DocumentsDate added
Case report
Sandeep A. Lawande1* MDS, FICOI(USA), FICD, FPFA & Gayatri S. Lawande2 MDS
Affiliation:-
1Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics,
Goa Dental College & Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India – 403202
2Consultant Periodontist & Director,
Sai Multispecialty Dental Clinic & Research Centre,
Porvorim, Goa, India- 403521
Author’s contributions- Both the authors contributed equally to this paper
Corresponding author:-
Dr. Sandeep A. Lawande.
H.No. 874/5, Saideep, New Pundalik Nagar, Alto-Betim, Porvorim, Goa, India- 403521
Abstract:
The management of furcation-involved teeth often poses a challenge to the clinician. With the advancement in the field of dentistry and the increase in the expectations of patients to maintain their dentition, it becomes necessary to evaluate the strategic potential for managing teeth with furcation involvement. Hemisection is a treatment procedure involving removal of the involved tooth root and its associated crown portion, which is done with the purpose of preserving as much tooth structure as possible rather than sacrificing the whole tooth. This treatment can produce predictable results as long as proper diagnostic, endodontic, surgical, prosthetic and maintenance procedures are performed.
Key words: Hemisection; root resection; furcation involvement; mandibular molar.
REFERENCES
1.Nasr AMSD, Nasr H. Root resection revisited. Periodontal Abstracts 2001; 49(3): 69-74.
2.DeSanctis M, Murphy KG. The role of resective periodontal surgery in the treatment of furcation defects. Periodontology 2000 2000; 22: 154-68.
3.Vandersall DC, Detamore RJ. The mandibular molar class III furcation invasion. A review of treatment options. JADA 2002; 133: 55-60.
4.Basaraba N. Root Amputation and tooth hemisection. Dent Clin of N Amer 1969; 13: 121- 32.
5.American Academy of Periodontology ‘Glossary of periodontal terms’, 1992; 3rd ed. Chicago, Illinois.
6.Al-Shammari KF, Kazor CE, Wang H-L. Molar root anatomy and management of furcation defects. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 730-40.
7.Weine FS. Root amputations. Endodontic therapy. 5th ed. St. Louis: C.V.Mosby Co., 1996, 606-39.
8.Kurtzman GM, Silverstein LH, Shatz PC. Hemisection as an alternative treatment for vertically fractured mandibular molars. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006; 27(2):126-29.
9.Bühler H. Survival rates of hemisected teeth: an attempt to compare them with survival rates of alloplastic implants. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1994; 14(6):536-43.
10.Saad MN, Moreno J, Crawford C. Hemisection as an alternative treatment for decayed multirooted terminal abutment: A case report. J Can Dent Assoc 2009; 75 (5):387-390.
11.Newell DH. The diagnosis and treatment of molar furcation invasions. Dent Clin N Amer 1998; 42: 301-37.
12.Basten CH, Ammons W, Persson R. Long-term evaluation of root-resected molars: a retrospective study. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1996; 16(3):207-11.
13.Hamp SE, Nyman S, Lindhe J. Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Results after 5 years. J Clin Periodontol 1975; 2: 126-35.
14.Carnevale G, Pontoriero R, Di febo G. Long term effect of root resective therapy in furcation involved molars-a 10 year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25: 209-14.
15.Langer B, Stein SD, Wagenburg B. An evaluation of root resection. A ten-year study. J Periodontol 1981; 52:719-22.
Competing interest / Conflict of interest
The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Source of support: Nil
Article citation:-
Sandeep A. Lawande & Gayatri S. Lawande. Hemisection as a viable treatment option for furcation-involved mandibular molar. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October 35(35): 1830-1833. Available at www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Sandeep A. Lawande & Gayatri S. Lawande. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article
Srid Emmanuel I. Ugwuja1,2 *, Nicholas C. Ugwu1, Uche E. Nwachi3
Affiliation:-
1Departments of Chemical Pathology, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
3Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Departments of Chemical Pathology
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
Core Idea:
Consumption of either energy drink alone or in combination with alcohol is gaining prominence, especially among the youths and athletes despite their safety concern. The practice has permeated the elderly population, who is more vulnerable to diabetes mellitus, with unverified claims that they contain low sugar and as well ameliorates the toxic effect of alcohol. The idea of the present study was to highlight the haematological and biochemical alterations associated with such practices in diabetic model, as no scientific evidence is available to unsuspecting consumers.
*Correspondence to:
Emmanuel I. Ugwuja.
Departments of Chemical Pathology, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria; E-mail: ugwuja@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Consumption of either energy drink alone or in combination with alcohol is gaining popularity despite concerns of their safety. The present study investigated the hematological and biochemical parameters of diabetic rats administered either energy drink alone (ED) or energy drink mixed with alcohol EDmA). Twenty male albino rats weighing 172-185g grouped into four (A-D) of five rats per group were investigated. Rats in groups A, B and C were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (200mg/Kg body weight). Groups A and B rats were administered 3.75ml/Kg Bullet® and 3.75ml/Kg Bullet® + 1.0g/Kg alcohol, respectively while rats in groups C and D were given water only and acted as diabetic (DC) and non-diabetic (NDC) controls, respectively. The experiment lasted for 30 days after which the rats were killed and their blood collected for hematological and biochemical parameters using standard methods. Results showed that diabetic rats administered either energy drink alone or energy drink mixed with alcohol exhibited alterations in both haematological and biochemical parameters, but significant effects were observed only in rats administered energy drinks mixed with alcohol. It may be concluded that the biochemical derangements associated with diabetes mellitus and/or consumption of energy drink may be exacerbated by alcohol.
Key words: Energy drinks; alcohol; diabetes mellitus, biochemical derangement; dyslipidaemia.
REFERENCES
1.Usman A and Jawaid A: Hypertension in a young boy: an energy drink effect. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5: 591.
2.Ballard SL, Wellborn-Kim JJ and Clauson KA: Effects of commercial energy drink consumption on athletic performance and body composition. Phys Sportsmed 2010; 38: 107-17.
3.Buxton C and Hagan JE: A survey of energy drinks consumption practices among student -athletes in Ghana: lessons for developing health education intervention programmes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr.2012; 9: 9.
4.Bigard AX: Risk of energy drinks in youths. Arch Pediatr. 2010; 17: 1625-31.
5.Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER and Lipshultz SE: Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Paediatrics 2011; 127: 511-28.
6.Ebuehi OA, Ajayl OE, Onyeulor AL and Awelimobor D: Effects of oral administration of energy drinks on blood chemistry, tissue histology and brain acetylcholine in rabbits. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2011; 21: 29-34.
7.Ferreira SE, de Mello MT, Ross MV and Souza-Formigoni MLO: Does an Energy Drink Modify the Effects of Alcohol in a Maximal Effort Test? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2004; 28: 1408–1412.
8.National Research Council (NRC): Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Publication No. 8523 (Rev), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1985.
9.Dacie JV and Lewis SM: Practical haematology 8th edition Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
10.Hill PG: The measurement of albumin in serum and plasma. Ann Clin Biochem 1985; 22: 565-578.
11.Fossati P, Prencipe L and Berti G: Use of 3, 5- dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonicacid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clin Chem 1980; 26: 227-231.
12.Jung D, Briggs N, Erickson J, Ledyard P: New colorimetric reaction for end-point continuous flow, and kinetic measurement of urea. Clin Chem 1975; 21: 11-36.
13.Benedict SR, Behre JA: Some applications of a new colour reaction for creatinine. J Biol Chem 1936; 114: 515-532.
14.Stevens JF, Tsang W, Neewall, RG: Measurement of bilirubin, cholesterol and creatinine in serum and plasma by solid phase reflectance spectroscopy. J Clin Path; 1983; 36: 598-601.
15.Siedel J, Hegele EO, Ziegenhom J and Wahlefeld AW: Reagent for the enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol with improved lypolytic efficiency. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 1075-1080.
16.Negele U, Hagele EO, Sauer G, Wiedemann E, Lehmann P, Wahlefeld AW and Gruber W: Reagent for enzymatic determination of serum total triglyceride with improved lipolytic efficiency J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1984; 22: 165-174.
17.Warnic GR, Benderson JM and Alberts JJ: Quantitation of high-density lipoprotein subclass after separation by dextran sulphate and Mg2+ precipitation. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 1574.
18.Friedwald WT, Levy RI and Fredrickson DS: Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499-502.
19.Campbell B, Wilborn C, La Bounty P, Taylor L, Nelson MT, Greenwood M, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Schmitz S, Collins R, Kalman DS, Antonio J and Kreider RB: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013; 10: 1.
20.Dungab K, Chapman J, Braithwaite S and Buse J: Glucose measurement: Cofounding issues in setting target for inpatient management. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 403-409.
21.Sidebottom RA, Williams PR and Kanavek KS: Glucose determination in plasma and serum: Potential error related to increased haematocrit. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 190-192.
22.Gramenzi A, caputo F, Biselli M, Kuria F, Loggi E, andreone P and Bernardi M: Alcoholic liver disease: pathophysiological aspects and risk factors. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006; 24: 1151-1161.
23.Higgins JP, Tuttle TD and Higgins CL: Energy beverages: content and safety. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010; 85: 1033-41.
24.Idemudia JO and Ugwuja EI: Plasma lipid profiles in hypertensive Nigerians. The Internet Journal of Cardiovascular Research. 2009; 6: 2.
Article citation:-
Emmanuel I. Ugwuja, Nicholas C. Ugwu,Uche E. Nwachi. Hematological and biochemical parameters of diabetic rats administered either energy drink alone or energy drink mixed with alcohol. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1808-1813. Available at http: //www.jpbms.info.
Copyright © 2013 Emmanuel I. Ugwuja, Nicholas C. Ugwu,Uche E. Nwachi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Review article
Shashikanth D, N. Vishal Gupta*, Raghunandan H.V.
Affiliation:-
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore-570015, Karnataka, India. Tel.: +919242157508.
Author’s contributions: - All the contributed equally to this paper.
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore-570015, Karnataka, India.
*Corresponding author:
Dr.Vishal Gupta. N,
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore-570015, Karnataka, India.
Contact no. +919242157508.
Abstract:
Background: During the 1960s, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) commissioned the Cooper Committee to study the adverse effects of medical devices for human use. In 1970, the study committee recommended a classification for medical devices based on comparative risk. In 1976, the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device injured several thousand women who aided the emphasis for regulatory oversight and therapeutic requirements provided by the U.S. legislation.
Aim: To Provide an overview of present Global Regulations on Medical devices
Discussion: The medical device market changes frequently in terms of technology, risk potential, marketing and reimbursement. Therefore, it is imperative to be aware of existing requirements and new developments in the global medical device regulation. This Article reviews the latest updates of Medical device regulations in different regulatory and non-regulatory bodies across the globe, which includes countries like Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, and USA (United States of America) which are regulated and non-regulated bodies like India. Over 85 countries today regulate Medical Devices across the globe. Different regulatory bodies of respected nation provides regulations for placing medical devices in market and different quality systems and standards are involved in regulation of medical devices and also future developments in regulations on medical devices. Most of the countries have similar requirements for registration of medical devices and are striving to harmonize with the GHTF guidelines (Global Harmonization Task Force).
Conclusion: With the rapid growth in the global market for medical devices, there is a need to harmonize national standards in order to minimize regulatory barriers and to facilitate trade. Harmonization also reduces the cost of local industry, government regulations & increases communication between the countries to a better level.
Key Words: Medical devices; Quality systems; Regulatory bodies safety.
Article citation:-
Shashikanth D, N. Vishal Gupta, Raghunandan H.V. Global medical device regulations update - A review. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35): 1774-1782. Available at http://www.jpbms.info.
REFERENCES
1.World Health Organization. Medical Device Regulations: Global Overview and Guiding Principles. ISBN 92 4 154618 2 Available from bookorders@who.int.
2.European commission. Guidelines to classification of medical devices available from: (http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/medical_device/meddev/index.htm )
3.Australian government. Department of Health and Aging. Australian Regulatory Guidelines for Medical Devices (AGRMD), TGA, Health Safety Regulation, Version 1.1, May 2011.
4.EMERGO Group. Resolution ‐ RDCNº 185 from October 22, 2001. Republished in the D.O.U, 11/06/2001available from: http://www.emergogroup.com/files/brazil-anvisa-rdc-no-185-2001-english.pdf
5.U.S. Department of Commerce. Medical Device Regulatory Requirements for Brazil, International Trade Administration, March 2011available from: http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/health/brazilmdprofile.pdf
6.A full description of ANVISA’s structure and responsibilities. Available from: http://www.anvisa.gov.br/eng/institution/index.htm (accessed on 11/06/2012).
7.U.S. Department of Commerce. “Medical Device Regulatory Requirements for Brazil, International Trade Administration”, Available from: http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/health/brazilmdprofile.pdf (accessed on 10/06/2012).
8.Authority of the Minister of Health, Canada. Guidance Document - Medical Device Licence Renewal and Fees for the Right to Sell Licensed Medical Devices. 2012 April 1.
9.Brazil’s regulatory process for medical devices. Medical Device Registration in Brazil, EMERGO Group, available from: http://www.emergogroup.com/literature.
10.Health Canada. Medical Devices Chapter 2. An Overview of the Quality System Requirements for the Sale of Medical Devices in Canada. Available from: http://www.emergogroup.com/files/CA_reqs-chapter-2.pdf
11.Health Canada. Guidance Document - Medical Device Licence Renewal and Fees for the Right to Sell Licensed Medical Devices, April 1, 2012, Published by authority of the Minister of Health, Canada. Available from: http://www.elsevierbi.com/~/media/Images/Publications/Archive/The%20Gray%20Sheet/37/32/01110808001/080811_canada_userfees.pdf
12.Health Canada. Medical Device Regulatory Requirements for Canada Updated: June, 2011. Available from: http://ita.doc.gov/td/health/canadamdprofile.pdf
13.Medical Device Regulations in Global Market, A summary of The market Entry Regulations for Medical Devices in The Thirteen main Markets, Available from: http://www.sgs.ca/~/media/Global/Documents/White%20Papers/MEDICAL%20DEVICE%20REGULATIONS%20IN%20THE%20MAIN%20GLOBAL%20MARKETS_Whitepaper_WEB.pdf
14.Medical Device Diagnostic Industry (MDDI), Medical device regulation update: China &Japan. Available from: http://www.mddionline.com/article/medical-device-regulatory-update-china-and-japan.
15.European Commission, Guide to the implementation of directives based on the New Approach and the Global Approach. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC; 2000. ISBN 92–828–7500–8. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/single-market-goods/files/blue-guide/guidepublic_en.pdf
16.MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency), MDA (Medical Device Agency) Competent Authority (UK) Bulletin No. 4 Conformity Assessment Procedures (Medical Devices Regulations) Updated March. Available on: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/es-era/documents/publication/con007492.pdf
17.U.S. Commerce Service, United States of America, Department of Commerce, “Healthcare Technologies Resource Guide - A Reference for US Exporters to World Markets”; 2011-12 edition. Available on: http://ita.doc.gov/td/health/2012healthcareguide.pdf
18.John J, Smith MD. Regulation of medical devices in radiology: current standards and future opportunities. Radiology 2001, Pageno-218,329-335. Available on: http://radiology.rsna.org/content/218/2/329.full.pdf
19.Dr B Hari Gopal, Draft Bill, The Medical Devices Regulation Bill, 2006 No XX of 2006, Advisor Department of Science & Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road New Delhi – 110016. Available on: http://www.dst.gov.in/whats_new/whats_new07/MDRA-Act.pdf
20.Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India Guidance Document on Common Submission Format for Manufacturing of Notified Medical Devices Under CLAA Scheme, Doc No: CDSCO/MD/GD/CLAA/01/00, Dated on: 31.10.2012, Effective Date from: 01st January 2013. Available on: http://cdsco.nic.in/Medical_div/Final%20Guidance_Doc_Form-28_31-10-2012.pdf
21.Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Medical Device Regulatory Profile for India, Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi -110011 Available on: http://cdsco.nic.in/FAQIMPORT%20&%20REGISTRATION%2002022013_DONEE.pdf.
Copyright © 2013 Shashikanth D, N. Vishal Gupta, Raghunandan H.V.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Original article:
S. I. Abbas1*; Harbi1, M.S.M.A and Gameel2, A.A
Affiliation:-
1Veterinary Research Institute, Animal Resources Research Corporation, P. O. Box 8067 (El Amarat), Khartoum, Sudan
2Faculty of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum P.O.Box.32 Shambat, Khartoum North, Sudan
Author’s contributions- All authors contributed equally to this paper.
*Correspondence to:-
S. I. Abbas.
Veterinary Research Institute, Animal Resources Research Corporation, P. O. Box 8067 (El Amarat), Khartoum, Sudan.
Core idea : Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), caused by M.capricolum subsp. capri pneumoniae (Mccp; cF 38) is a fatal disease of goats in Sudan and other African, Middle Eastern and Asian countries. Beside goats, the disease constitutes a potential threat to wild ruminants in areas where it is enzootic in presence of chronic carriers. Symptoms and lesions of the disease may be confused with those seen in other mycoplasmosis of small ruminants. Diagnosis can be tentatively established from typical symptoms and necropsy findings and confirmed by identification of the causative organisms. Isolation of Mccp by conventional bacteriological methods is not always possible and more specific methods (i.e. PCR) can be used.
Abstract:
In this study 18 mycoplasma isolates were recovered from 249 samples consisted of 180 pneumonic lungs and 69 pleural fluids. The samples were collected from veterinary clinics in 6 different areas in the Sudan. With the use of biological, biochemical & serological tests the 18 isolates were completely identified to species level and accordingly catagorized to 4 different groups.
The first group consisted of two isolates of M. capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mccp), they were both recovered from the lung and pleural fluid of the same animal, the second group included 3 isolates of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC type), the third group included 6 isolates of M. ovipneumoniae and the fourth group included 7 isolates of M. arginini. All lungs from which these isolates were recovered had been studied grossly and histopathologically.
Key words: Caprine-Pleuropneumonia-Mycoplasma-pathology.
REFERENCES:
1.MacOwan KJ and Minette JE. A mycoplasma from acute contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. Trop. Anim.Health Prod. 1976; 8 : 91–95.
2.Harbi MS M A, El Tahir M S, MacOwan KJ and Nayil AA. Mycoplasma strain F38 and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Sudan. The Veterinary Record. 1981; 108 : 261.
3.Lefevre PC Breard A, Alfarouk I, Buron S. Mycoplasma species F 38 isolated in Chad. Vet Rec. 1987; 121(24):575-576.
4.Jones GE, Wood AR.1988. Microbiological and serological studies on caprine pneumonias in Oman .Research in Veterinary Science. 1988 ; 44: ( 1) 125-1315. Thiaucourt F, Breard A, Lefèvre PC, Mebratu GY.Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Ethiopia. Veterinary Record. 1992; 131 (25/26): p 585.
6.Bšlske G, Johansson KE, Heinonen R, Panvuga PA, Twinamasiko E, . Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Uganda and isolation of Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae from goats and sheep. Veterinary Record, 1995; 137(23):594.
7.Msami HM , Kapaga AM, Bolske G, Kimaro RT, Mundogo J and Mbise A. . Occurrence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Tanzania..Tanzania Vet J. 1998; 18: 285-297.
8.Houshaymi B, Tekleghiorghis T, Worth DR, Miles RJ and Nicholas RAJ. Investigations of Outbreaks of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Eritrea. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2002; 34 : 383-389.
9.Barden, G. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Mauritius. Veterinary Record. 2010; 167:304-305
10.Ozdemir U, Ozdemir S, March J, Churchwood C and Nicholas RAJ. Outbreaks of CCPP in the Thrace region of Turkey. Vet. Rec. 2005; 156: 286–287
11.Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia In: Terrestrial manual. 2008; Chapter, 2.7.6 pp. 1000–1012. Available from http://www.oie.int/eng/Normes/mmanual/2008/pdf/ 2.07.06_CCPP.pdf accessed on 10/08/2008.
12.Hadush B, Eshetu L, Mengistu W and Hailesilassie M. Seroprevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Kefta Humera, Alamata (Tigray) and Aba-‘ala (Afar) Northern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod.2009; 41:803–806.
13.El Nasri M. Mycoplasmas from Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonian. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 1967; 143 (1): 298-304.
14.Kaliner G and MacOwan KJ. The pathology of experimental and natural contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. Zentralblott für veterinärmedizin – B. 1976; 23, 652-661.
15.Abbas, S I. Identification and Pathogenicity of mycoplasms isolated from natural cases of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in the Sudan[ MVSc thesis]. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan;1986.
16.Wesonga HO, Litamoi JK , Kagumba M and Walhusama E. Relationship between clinical signs and early lesions of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia caused by strain F38. Small Ruminant Res. 1993; 10:45–54.
17.Erno H and Stipkovits L. Bovine Mycoplasmas culture and biochemical studies. Acta.Veterinaria Scandinavica. 1973a; 14 (3): 436- 449.
18.Freundt EA, Erno H and Lemcke RM. Identification of mycoplasmas. In: Methods in Microbiology. T Bergan and JR Norris (editors). 1979; 13: 378-434
19.Ikheloa JO, Ajuwape ATP, Adetosoye AI. Biochemical characterization and serological identification of mycoplasmas isolated from pneumonic lungs of goats slaughtered in abattoirs in Northern Nigeria. Small Ruminant Research. 2004; 52 (1): 93-97.
20.Adehan R K , Ajuwape A T P, Adetosoye A I and Alaka O O. Characterization of Mycoplasmas isolated from pneumonic lungs of sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research. 2006; 63 (1): 44-49.
21.Bascunana C R, Mattsson J G, Bolske G and Johansson. Characterization of the 16S rRNA genes from Mycoplasma sp. strain F38 and development of an identification system based on PCR. J. Bacteriol.1994; 176: 2577–2586.
22.Woubit S, Lorenzon S, Peyraud A , Manso-Silvan L and Thiaucourt F. A specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the causative agent of Contagious caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vet. Microbiol. 2004; 104: 125–132.
23.Bšlske G, Mattsson J G , Bascunana C R, Bergstrom K, Wesonga H and Johansson K E. (1996) Diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia by detection and identification of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1996; 34: 785–791.
24.Tully J G, Barile MF, Edward DG FF, Theodore TS and Erno H. Characterization of some caprine mycoplasmas with proposal for new species, Mycoplasma capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens The Journal of General Microbiology . 1974; 85 (1): 102-120.
25.Ernø H and Stipkovits L. Bovine mycoplasmas: Cultural and biochemical studies. ActaVeterinaria scandinavica. 1973b; 14 (3): 450- 463.
26.Abdulla A E D. Harbi, M.S.M.A.; El Tahir, M.S.; Salim, M.O.; Salih, M.M. and Mukhtar, S Caprine pleuropneumonia, isolation of the causative agent and reproduction of the disease. The Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 1980; 1 (21): 1-9.
27.Ernø H, Al Aubaid J M, Ojo M O, Minga UM and Sikdar A. Classification and identification of ovine and caprine mycoplasmas. Acta Veterinaria scandinavica. 1978; 19 (2): 392- 405.
28.Luna LG. Routine staining procedures In “Manual of Histologic staining Methods. 3rd edn. MacGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1968; Pages 32-46.
29.Leach RH, Ernø H and Mac Owan KJ. Proposal for designation of F38-type caprine mycoplasmas as Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae subsp. nov.and consequent obligatory relegation of strains currently classified as M. capricolum (Tully, Barile, Edward, Theodore, and Ernø 1974) to an additional new subspecies, M. capricolum subsp. capricolum. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1993; 43 :603–605.
30.Manso-Silvan L, Vilei EM, Sachse K, Djordjevic SP, Thiaucourt F, Frey J. Mycoplasma leachii sp. Nov as a new species designation for Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach, and reclassification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC as a serovar of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capr.i Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2009; 59: 1353-1358.
31.Harbi MSMA, El Tahir MS, Salim M O, Nayil AA and Mageed IA, (1983) Experimental contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 1983;15: 51-52.
32.MacOwan KJ and Minette JE. Contact transmission of experimental contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 1977; 9 : 185–188.
33.Turner, A.W. Pleuro-pleuropneumonia group of diseases, In: Diseases due to bacteria .R.W. Stableforth and I.A. Galloway (Editors),Butterworths, London. 1959; pages 437.480.
34.Cottew G S, Watson W A, Erdag O and Arisoy F. Mycoplasma of caprine pleuropneumonia in Turkey and their relationship to other mycoplasmas of goats and Mycoplasma mycoides var. Mycoides. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1969; 79 (4): 541-551
35.Ojo MO. Caprine pneumonia IV: Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and caprine strains of Mycoplasma mycoides sbsp. mycoides for goats. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1976; 86 (4): 519-529.
36.Abu Baker M E, El Hassan S M and Harbi M S M A. Clinico- pathological studies and treatment trials of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Sudanese goats. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. 1984; 32 (2). 153-158
37.Rodriguez JL, Poveda JB, Oros J, Herraez P, Sierra MA, Fernandez A. High mortality in goats associated with the isolation of a strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type). J. Vet. Med. B. 1995; 42: 587–593.
38.Martrenchar A, Bouchel D and Zoyem N. Isolation and experimental studies of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides LC and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in goats in northern Cameroon. Small Ruminant Research. 1995; 16 (2): 179-184.
39.Bajmócy E, Turcsányi I, Bölske G, Bacsadi A, Kiss I. Disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides LC in Hungarian goat herds. Acta Vet Hung. ; 2000; 48(3):277-83.
40.Singh VP, Srivastava NC, Kumar M, Sunder MJ, Varshney JP. Isolation and characterization of an Indian strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides type LC from a case of caprine arthritis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol.Infect. Dis. 2004; 27: 273–284.
41.Jones GE, Keir, WA and Gilmour JS. The pathogenicity of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasm arginini in ovine and caprine tracheal organ cultures. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1985; 95 (4): 477-487.
42.Brogden K A, Rose D, Cutlip R C, Lehmkuhl H D and Tully J G. Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the nasal cavity of sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1988; 49, 1669-1672
43.Mohamed Ali MS: Isolation and identification of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae from Sudanese goats Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. 1977; 25 (1): 91-96.44. Mohan K, Obwolo, MJ and Hill FW. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in Zimbabwean goats and sheep. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1992; 107 (1):73-9.
45.Pettersson B, Thomas L, Ronaghi M, Bölske G, Uhlen M and Johansson K. Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides Cluster as Determined by Sequence Analysis of the 16S rRNA Genes from the Two rRNA Operons. Journal of Bacteriology. 1996 July; 178(14): 4131–4142.
46.Mageed IA. Mycoplasma associated with caprine pneumonia in the Sudan [M.V. Sc. Thesis] Faculty of Veterinary Science, University, of Khartoum, Sudan; 1983.
47.Zamri-Saad M, Azri A , Nurida AB. and Sheikh-Omar AR. Experimental Respiratory Infection of Goats with Mycoplasma arginini and Pasteurella haemolytica A2. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 1994; 17(3): 239-242.
Article citation:-
S.I.Abbas, Harbi & Gameel. First reported case of pathological manifestations of natural cases of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in the Sudan from which M.capricolum subsp.capripneumoniae; M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC type); M. ovipneumoniae & M. arginini were isolated. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October;35(35):1739-1746. Available at http: //www.jpbms.info
Research article
Chakravarthy Kavitha*1, Senthil Chinnasamy2, Sailendra Bhaskar2,Ramasamy Rengasamy1.
Affiliation:-
1Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai-600025, Tamilnadu, India.
2Aban Infrastructure Private Limited (Biotechnology Division), Chennai 60008, Tamilnadu, India.
The name of the Department and Institution to which the work should be attributed:-
Department of Pharmacology,
Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai-600025, Tamilnadu, India.
Authors contributions:
The major work was done by the Corresponding author, rest guided and supported for this work.
*Corresponding author:
C. Kavitha.
CAS in Botany, University of Madras,
Guindy campus, Chennai-600025.Tamilnadu, India.
Telephone: 8754886646.
Tel/Fax: +914422353309/22352494.
Abstract:
Botryococcus braunii is a green colonial microalgae commonly found in fresh water, lakes and ponds. Due to its high lipid and hydrocarbon content, it is widely recommended for biodiesel production. The present study deals with the growth, lipid content, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of Botryococcus braunii AP102 grown at different concentration of sodium alginate viz. 4mg, 8mg, 12mg, 16mg, and 20mg amended with Chu-13 medium and compared with control in order to find out the efficacy of sodium alginate in the growth and lipid production of B. braunii. The maximum growth and lipid production was obtained at 16mg concentration and it is most effective when compared to control. Thus sodium alginate helps greatly in promoting the growth of B.braunii for biodiesel production.
Key Words: Botryococcus braunii; Fatty acid; Lipid; Mass cultivation; Sodium alginate.
REFERENCES
1.Huang GuanHua,Chen Feng,Wei Dong,Zhang XueWu, GuChen. Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology.Appl Energy 2010; 87:38-46.
2.Lin Lin, Cunshan Zhou,Vittayapadung Saritporn, Xiangqian Shen, Mingdong
Dong. Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel. Appl Energy 2011; 88:1020-31.
3.Metzger P,Largeau C.Botryococcus braunii:a rich source for hydrocarbons and
related ether lipids.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 66:486-96.
4.Borowitzka M A.Fats, oils and hydrocarbons.In: Microalgal Biotechnology:Eds.Borowitzka & Borowitzka. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988;Pp.257-287.
5.Brown AC and Knights BA. Hydrocarbon content and its relationship to physiological state in the green alga Botryococcus braunii. Phytochemistry 1969; 8: 543-547.
[6] Knights BA, Brown AC, Conway E and Middleditch BS. Hydrocarbons from the green form of the freshwater alga Botryococcus braunii. Phytochemistry 1970; 9: 1317-1324.
7.Metzger P and Casadevall E.Botryococcoid ethers, ether lipids from Botryococcus braunii. Phytochemistry 1991; 30: 1439-1444.
8.Metzger P and Largeau C.Chemicals of Botryococcus braunii.In:Cohen Z (ed)Chemicals from micro algae. Taylor and Francis London.1999;Pp:205-260.
9.Rossel KG and Srivastava LM.Seasonal Variation in the Chemical Constituents of the Brown Algae Macrocystis integrifolia and Noveocystic luetkeana.Can J Bot 1984; 62: 2229-2236.
10.Rioux LE,Turgeon SL,Beaulieu M.Characterization of polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds.Carbohydrate Polym 2007;69:530-537.
11.Ishii T, Aikawa J,Kirino S,Kitabayashi H,Matsumoto I, Kadoya K. Effects of alginate oligosaccharide and polyamines on hyphal growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their infectivity of citrus roots. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Society of Citriculture Congress,Orlando,FL,3-7 December 2000;1030-1032.
12.Khotimchenko Yu S,Kovalev VV,Savchenko OV,Ziganshina O A. Physical-Chemical Properties,Physiological Activity, and Usage of Alginates,the Polysaccharides of Brown Algae. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 2001;27:53-64.
13.Lichtenthaler HK. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In: PACKER,L. and DOUCE, R. eds .Methods in Enzymology. Washington,Academic Press 1987;148:350-382.
14.Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72:248-254.
15.Dubois M, Giles KA,Hamilton JK,Robeus RA, Smith E. Calorimetric methods for determination of sugars and related substance. Anal Biochem 1956;28:305-365.
16.Folch J,Lees M and Sloane-Stanley GH.A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1956; 226: 497-509.
17.Dayananda C, Sarada R, Srinivas P, Shamala TR and Ravishankar GA. Presence of methyl branched fatty acids and saturated hydrocarbons in botryococcene producing strain of Botryococcus braunii. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 2006; 28: 251-256.
18.Yokose T,Nishikawa T,Yamamoto Y,Yamazaki Y,Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Growth-promoting effect of alginate oligosaccharides on a unicellular marine microalga, Nannochloropsis oculata. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:450-453.
19.Rai UN, Dwivedi S,Baghel VS,Tripathi RD,Shukla OP and Shukla MK.Morphology and cultural behavior of Botryococcus protuberans with notes on the genus.J.of Environmental Biology 2007;28(2):181-184.
20.Dayananda C, Sarada R, Usha Rani M, Shamala TR,Ravishankar GA.Autotrophic cultivation of Botryococcus braunii for the production of hydrocarbons and exopolysaccharides in various media. Biomass Bioenergy 2007; 31:87-93.
21.Gacesa P, Alginates.Carbohydr Polym 1988; 8: 161-182.
22.Alberto Gonza´lez,Jorge Castro, Jeannette Vera, and Alejandra Moenne. Seaweed Oligosaccharides Stimulate Plant Growth by Enhancing. Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation, Basal Metabolism, and Cell Division. J Plant Growth Regul 2013: 32:443-448.
23.Aziz A, Nurul Islam AKM, Pervin R. Marine algae of St. Martin’s Island,Bangladesh. I. New records of Sargassum sp. Bangladesh J.Bot 2001; 30 (2):135-140.
24. Mollah MZI, Mubarak A Khan, Ruhul A Khan. Effect of gamma irradiated sodium alginate on red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentusL.) as growth promoter. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2009; 78: 61-64.
25.Yokose T,Yamasaki Y, Nishikawa T, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Yamaguchi K,Oda T.Effects of alginate oligosaccharides on the growth of various mammalian cell lines,unicellular phytoplankters and marine bacteria. Jpn J Food Chem Saf 2010; 17:27–35.
26.Naeem M,Mohd Idrees,Tariq Aftab, Masroor M,Khan A, Moinuddin and Lalit Varshney.Irradiated sodium alginate improves plant growth, physiological activities and active constituents in Mentha arvensis L.Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2011; 02(05):28-35.
Article citation:-
Chakravarthy Kavitha, Senthil Chinnasamy, Sailendra Bhaskar,Ramasamy Rengasamy. Effect of sodium alginate on growth and lipid production of Botryococcus braunii kutzing for biodiesel production. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.) 2013 October; 35(35):1802-1807. Available at http://www.jpbms.info
Copyright © 2013 Chakravarthy Kavitha, Senthil Chinnasamy, Sailendra Bhaskar, Ramasamy Rengasamy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.