicians comprising the majority (mean = 7.63 individuals), pharmacist and nurses had approximately equal representation. No hospital had antibiotic subcommittees and only two hospitals had guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery, and seven hospitals had a local standard prescription protocols for first – line antibiotic treatment for main infections. Conclusion: The results of the study show that DTCs and drug formularies clearly under presented in Sudan hospitals and at the same time there is no presence of antibiotic subcommittees and polices. Hospitals should put considerable efforts in formulate drug therapeutic committees and activate it's role.
Key words:- Drug and pharmacy committee, Hospital formulary system, Antibiotic policy.
Original article:-Clinical pharmacy
OMOLE, Moses Kayode (1) Pharm. D., Malik Elizabeth Olabisi (1) B. Pharm.
1*,2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan.
Abstract:-Rational use of drugs requires that patients receive drugs appropriate to their clinical needs in doses that meet their individual requirements. The case studies were carried out to assess the various factors that influenced the rational use of drugs in the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) among those admitted as in-patients in the University College Hospital (U. C. H) Ibadan. Four patients consisting of two male adults and two female adults were randomly selected and monitored with their case notes thoroughly studied. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), were prescribed for the four patients. Beta blockers were prescribed for three patients while only two patients were prescribed calcium channel blockers. Digoxin tablets were prescribed for two patients while Isosorbide dinitrate was prescribed for only one of the patients. Other drugs prescribed were antihypertensives which include modurectic (Amiloride + Hydrochlorthiazide (HTZ)), hypoglycemic agents which include insulin and metformin (Glucophage), analgesic which include tramadol and paracetamol, antibiotics which include augmentin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriazone. Side effects documented were hypotension, cough, and chest pain. The result from these studies showed that utilization of variety of health professionals are required to reinforce rational treatment for heart failure.
Keywords:- Chronic heart failure, Rational, Patients, Treatment.
Research article:-Clinical pharmacy
OMOLE, Moses Kayode Pharm. D *1, RAWAS Kehinde Bukola. M. Pharm1
1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria.
Abstract:- This is a retrospective study in which 254 case notes of diabetes inpatients and outpatients were randomly selected from the medical record department of the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan and thoroughly studied. The study which was conducted between the 3 months period of June and October 2007 consisted of 156(61.4%) males and 98 (38.6%) females diabetic patients. Forty eight (18.9%) patients were aged below 30 years, 28 (11.0%) aged between 30-39 years, 27(10.6%) between 40-49 years, 59 (23.2%) between 50-59 years, 56 (22.0%) aged 60-69 years while 36 (14.2%) aged 70 years and above. Ninety (35.4%) patients had type 1 DM, 162 (63.8%) had type 2 DM, while 2 (0.8%) had gestational DM. One hundred and thirty (52.0%) were on antidiabetic monotherapy, while 120 (48.0%) were on antidiabetic combination therapy. Other concomitant drugs prescribed were 103 (53.9%) ACEIs, 98 (40.7%) calcium channel blockers, 101 (41.9%) diuretics, 91 (37.8%) aspirin, 7 (2.9%) lipid lowering drugs, and 197 (81.7%) antibiotics. Diabetic complications documented include 4 (2.2%) hyperglycemic coma, 13 (7.1%) peripheral neuropathy, 36 (19.8%) diabetic foot ulcer, 47 (25.8%) diabetic neuropathy, 48 (26.4%) diabetic nephropathy, and 23 (12.6%) diabetic retinopathy. The study showed that optimal therapy for diabetes mellitus required aggressive management that involves all health care professionals beginning from when diabetes is diagnosed.
Keywords:-Type 1 diabetes Mellitus,Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Gestational diabetes,Management, Diabetic complications, Concomitant drugs.